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M  HK.\K^ 


University  of  California. 

OIKT  (  )1^ 

Received         $2£^^^>r<  •  ^^Oy 


C/,/ss  A'V). 


I 


PKOGEESSIVE  SERIES 


INDUCTIVE    LESSONS 
LATIN, 

BASED  ON  MATERIAL  DRAWN  FROM  CLASSICAL 

SOURCES,  ESPECIALLY    FROM   CAESAR'S 

COMMENTARIES. 


JOHN   TETLOW,  A.M., 

MA8TBR  OF  THB   (JIRLS*    LATIN   SCHOOL,   BOSTON. 


The  mind  should  be  introduced  to  principles  through  the  medium  of 
examples,  and  so  should  be  led  from  the  particular  to  the  general  —  from 
the  concrete  to  the  abstract 

Children  should  be  led  to  make  their  ovtn  investigations,  to  draw  their 
own  inferences.  —  Herbert  Spejstcbr's  Essay  on  Education. 


BOSTON: 
PUBLISHED  BY  GINN,   HEATH,  &  CO, 

1884. 


bhivbrsitt: 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Oongress,  in  tVie  year  1884,  by 

JOHN  TETLOW, 

in  the  Ofllce  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  "Washington. 


J.    S.    CUSHINO   &   Co.,   PniNTE«8,   BOSTON. 


PKEFAOE. 


THIS  manual  is  the  result  of  an  attempt  to  apply  the  induc- 
tive method  to  elementary  instruction  in  Latin.  The  value 
of  this  method  as  an  instrument  for  developing  and  strengthening 
the  mental  faculties  has  long  been  recognized  and  will  prob- 
ably not  be  questioned.  As  applied  to  Latin,  it  brings  the  puj)!! 
into  immediate  contact  with  classical  examples,  teaching  him  to 
view  these,  rather  than  the  rules  of  the  grammarian,  as  the  original 
sources  of  knowledge  and  the  final  test  of  correctness ;  and  it  leads 
him,  through  the  observation  and  study  of  such  examples,  to  the 
discovery  of  the  syntactic  laws  which  underlie  them.  In  a  word,  it 
trains  the  pupil  in  the  methods  required  for  original  investigation. 
But,  while  the  value  of  the  inductive  method  will  not  be  denied, 
there  will  probably  be  various  opinions  as  to  what  constitutes  a 
successful  application  of  it,  and  equally  various  standards  by  which 
a  given  application  of  it  will  be  judged.  Practical  teachers,  who 
know  from  daily  experience  in  the  class-room  that  the  undevel- 
oped powers  of  youth  are  extremely  feeble,  are  inclined  to  view 
with  distrust  any  method  of  instruction  wVwh  iiiidertakes  to  make 
the  pupil  a  discoverer  rather  than  a  learjicr;  while,  on  the  other 
liand,  the  mere  theorist  demands  that  the  pupil  be  told  nothing, 
but  that  he  be  led  to  discover  everything.  It  will  not  be  necessary 
for  me  to  state  in  detail  the  principles  which  have  guided  me  in 
determining  how  much  or  liow  little  the  pupil  should  })e  aided 
in  the  work  of  discovering  and  formulating  rules  from  examples ; 
these  principles  may  be  readily  inferred  from  an  examination  of 
the  method  of  exposition  adopted  in  any  one  of  the  lessons,  taken 
:it  random,  in  which  the  laws  or  usages  of  the  language  are 
treated.  I  have  striven  to  keep  constantly  in  view  the  mental 
immaturity  of  the  pupils  for  whom  these  lessons  are  intended,  and 
the  limitations  as  to  time  by  which  their  teachers  are  necessarily 


IV  PREFACE. 

restricted.  Keeping  these  in  view,  I  have  felt  that  it  would  be  safer 
to  err  on  the  side  of  affording  too  much  rather  than  too  little  help. 

From  the  character  of  the  material  used  in  the  exercises  and  read- 
ing lessons  of  this  manual,  it  will  be  seen  that  I  do  not  agree  with 
those  who  think  that  the  pupil  should  be  introduced  to  the  study 
of  Latin  through  the  medium  of  entertaining  stories  written  by 
modern  Latinists.  On  the  contrary,  that  method  seems  to  me  the 
best  which  takes  the  pupil  by  the  shortest  road  into  the  domain  of 
classical  antiquity,  and  which,  by  bringing  him  into  direct  contact 
with  the  subject-matter,  the  modes  of  thought,  the  forms  of  expres- 
sion, and  the  choice  and  arrangement  of  words  peculiar  to  the  clas- 
sical writers,  most  thoroughly  equips  him  for  the  intelligent  study 
of  the  acknowledged  masterpieces  of  Latin  literature.  Accordingly, 
I  have  drawn  not  merely  the  examples  used  for  purposes  of  expo- 
sition, but  also  the  short  sentences  supplied  for  practice  on  forms 
and  constructions,  and  the  longer  passages  selected  for  connected 
translation,  from  classical  sources. 

The  short  sentences  supplied  for  practice  on  forms  and  construc- 
tions are  arranged  in  separate  sets  entitled  respectively  "  Exercises  " 
and  "  Supplementary  Exercises."  Of  these  two  sets,  the  Exercises 
will  probably  in  most  cases  furnish  ample  material  for  the  gram- 
matical work  of  the  first  year;  the  Supplementary  Exercises,  which 
are  somewhat  more  difficult,  may  be  drawn  upon  for  additional 
practice  or  for  periodical  reviews,  or  they  may  be  reserved  for  the 
second  year,  to  be  studied  as  progressive  exercises  in  Latin  com- 
position in  connection  with  the  first  author  read. 

The  material  provided  for  connected  translation  consists  of  easy 
anecdotes  from  Cicero,  and  of  those  passages  from  Caesar  in  which 
the  usages  of  the  Druids  and  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  Gauls 
and  Germans  are  described.  The  latter,  owing  to  their  intrinsic 
value  and  interest,  and  to  their  comparative  freedom  from  the  con- 
structions of  indirect  discourse,  seem  especially  suited  to  the  needs 
of  the  beginner.  The  plan  of  the  book  also  contemplates  the  early 
introduction  of  the  study  of  the  simpler  modes  of  word-formation 
as  an  aid  to  the  development  of  power  to  read  at  sight.  Special 
suggestions  relating  to  the  lessons  on  word-formation  and  the  anec- 
dotes from  Cicero  will  be  found  in  the  notes  introduced  at  pages 
74  and  224. 

In  the  special  vocabularies  of  the  earlier  lessons,  in  the  lessons 


PEEFACB.  V 

(^n  word-formation,  and  in  the  general  Latin-English  vocabulary, 
English  words  or  parts  of  words  that  are  cognate  with  the  Latin 
forms  under  which  they  appear  are  printed  in  small  capitals  ; 
whereas  English  words  or  parts  of  words  that  are  borrowed  (directly 
or  indirectly)  from  the  Latin  forms  under  which  they  appear  are 
printed  in  Gothic  Italic.  This  distinction,  the  use  of  which  was 
suggested  to  me  by  a  similar  distinction  in  Professor  White's  excel- 
lent Greek  Lessons,  I  have  tried  to  render  as  serviceable  as  possible 
l>y  confining  the  differences  in  type  just  mentioned  to  those  letters 
of  the  English  word  which  alone  mark  its  relationship  to  the  Latin. 

I'hus,  consulatus  is  translated  consulship,  and  peditatus,  foot- 
<oldiers.  I  have  not,  of  course,  meant  to  imply  by  this  method  of 
printing  that  the  exhaustive  study  of  the  origin  and  history  of 
English  words  should  form  a  part  of  the  first  year's  work  in  Latin ; 
but  rather  to  supply  material  for  occasional  excursions  in  this  direc- 
tion. For  example,  the  connection  between  the  Latin  venlo  and 
the  English  come  is  not  so  obvious  that  it  can  easily  be  made  clear 
to  beginners;  and,  unless  some  bright  boy  or  girl  whose  curiosity 
has  been  excited  by  the  silent  suggestion  of  the  change  in  type 
-hould  ask  for  an  explanation,  the  teacher  should  pass  over  this 
word  without  comment.  On  the  other  hand,  the  operation  of 
Grimm's  law  in  such  words  as  pater,  father,  frater,  brother, 
and  mfiter,  mother,  is  so  interesting,  and  at  the  same  time  so 
easily  made  clear,  that  the  teacher  may  profitably  use  these  and 
similar  examples  as  a  means  of  leading  the  pupil  to  a  recognition 
of  the  general  law  which  they  illustrate. 

As  it  was  a  part  of  my  plan  to  introduce  a  few  simple  lessons  on 
word-formation,  and,  in  the  etymological  part  of  the  general  vocab- 
ulary, to  trace  complete  words  to  the  stems  from  which  they  are 
formed,  it  seemed  desirable  that,  in  dealing  with  the  several  declen- 
sions in  substantives  and  adjectives,  I  should  devote  some  attention 
;  < )  stems.     Accordingly,  besides  pointing  out  the  stems  of  the  sev- 

ral  paradigms  of  declension,  I  have  also  called  upon  the  pupil  to 

xplain  the  formation  of  the  nominative,  referring  him  to  the 
grammar  for  the  necessary  information  and  guidance.  The  para- 
L^raplis  in  which  these  references  to  the  grammar  occur  are,  of 

ourse,  comparatively  unimportant  for  the  beginner,  and  they  may, 
at  the  discretion  of  the  teacher,  bo  ])ostponed  or  omitted.  They  are 
numbered  a«  follows :  121,  162,  188,  195, 197,  250,  266. 


VI  PBEFACE. 

It  will  be  seen  that,  in  giving  the  principal  parts  of  verbs,  I  have 
taken  the  liberty  to  deviate  slightly  from  established  usage.  In 
place  of  the  supine  in  -um,  which  is  generally  given  as  the  fourth  of 
the  principal  parts,  I  have  substituted  the  perfect  participle.  The 
necessity  of  a  reform  in  this  direction  was  first  recognized  and 
pointed  out  by  Professor  Lane,  who  introduced  this  substitution 
many  years  ago  in  his  teaching,  and  has  also  incorporated  it  in  the 
Latin  grammar  which  he  is  preparing  for  publication.  When  word- 
formation  was  so  little  understood  that  the  supine  was  thought  to 
be  the  source  from  which  the  perfect  and  future  participles,  and 
primitives  in  -tor,  -tio,  -tus,  and  -tura  were  derived,  there  was  an 
obvious  propriety  in  recognizing  the  supine  as  one  of  the  principal 
parts  of  the  verb.  Clipped  of  final  -um,  it  yielded  a  base — the  so- 
called  supine  stem  —  which  was  seen  to  be  common  to  all  these  forms. 
As,  moreover,  identity  of  base  was  supposed  to  indicate  community 
of  origin,  the  forms  just  enumerated  were  naturally  viewed  as  off- 
shoots from  this  parent  stem.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  the 
perfect  and  future  participles,  primitives  in  -tor,  -tio,  -tus,  and 
-tura,  and  the  supines  in  -turn  and  -tu  are  all  simply  parallel 
formations  from  the  root  or  from  the  verb  stem.  Thus,  the  parti- 
ciples cultus  and  culturus,  and  the  primitive  substantives  cultor, 
cultura,  cultus,  and  cultio,  are  formed  directly  from  the  root  col-, 
till;  in  like  manner,  the  participles  auditus  and  auditurus,  and 
the  substantives  auditor,  auditus,  and  auditio,  are  formed  directly 
from  audi-,  hear,  the  stem  of  audio.  While  then  there  is,  in  a 
restricted  sense,  a  real  supine  stem  ending  in  -tu-,  which  lies  at  the 
foundation  of  two  verbal  forms,  the  former  and  the  latter  supine, 
the  so-called  supine  stem  ending  in  -t-,  eaphonically  -s-,  is  purely  a 
figment  of  the  grammarians. 

Again,  although  our  dictionaries,  in  giving  the  principal  parts 
of  verbs,  record  more  than  2500  supines  in  -um,  Richter  has  shown, 
in  his  contributions  to  the  study  of  this  form  of  the  verb,  that  only 
236  such  supines  are  to  be  found  in  the  texts  of  the  Latin  writers 
from  the  time  of  Plautus  to  the  early  Christian  centuries. 

It  is  clear  then  that  the  supine,  instead  of  being  a  principal 
part  of  the  verb,  is  a  very  insignificant  part.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  perfect  participle  is  found  in  all  the  passive  tenses  for  com- 
pleted action  ;  it  is,  indeed,  in  these  tenses  the  only  essential  part, 
for  the  auxiliary  is   often  omitted.     Moreover,   if  a   mechanical 


PREFACE.  VU 

base  must  be  recognized  as  an  artificial  lielp  to  the  pupil  while 
he  is  committing  to  memory  those  forms  of  the  verb  that  have 
certain  letters  in  common,  the  perfect  participle  yields  this  base 
as  readily  as  the  supine.  A  reference  to  sections  136  and  137  will 
show  that  the  treatment  of  the  perfect  participle  as  one  of  the 
principal  parts  of  the  verb  renders  easy  and  natural  the  application 
of  the  inductive  method  to  a  subject  which  must  otherwise  be  left 
unexplained. 

It  has  been  the  prevailing  practice  in  Latin  dictionaries  and  spe- 
cial vocabularies  to  account  for  the  form  and  meaning  of  words 
whose  etymology  is  given,  by  referring  them  to  other  complete 
words  from  which  they  are  not  directly  formed,  but  with  which 
they  are  merely  connected  in  formation.  This  loose  and  inaccurate 
way  of  explaining  the  derivation  and  meaning  of  words  must  soon 
give  place  to  a  sounder  method.  One  special  vocabulary  ^  has 
already  appeared  in  this  country  in  which  the  subject  of  etymology 
is  differently  treated,  and  other  works  fohnded  on  the  same  princi- 
ples are  in  preparation.  In  harmony  with  this  tendency,  and  in 
the  hope  of  developing  right  habits  of  thought  in  the  pupil  from 
the  outset,  I  have  been  careful  to  refer  the  words  whose  etymology 
is  explained  in  the  general  vocabulary,  directly  to  the  roots  or  stems 
from  which  they  are  formed.^  Lest  this  mode  of  presentation  should 
seem  obscure  to  the  learner,  who  in  his  actual  reading  meets  not 
stems,  but  complete  words,  I  have  thought  it  best,  in  the  case  of 
formation  from  stems,  to  add  in  parenthesis  the  complete  word  to 
which  the  stem  belongs. 

The  vocabulary  of  an  introductory  book  does  not  call  for  much 
in  the  way  of  pictorial  illustration ;  but  what  it  does  call  for,  it  calls 
for  imperatively.  Such  words,  for  example,  as  scutum  and  signa 
militarla  cannot  be  understood  by  tlie  pupil  without  the  aid  of  a 
picture.  Expressions  of  this  kind,  therefore,  for  which  illustrations 
from  the  antique  were  available  —  eleven  in  number  —  I  have 
thought  it  best  to  illustrate.  The  cuts  used  for  this  purpose  have 
been  taken  from  Rich's  Dictionary  of  Antiquities  and  Guhl  and 
Koner's  Leben  der  Griechen  unci  Komer. 

In  conclusion,  I  desire  to  express  my  grateful  sense  of  obligation 

'  Oret'noiiKh'B  Voctthulnry  to  Virgil. 

*  This  statement  doe*  not,  of  course,  apply  to  iLum;  iu»uaccn  iu  which  n  word  iu 
Mid  to  be  merely  "  connected  with  "  another  w< 


Ylll  PEEFACE. 

to  the  friends  who  have  kindly  read  and  criticized  this  book  as  it 
has  been  sent  to  them  in  sheets  from  the  press.  1  am  especially 
indebted  to  Professor  George  M.  Lane  of  Harvard  University,  who 
has  not  only  placed  at  my  disposal  such  of  his  manuscript  and 
printed  collections  as  would  be  of  service  to  me,  but  has  critically 
examined  the  proof-sheets,  and  aided  me  by  corrections  and  sug- 
gestions that  have  added  to  the  value  of  the  book  in  every  part. 
I  am  also  under  special  obligations  to  William  C.  Collar,  A.M., 
Head-master  of  the  Roxbury  Latin  School,  for  valuable  notes  and 
criticisms. 

Mr.  J.  S.  Gushing,  under  whose  supervision  this  book  has  been 
printed,  has,  by  his  unfailing  patience  and  courtesy,  and  by  his  sug- 
gestive skill,  materially  lightened  the  labor  of  carrying  the  sheets 
through  the  press. 

JOHN  TETLOW. 

Boston,  May  1,  1884. 


OOlSTTElsTTS. 


LE880K8.  PAGES. 

Introductory  :   Alphabet,  Syllabication,  Quantity,  Accent 1-7 

I.   The  Four  Conjugations 7-8 

IT.-III.   Present  Indicative  Active :  Conjugations  I.-IV 9-12 

IV.    Substantives :  First  Declension  12-13 

v.- VI.   Ablative  with  Prepositions.  —  Subject  Nominative. — 

Accusative  of  Direct  Object 13-lG 

VII.    Substantives :    Second  Declension 16-17 

VIII.   The  Preposidon   In.  —  Genitives:    Possessive,   Sub- 
jective, Objective  18-20 

IX.   Adjectives :   First  and  Second  Declensions 21-23 

X.  Adjectives :  Attributive  and  Predicate.  — Dative  with 

Adjectives    23-26 

XI.-XII.   Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  Indicative  of  Both 

Voices   26-28 

XIII.  Ablatives :  Means  or  Instrument  and  Voluntary  Agent,  29-31 

XIV.  Substantives  of  the  Third  Declension  :  Mute  Stems. .  31-33 
XV.-XVI.  Perfect,   Pluperfect,   and    Future    Perfect   of    Both 

Voices.  —  Principal  Parts 33-37 

XVII.-XVni.  Agreement  of  the  Participle  in  Compound  Tenses. 

—  Dative  of  Indirect  Object 38-42 

XIX.   Substantives  of  the  Third  Declension :  Liquid  and  -8- 

Stems  ! 43-44 

XX.-XXI.  Imperatives  of  Both  Voices.  —The  Vocative. .  .• 46-49 

XXII.  Substantives  of  the  Third  Declension :  Vowel  Stems,  4^61 
XXIII.  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  :  Vowel  Stems  . .  51-63 
XXIV.-XXV.   Apposition.  —  Predicate    Agreement.  —  Accusa- 
tive with  Prepositions 63-67 

XXVI.  Substantives  of  the  Third  Declension  :  Stems  Appar- 
ently Consonant. —  Adjectives  of  One  Termina- 
tion. —  Present  Participle 57-60 

XXVII.   Ablative  of  Specification.  —  Ablative  of  Time  Wlien,  60-63 

XXVIII.   Third  Declension :  Gender 63-66 

XXIX.   Substantives  :  Fourth  Declension 67-69 

XXX.  Adjectives :  Hegular  Comparison 09-71 


XK 


•*t; 


■  UHIV2RSITY, 
INDUCTIVirLATIN   LESSONS. 


3»ic 


INT  RODUCTORY. 


Note.  —  The  Latin  alphabet,  which  for  the  vowels  is  phonetic,  is  here  introduced 
for  the  convenience  of  those  teachers  who  aim  to  secure  a  correct  quantitative  pro- 
nunciation. As  success  in  this  direction  depends  on  a  right  beginning,  it  is  recom- 
mended that  the  pupil  be  taught  the  Latin  names  of  the  single  letters  and  diphthongs 
at  the  outset,  and  that,  until  right  habits  have  been  established,  these  Latin  names  be 
used  in  occasional  ezercises  in  oral  spelling. 


I. 


Latin  Alphabet, 

Chabacter.  Name. 

a a     .  . 

a a     .  . 

b be  .  . 

c ce   .  . 

(1 de  .  . 


Pronunciation  of  ISame. 
,      .      .   dh 
.      .      .   dh^ 


e 


e e    (08  in  met) 


Z                                           A  foregoing  sound 
prolonged.' 


ef 
ha 


ef 

gay'^ 

hah 


Vowel 


i i 

(  T i 

ronnoiuint :     i i 

k ka 

1 el 

m em 

n en 


.  ee 
.  ee  ^ 
.  ee^ 
.  kah 
.  el 
.  em 
.  en 


LATIN  DIPHTHONGS. 


Vowel : 


CoDBonant: 


Character. 
O       . 


O 

P 

q 

r 

s 
t 

!  u 
( u 

V 
X 

[y 


Name. 
O 


o 

pe  . 
qu  . 
er  . 
es  . 
te  . 
u  . 
u  . 
u  . 
ix  . 

u    . 

zeta 


Pronunciation  of  Name. 


(as  sometimes  heard  in  whole,  i.e., 
the  continental  short  o,  not  so 
broad  as  the  o  in  not) 

foregoing  sound  prolonged.^ 


hoo 

6  as  in  met ;  T 
trilled. 

ess 
tay'^ 

00 
00^ 

00^ 

eeks 

like  French  U 
or  German  li- 
as in  Greek 


2.  Latin  Diphthongs. 

ae ae       .     .     .     .  ai^ 

(as  in  aisle) 

au  .     .     .     .     .     au ou^ 

(as  in  house) 

oe oe oi^ 

(as  in  toil) 

ui ui 00-ee  ^ 

(rapidly  uttered) 

eu  .....     eu eh-oo  ^ 

(rapidly  uttered) 

1  The  diphthongs  and  long  vowels  oral  spelling.  In  combination  with  other 
should  occupy  twice  as  much  time  in  ut-  letters,  "  j  "  has  the  power  of  **y  "  in 
terance  as  the  short  vowels.  yes. 

2  The  sound  here  represented  by  -ay  *  oo  here  represents  the  pronunciation 
is  approximate  only;  the  true  sound  of  of  the  letter  "  v  "  used  by  itself  ;  e.g.,  in 
Latin  "  e  "  has  no  ee-vanish.  oral  spelling.    In  combination  with  other 

3  ee  here  represents  the  pronunciation  letters,  "  v  "  has  the  power  of  "  w  "  in 
of  the  letter  "j  "  used  by  itself;  e.g.,  in  we. 


SYLLABICATION. 


II. 

Syllabication. 

3.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.   Au'-di-6/  /  hear.  3.   Proe'-li-um,  battle. 

Ge'-ner,  son-in-law.  4.,  A-mi-ci'-ti-a,  friendship. 


o 


4.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  in  each  of  the 
foregoing  examples  a  single  consonant  stands  between  two  vowels 
(see  :  d,  Ex.  1 ;  n,  Ex.  2  ;  1,  Ex.  3 ;  m,  c,  and  t,  Ex.  4).  To  whicli 
vowel  is  it  joined  in  writing?  Frame  a  rule  for  Syllabication  in 
such  cases. 

5.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  An'-uus,  year.  3.   Bel'-lum,  war. 

2.  Mit'-to,  /  send.  4.   Ag'-ger,  mound. 

6.  Observation  AND  Inference:  Note  that  in  each  of  the 
foregoing  examples  a  consonant  is  doubled  between  two  vowels 
(see:  n-n,  Ex.  1;  t-t,  Ex.  2;  1-1,  Ex.  3;  g-g,  Ex.  4).  To  which 
vowel  is  each  consonant  joined  in  writing?  Frame  a  rule  for 
Syllabication  in  such  cases. 

7.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  A'-sper,  rough.  5.   Bel'-gae,  the  Belgae, 

2.  Fr5'-tr68,  brothers.  6.  Am'-plus,  ample. 
8.  Jfl-stus,  Just.  7.  Lin'-gua,  tongue. 
4.  RG-stmm,  heak.  8.  Ar'-ma,  arms. 

a  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  in  the  foregoing 
examples  two  or  more  consonants  stand  between  two  vowels  (see : 
»p,  Ex.  1 ;  tr,  Ex.  2 ;  st,  Ex.  3 ;  str,  Ex.  4 ;  1-g,  Ex.  6;  m-pl,  Ex.  0; 
n-gu,  Ex.  7;  r-m,  Ex.  8).  Note,  further,  that  such  of  these  groups 
of  consonants  as  can  begin  a  word  belong  to  the  second  vowel,  and 
so  begin  a  syllable  (see  Exs.  1-4) ;  whereas,  such  of  these  groups 


SYLLABICATION. 


as  cannot  begin  a  word  are  divided  (see  Exs. 
for  Syllabication  in  such  cases. 


-8).      Frame  a  rule 


9. 


EXAMPI.ES. 


1.  Ab'-e-o  (ab,  away;  e6,  I  go),  I  go  away. 

2.  In-i'-quus  (in-,  not;  aequus,_/aiV),  unfair. 

3.  Ab'-est  (ab,  away ;  est,  lie  is),  he  is  away. 

4.  Red'-i-mo  (red-,  hack ;  emo,  /  buy),  I  buy  back. 

10.  Observation  :  Note  that  the  foregoing  examples  are  com- 
pounds, and  that,  in  syllabication,  the  parts  of  each  compound  are 
treated  as  separate  words.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Syllabication  of 
Compounds. 


11. 


EXERCISE. 


Spell,    syllabicate,    and     pronounce     the     following 
words :  — 


2  deleo,  I  destroy. 

^  impedimentuin,  impediment. 

*  injuria,  injury. 

*  provincia,  province. 

*  iniitilis,^  unprojitahle. 

*  justitia,  justice. 
2  oppidum,  town. 


2  littera,  letter. 
2  magnus,^  great. 
2  occupo,  /  seize. 
*  offlcium,  duty. 
2  redeo,'^  I  return. 
2  adeo,^  /  go  to. 
2  dixit,9  he  said. 


1  The  accented  syllable  of  Latin  words 
will  be  marked  until  the  subject  of  ac- 
centuation has  been  treated. 

2  Accent  the  first  syllable. 

3  Accent  the  fourth  syllable. 
*  Accent  the  second  syllable. 

^  inutilis  (compound)  =  in-,  not; 
utilis,  useful. 


«The  combination  gn  can  begin  a 
word. 

7  redeo  (compound)  =  red-,  hack; 
eo,  I  go. 

®  adeo(compound)=  ad,  to;  eo,  I  go. 

'•>  X,  though  a  double  consonant  (— 
c  -|-  s) ,  is  treated  as  a  single  consonant  in 
syllabication. 


QUANTITY. 


III. 


Quantity.  X^J^^^-^ 


12.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Recti' sat,  he  refuses.  4.  Lau'dAt,  he  commends. 

2.  TVmeSf  you  fear.  5.  Proe'Uum,  battle. 
:».  »7i7'stus,  jiist.  6.  ^e'vum,  age. 


13.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  the  italicized 
syllable  in  each  of  the  foregoing  examples  contains  a  long  voicel 
(see  Exs.  1—3)  or  a  diphthong  (see  Exs.  4-6).  Such  a  syllable  is 
long.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Quantity  of  a  Syllable  containing  a 
Long  Vowel  or  Diphthong. 

Note  that  the  syllables  not  italicized  in  the  foregoing  examples 
contain  a  short  vowel.  Such  syllables  are  short.  Frame  a  rule  for 
the  Quantity  of  a  Syllable  containing  a  Short  Vowel. 

NoT£  :  For  an  exception  to  the  rule  implied  in  the  last  paragraph,  see  15  below. 


14.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  An'nuH,  year.  4.  tfii' sins,  just. 

2.  Jiel'gsui,  the  Behjac.  '>.    FVI^'lum,  icall. 

3.  Xfn'gua,  tongue.  G.  L>uXf  leader. 


15.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  vowel  of  the 
iiali(;ize(l  syllable  in  each  of  the  foregoing  examples  is  followed  In/ 
tiro  consonants  (see  Exs.  1-5)  or  by  a  douf)le  consonant  (see  a:,^  Ex. 
<>).  The  vowel  so  placed  may  be  long  (see  Exs.  4  and  5)  or  short 
(see  Exs.  1,  2,  3,  and  C)  ;  but  the  syllable  is  long.  Frame  a  rule  for 
the  Quantity  of  a  Syllable  whose  Vowel  ia  followed  by  Two  Conso- 
nants or  a  Double  Consonant. 

NoTK :  For  an  exception  to  the  foregoing,  see  A.  k  O.  18,  e\  H.  10,  TIT. ;  O.  11. 


ACCENT. 


16.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Amici'^ia,  friendship.  3.  Proe^ium,  battle. 

2.  Ha'feeo,  I  have.  4.   Fi'ae,  iva7/s. 

17.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  vowel  of  the 
italicized  syllable  in  each  of  the  foregoing  examples  is  followed  hy 
another  vowel  (see  Exs.  1-3)  or  by  a  diphthong  (see  Ex.  4).  Both 
the  vowel  so  placed  and  the  syllable  containing  it  are  short.  Frame 
a  rule  for  the  Quantity  of  a  Syllable  whose  Vowel  is  followed  by 
another  Yowel  or  by  a  Diphthong. 

^x  =  c-\-soxg-\-s. 


IV. 

Accent. 

- 

la 

exampt.es. 

1. 

An'nus, 

year. 

3. 

Ju'stus,  just. 

2. 

Lau'do, 

I  commend. 

4. 

Lin'gua,  tongue. 

19.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  foregoing 
examples  are  words  of  two  syllables.  Which  syllable  is  accented  ? 
Frame  a  rule  for  the  Accent  of  Latin  Words  of  Two  Syllables. 

20.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Habe'mus,  roe  have.  r,.  Ha'beo,  /  have. 

2.  Recusa'mus,  toe  refuse.  (').  Axolci'^B.,  friendship. 

3.  Confir'mo,  /  establish.  7.  Op'pidum,  town. 

4.  TTanspoi'to,  I  trayisjmrt.  8.  To'puluB,  people. 

21.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  (1)  that  the  forego- 
ing examples  are  words  of  more  than  tico  syllables,  (2)  that  in  Exs. 
1-4  thepenuW^  is  long,  and  (3)  that  in  Exs.  5-8  the  penult  in  short. 
Which  syllable  is  accented  when  the  penult  is  long  (see  Exs.  1-4)  ? 
Which  syllable  is  accented  when  the  penult  is  short  (see  Exs.  5-8)  V 
Frame  a  rule  for  the  Accent  of  Latin  Words,  of  More  than  Two 
Syllables. 


THE  FOUR  CON.TTJGATIONS. 


22.  EXERCISE. 

Spell  each  of  the  following  words,  syllable  by  syllable ; 
give  the  Quantity  of  each  syllable  when  you  have  spelled 
it ;  then  Pronounce  the  complete  word ;  thus,  r-e,  re, 
short;  c-u,  cu,  long ;    s-a,  sa,  long ;   iii-u-s,  uius,  short; 


amo,  /  love.  moneo,  /  warn. 

con-flrnia8,2  you  (sing.)  establish.  habes,  yoti  (sing.)  have. 

laudat,  he  commends.  manet,  he  remains. 

recusainiis,  we  refuse.  parenius,  we  obey. 

probatis,  you  (pi.)  approve.  tenetis,  you  (pi.)  hold. 

trans-portant,^  they  transport.  tinient,  they  fear. 


1  The  Penult  is  the  last  syllable  but        this  book  the  parts  of  compound  wordt 
one;  the  Antepenult,  the  last  but  two.  will  be  separated  by  the  hyphen. 

>  Compound ;  in  the  vocabularies  of 


LESSON    I. 
The  Four  Conjugations. 

Note  :  It  is  assumed  that  the  pupil  is  already  familiar  with  the  parts  of  speech 
and  their  properties  (as  person,  number,  gender,  mood,  tense,  etc.),  or,  falling  tliis, 
that  the  teacher  will  explain  and  illustrate  them  as  occasion  requires. 

The  long  vowels  are  marked  throughout  this  book ;  vowels  not  marked  are  to  be 
pronounced  short.  As  a  practical  aid  in  the  observance  of  quantity,  it  is  recom- 
mended that  the  papil  be  required,  in  written  exercises,  to  mark  the  long  vowels. 

23.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Anift,  /  loi^e  ;  am&re,  to  love. 

2.  !Nfone5,  /  warn  ;  nionfire,  to  warn. 

3.  TegC,  /  cover ;  tegere,  to  cover. 

4.  Audid,  /  hear ;  audire,  to  hear. 

24.  ExPLANATiox  :  The  foregoing  examples  show  that  in  L.it  in 
the  present  injimtive  active  is  formed,  not  as  in  English  by  placing 
the  preposition  to  lx;fore  the  simple  form  of  tlie  verb,  but  by  a<l(ling 
-re.  Moreover,  some  verbs  (as  amS)  havci  a  characteristic  vowel  -Jl- 
before  this  infinitive  ending,  others  (as  moned)  have  -«-,  others 
(as  tego)  have  -•-,  and  others  (as  audid)  have  -I-.    Accordingly, 


THE   FOUR    CONJUGATIONS. 


25.  Latin  verbs  are  divided  into  four  groups  called 

Conjugations. 

1.  The  First  Conjugation  includes  all  verbs  whose 
present  infinitive  active  has  the  characteristic  vowel  -a- 
before  the  ending  -re ;  as :  ama-re,  to  love. 

2.  The  Second  Conjugation  includes  all  verbs  whose 
present  infinitive  active  has  the  characteristic  vowel  -e- 
before  the  ending  -re ;  as :  m one-re,  to  warn. 

3.  The  Third  Conjugation  includes  all  verbs  whose 
present  infinitive  active  has  the  characteristic  vowel  -e- 
before  the  ending  -re ;  as :  tege-re,  to  cover. 

4.  The  Fourth  Conjugation  includes  all  verbs  whose 
present  infinitive  active  has  the  characteristic  vowel  -i- 
before  the  ending  -re ;  as :  audi-re,  to  hear. 

26.  Learn,  with  meanings,  the  Present  Indicative  and 
Infinitive  of  the  following  verbs,  and  tell  to  which  Con- 
jugation each  belongs :  — 

VOCABUI.ARY. 


con-firmo,!  -are,^  establish. 
de-leo,  -ere,2  ^destroy. 
diico,  -ere,  lead. 
emo,  -ere,  buy. 
habeo,  -ere,  have. 
impedlo,  -ire,  hinder. 
laudo,  -are,  commend. 
maneo,  -ere,  remain.^ 
manio,  -ire,  fortify. 
probo,  -are,  approve.^ 


punio,  -ire,^  punish. 
quaero,  -ere,  inquire.^ 
re-cnso,  -are,^  refuse. 
rego,  -ere,  '^rule. 
tego,  -ere,  cover. 
teneo,  -ere,  hold. 
timeo,  -ere,  fear. 
trans-porto,  -are,  transport. 
venio,  -ire,  come.^ 
vestio,  -ire,  clothe. 


1  In  translating  the  indicative,  supply 
the  pronoun  7. 

2  To    be    read :     confirmare,   de- 
lere,  &c. 

8  English  words  or  parts  of   words 


that  are  borrowed  from  the  Latin  are 
printed  in  the  vocabularies  of  this  book 
in  this  type  ;  English  words  or  parts 
of  words  that  are  cognate  with  Latin 
words  are  printed  in  small  capitals. 


THE   PRESENT    INDICATIVE   ACTIVE. 


LESSON    II. 

The  Present  Indicative  Active:   Conjugations 
I.  AND  II. 

27.  Learn  the  inflection,  with  meanings,  of  the  Pres- 
ent Indicative  Active  of  amo:  A.  &  G.  p.  76,  also 
§  194,  «;  H.  p.  86,  also  §  446 ;  G.  p.  54,  also  §  198. 

28.  Inflect  (like  amo)  the  Present  Indicative  Active 

( )f  confirmo,  /  establish  ;    laudo,  /  commend  ;    probo,  / 
approve  ;  recuse,  /  refuse  ;  transport©,  /  transport. 

29.  Learn  the  inflection,  with  meanings,  f)f  the  Pres- 
ent Indicative  Active  of  moneo  (or  deleo)  :  A.  &  G.  p. 
80 ;  H.  p.  90 ;  G.  p.  58. 

30.  Inflect  (like  moneo  or  deleo)  the  Present  Indica- 
tive Active  of  habeo,  I  have  ;  tnniieo,  I  remain  ;  pareo, 
I  obey  ;   t^neb,  I  hold  ;  thneb,  J/ear, 

31.  EXAMPI^ES. 

Monet,  he  toams,  or  he  is  warning. 

N6n  monent,  they  do  not  warny  or  they  are  not  warning. 

32.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Confirmo.  2.  Laudat.  3.  Probatis.  4.  Non  recu- 
8aimi8.  5.  Transjx>rtant.  6.  Confirmas.  7.  Non  pro- 
1>rimiis.  8.  Laudatis.  9.  Habeo.  10.  Manet.  11.  Parent. 
\'l.  Tcnes.  13.  Non  timemus.  14.  Manes.  15.  Manetis. 
16.  Non  paret.  17.  Recusant.  18.  Timed.  19.  Tnliis- 
portat.  20.  Habemus.  21.  Tenetis.  22.  Laudfis. 
23.  Non  confirmant.      24.  RecubO.      25.  Non  pfires. 


10  THE  PRESENT   INDICATIVE  ACTIVE. 

II.  1.  I  approve.  2.  He  transports.  3.  We  commend. 
4.  They  do  not  refuse.  5.  You  (pi.)  establish.  6.  You 
(smg.)  do  not  commend.  7.  They  approve.  8.  He  refuses. 
9.  You  (sing.)  have.  10.  We  are  not  obeying.  11.  I 
am  holding.       12.  He  does  not  fear.       13.  You  (pi.)  fear. 

14.  They  are  not  remaining.  15.  He  has.  16.  You  (sing.) 
are  remaining.  17.  He  does  not  commend.  18.  I  obey. 
19.  We  transport.  20.  I  am  remaining.  21.  You  (sing.) 
do  not  obe}  .  22.  He  establishes.  23.  We  do  not  approve. 
24.  You  (pi.)  have.      25.  They  are  establishing. 

33.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Probat.  2.  Paiemus.  3.  N^on  laudant.  4.  Recusa- 
tis.  .5.  Maiieo.  6.  Times.  7.  Confirmamus.  8.  Habetis. 
9.  Noil  tenet.  10.  Recusas.  11.  Pareo.  12.  Probant.  13.  Trans- 
portatis.       14.  Non  probo.       15.  Man  emus. 

II.  1.  He  holds.  2.  They  do  not  commend.  3.  You  (sing.) 
approve.  4.  He  does  not  obey.  5.  We  are  remaining.  6.  You 
(sing.)  fear.  7.  I  am  establishing.  8.  You  (pi.)  approve. 
9.  They  transport.  10.  We  do  not  have.  11.  You  (pi.)  hold. 
12.   You  (sing.)  refuse.        13.  They  obey.        14.  I  do  not  fear. 

15.  I  am  commending. 

LESSON    III. 

The  Present  iNDicATrvE  Active:  Conjugations 
III.  and  IV. 

34.  Learn  the  inflection,  with  meanings,  of  the  Pres- 
ent Indicative  Active  of  tegro  (rego  or  emo) :  A.  &  G. 
p.  82 ;  H.  p.  94 ;  G.  p.  64. 

35.  Inflect  (like  tego,  reg-o,  or  emo)  the  Present 
Indicative  Active  of  dice,  I  say  ;  cluco,  I  lead  ;  mitto, 
/  %end  ;  pono,  I  place  ;  quaero,  I  inquire. 


THE   PRESENT    INDICATIVE   ACTIVE.  11 

36.  Learn  the  inflection,  with  meanings,  of  the  Pres- 
ent Indicative  Active  of  audio :  A.  &  G.  p.  86 ;  H.  p. 

98;  G.  p.  68. 

37.  Inflect  (like  audio)  tlie  Present  Indicative  Active 
of  lufinio,  I  fortify  ;  punio,  I  punish  ;  venio,  /  come; 
vestio,  I  clothe  ;  inipedio,  /  hinder, 

38.  Learn  the  inflection,  with  meanings,  of  the  Pres- 
ent Indicative  of  sum :  A.  &  G.  p.  68 ;  H.  p.  84 ;  G.  p. 
50.  Inflect  the  Present  Indicative  of  absum,^  /  am 
amay, 

39.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  DTcit.  2.  Ducinius.  3.  Mittis.  4.  Pununt. 
o.  Qiiaero.  6.  DTcitis.  7.  Muniunt.  8.  Non  pfinT- 
imis.      9.  Venio.      10.  VestTs.      11.  Inipcdit.      12.  Mumtis. 

13.  Es.  14.  Absunt.^  15.  Non  Landamus.  IG.  Mittimus. 
17.  Timet.  18.  Impedio.  19.  Sumns.  20.  Non  habent. 
21.  Confirmat.  22.  Abestis.  23.  Ducis.  24.  Non  pono. 
25.  Timetis.        26.  Venlmus.       27.   Abes.        28.   Vestiunt. 

29.  Non  quaerit.      30.  Sum. 

II.  1.  We  say.  2.  He  is  not  leading.  3.  I  am  placing. 
4.  You  (sing.)  inquire.  5.  They  do  not  send.  6.  You 
(pi.)  lead.  7.  I  do  not  punish.  8.  They  are  fortifying. 
9.  He  hinders.  10.  We  are  coming.  11.  You  (sing.) 
clothe.       12.  You  (pi.)  arc  fortifying.     *  13.  You  (pi.)  are. 

14.  He  approves.  15.  They  are  awa}*.  16.  We  do 
not  inquire.  17.  I  have.  18.  You  (sing.)  punish. 
19.  We  are.  20.  You  (pi.)  do  not  obey.  21.  I  refuse. 
'2i.  He  is  away.  23.  They  say.  24.  You  (sing.)  send. 
25.  We  do  not  fear.  26.  They  piniish.  27.  You  (sing.) 
are  away.     28.  You  (pi.)  do  notconuj.     29.   1  am  hindering. 

30.  He  is. 


12  substantives:   fikst  declension. 

40.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Dicis.  2.  Punit.  3.  Absumus.i  4.  Non  laudatis. 
5.  Sunt.  6.  Noil  duco.  7.  Manent.  8.  Impedimiis.  9.  Quae- 
ritis.  10.  Absum.i  11.  Munis.  12.  Non  probas.  13.  Estis. 
14.  Mittunt.       15.  Tenemus.       16.  Yenit. 

II.  1.  You  (sing.)  are.  2.  You  (pi.)  do  not  refuse.  3.  We 
are  away.  4.  I  am  fortifying.  5.  He  sends.  6.  I  am  not  away. 
7.  He  inquires.  8.  You  (pi.)  are  hindering.  9.  They  do  not 
have.  10.  You  (sing.)  lead.  11.  We  obey.  12.  They  are. 
13.  We  are  sending.  14.  We  establish.  15.  He  does  not  come. 
16.  You  (pi.)  clothe. 


1  b  before  s  is  sounded  likep;  hence,  pronounce  apsum,  apstirmis,  apsunt. 

LESSON     IV. 
Substantives:  Fikst  Declension. 

Note  :  It  is  assumed  that  the  teacher  will  here  prepare  the  way  by  oral  instruc- 
tion for  the  declension  of  a  Latin  noun  vith  the  translation  of  its  cases.  For  sugges- 
tions, see  A.  &  Gr.  §  31, 

41.  Learn  the  declension,  with  meanings,  of  stella 
(A.  &  G.  35)  or  mensa  (H.  48 ;  G.  27).      • 

42.  Define  jStem^  and  give  the  stem^  of  stella  (A.  &  G. 
21,  coarse  type)  or  mensa  (H.  46 ;  G.  24). 

43.  Observe  the  gender  of  the  substantives  in  the 
vocabulary  of  this  lesson ;  then  learn  the  Rule  for 
Gender :    A.   &  G.  35,  to  the  second  period ;    H.  48 ; 

G.  28. 


ABLATIVE    WITH   PREPOSITIONS.  13 

44.  Decline,  giving  stem,  gender,  and  meanings,  the 
substantives  in  tlie  following 

VOCABUIiARY.* 

ainicitia,  -ae,  ¥.,  friendship.  contr5versia,  -ae,  f.,  dispute. 

Aquitania,  -ae,  f.,  Aquitania.^  Galba,''  -ae,  m.,  Ga/ba.^ 

Belgae,*  -arum,  m.,  the    Belgae^  injuria, -ae,  f., //i/'w/y. 

(or  Belgians).  patria,  -ae,  f.,  native  countrif. 

causa,  -ae,  f.,  cause.  porta,  -ae,  f.,  gate. 

t'opia,  -ae,  f.,  abundance ;  in  pi.,  proviucia,  -ae,  f.,  province. 

forces,  troops.  sententia,  -ae,  f.,  opinion. 

'  The  Bteni  vowel  of  the  first  declen-  paring    this    vocabulary,    therefore,   lie 

sion  will  be  treated  as  -S-  in  this  book,  the  should  not  content  himself  with  being 

long  quantity  being  original.  StenS-and  able  merely  to  name  the  cases  of  each 

inenRft- will  therefore  be  considered  the  substantive  in  their  order,  but  should 

htem.s  of  stcUa  and  mensa  respectively.  practise  such  exercises  as  the  following : 

The  teaching  of  the  grammars  on  this  Express    in   Latin,    of  friendsltip,   the 

l>oint  is  not  uniform.  Belf/ians\  by    disputes,    to    the   gate, 

'  The   pupil  should   remember  that  &c. ;  express  in  English,  AquTtSniae, 
the  only  object  for  which  he  is  required  causrirum,  injuriS,  sententiSs,  &c. 
to  learn  declensions  is,  that  he  may  be-  ^  for  fuller  information,  see  the  gen- 
come  so  familiar  with  the  forms  as  to  be  eral  vocabulary. 
able  to  give  the  English  equivalent  of  a  *  Omit  the  singular  in  declining. 
I^tin  form,  or  the  Latin  equivalent  of  an  =  Read  A.  85  G.  75,  1 ;  H.  130,  1,  1). 
English  form,  on  the  instant.    In  pre- 


'^^c 


LESSON    V. 

Ablative  with  Prepositions.  —  Subject-Nomina- 
tive. —  Accusative  op  Direct  Orject. 

Note  :  It  is  asiiumed  that  the  pupil  is  familiar  with  the  structure  of  the  simple 
■entence,  or,  failing  this,  that  the  teacher  will  orally  explain  such  terms  as  ifuhject, 
predicate,  object,  etc. 

*5.  kxamples.» 

1.  Ab  injOrifl  (l,  31, 16)2,  y-;.^^  injury. 

2.  A  prSvincia  (1,33,4),  (away) /rom  the^  province. 

3.  Cum  copiva  n,2\,Z)^  with  the  forcett. 
1.  D§  injflrila  {1,1^,^*),  for  injuries. 

').  Ex  (or  6)  prdvinciS,  (7, 65,  l), /rom  (out  of)  the  province, 

i).  Pr6  patria,  (Cic.  Tu$c.  4, 19, 43),  in  behalf  of  [one's]  country. 

7.  Sine  causa  (i,  14.  2),  without  cause. 


14  SUBJECT.  —  DIRECT  OBJECT. 

46.  Observation  and  Inference  :  ^  Note  (1)  the  preposi- 
tions in  the  foregoing  examples,  and  (2)  the  case  of  the  substan- 
tives with  which  they  are  used.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  of  Sub- 
stantives used  with  the  foregoing  Prepositions. 

47.  References  for  Verification  r^  A.  &  G.  152,  h\  II. 
434 ;  G.  418. 

48.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Aquitania  pertinet  (l,  l,  7),  Aquitania  extends. 

2.  Controversia  est  (6, 13,  5),  there  is  a^  dispute. 

3.  Belgae  pertinent  (l,  l,  6),  the  Belgians  extend. 

4.  Patent  portae  (Cic.  Cat.  i,  5, 10),  the  gates  are  open,^ 

5.  Praestat   amicitia  (Cic.  Lael.  5, 19),  friendship  takes  pre- 

cedence,* 

49.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  (1)  the  number,  per- 
son and  case  of  the  substantives,  (2)  the  number  and  person  of  the 
verbs,  and  (3)  the  oj'der  of  the  words  in  the  foregoing  examples. 
What  is  the  usual  order  of  subject  and  predicate  (see  Exs.  1-3)  ? 
What  seems  to  be  the  effect  when  this  order  is  reversed  (see 
Exs.  4  and  5)?  Frame  rules  (1)  for  the  Case  of  the  Subject  of 
the  sentence  in  Latin,  (2)  for  the  Number  and  Person  of  the  Verb, 
and  (3)  for  the  Position  of  Subject  and  Predicate. 

50.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  173,  204,  343, 
344,  a;  H.  368,  460,  560,  561,  1. ;  G.  194,  202,  676,  675, 1,  1. 

51.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Causam  probant  (6,  23,  7),  theg  approve  the  cause. 

2.  Sententiam    laudant    (Sail.  Cat.  53,  l),    they    commend     the 

opinion. 

3.  Amicitiam  confiimRre  (1,3,  l),  to  establish  friefidship. 

4.  Sententias  dicere  {Caes.  B.C.  1,1,  2),  to  express  opinions. 

5.  Laudamus  divitias  (Sail.  Cat.  52,  22),  we  commend  riches,^ 

52.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  (1)  the  class  (i.e., 
whether  transitive  or  intransitive)  to  which  the  verbs  belong,  (2)  the 
case  of  the  substantives  construed  with  them,  and  (3)  the  order  of 
the  words  in  the  foregoing  examples.  Frame  rules  for  the  Case 
and  Position  of  the  Direct  Object  of  a  transitive  verb  in  Latin. 


VOCABULARY  AND   EXERCISES. 


15 


53.  Referkxcks  for  Verification:  A.  &.  G.  237;  11.871; 
(i.  327.  For  the  order  of  the  words,  see  the  references  in  50; 
also  H.  561,  II. 


'  The  pupil  should  first  study  care- 
fully the  examples  in  connection  with  the 
paragraph  designated  "  Observation  and 
Inference,"  and  should  commit  the  ex- 
amples to  memory.  Before  consulting 
the  sections  in  the  grammar  referred  to 
under  the  heading  "  References  for  Veri- 
fication," he  should  strive  to  discover  for 
himself  the  principles  which  the  exam- 
ples illustrate,  and  to  frame  independ- 
ently the  rule  for  construction.  When 
he  has  framed  such  a  rule  to  the  best 
of  his  ability,  he  may  consult  the  gram- 
mar for  the  purpose  of  verifying  or 
correcting  his  inferences  or  his  phrase- 


ology. The  references,  or  their  equiva- 
lent in  grammatical  English,  should  then 
be  fixed  in  the  memory  for  use  in  the 
exercises  which  follow. 

2  Citations  given  without  name  arc 
from  Caesar's  Gallic  "War. 

3  There  is  no  article  in  Latin,  in 
translation  from  Latin  into  English,  the 
article  must  be  supplied  wherever  the 
English  usage  requires  it  ;  in  translation 
from  English  into  Latin,  the  article  must 
be  disregarded. 

*  This  tyj}e  in  the  English  trans- 
lation denotes  emphasis. 


>i*:< 


LESSON    VI. 
Vocabulary  and  Exercises. 


54. 


VOCABUI.ARY, 


ab,  5,2  prep.  w.  abl.,  nwai/  from,     longe,  adv.,  far. 


from. 
ciini,  prvp.  w.  abl.,  with. 
de,  prt'p.  w.  abl., yroTO,  about. 
c-diieo,  -ere,  lead  out. 
ox,  e,^  i)n'j».  w.  a])l.,  out.  of,  from. 
Ciallla,  -ae,  v.,  Gaul. 
(icnava,  -ac,  r.,  Geneva. 


pro,  prep.  w.  abl.,  in  front  of  in  be- 
half of  KOK. 
pug^o,  -S.rc^ff/hf. 
red-do,  -ere,  return  (trans.),  restore. 
sine,  prep.  w.  abl.,  without. 
Tolosa,  -ac,  F.,  Toulouse. 
vita,  -ae,  f.,  life. 


55. 

I.     1.  Gal])a  (Ificit. 
<  opias  ex  Galliu  ducit. 


EXERCISES. 

2.  (iall)a  copifis  ilficit.       3.  Galba 
4.  AmTcitiam  eonfirmant.      5.  Cum 


1  U'igis  amicitiam  confirraant.  6.  Belgae  timent.  7.  Bclgae 
sine  causa  timent.  8.  Gcnfiva  abcst.  9.  Gcnava  longe 
abcHt.  10.  Gcnava  a  Tolosa  longe  abcst.  11.  De  inju- 
rils  (luacrit.     12.  Vitam  pro  vita  rcddunt. 


16     substantives:  second  declension. 

II.  1.  The  Belgians  lead-out."*  2.  The  Belgians  lead- 
out  their^  forces.  3.  We  are  leading-out  our^  forces  from 
the  province.  4.  They  are  inquiring  about  the  forces. 
5.  He  establishes  friendship.  6.  We  are  establishing  friend- 
ship with  the  Belgians.  7.  You  (sing.)  fear  without  cause. 
8.  He  leads  his  forces  out-of  Italy.  9.  They  are  fighting 
for  their''  country. 

56.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Copias  ex  provincia  educiint.  2.  De  pugna  cognoscit. 
3.  Galliam  ab  injuria  defendit.  4.  Messalla  lacrimas  non  tenet. 
5.    Amicitiam  recusamus,  non  appetimus. 

II.  1.  Toulouse  is  at  a  great  distance  (is-distant  far)  from 
Geneva.  2.  They  learn  about  the  injuries.  3.  Galba  is  trans- 
porting his^  forces  from  (out-of)  Gaul.  4.  We  do  not  keep-back 
our^  tears.  5.  You  reject  friendships,  you  do  not  seek  after 
[them].^  '-i^^  ,i»^ 

1  This  vocabulary  and  subsequent  spe-  ^  Use  ex  before  words  beginning  with 

cial  vocabularies  will  contain  the  words  a  vowel ;  use  ex  or  e  before  words  be- 

of  the  "  Exercises"  only;  the  words  of  ginning  with  a  consonant, 

the  "  Supplementary  Exercises"  will  be  *  Words  connected  by  a  hyphen  are 

found  in  the  general  vocabulary  at  the  to  be  treated  in  translation  as  a  eingle 

end  of  the  book.    Words  once  given  in  a  expression. 

special  vocabulary  will  not  be  repeated  in  5  Orait  the  possessive  here.    See  A. 

subsequent  special  vocabularies.  &  G.  197,  c;  H.  447;  Gr.  299. 

-  Use  ab  before  words  beginning  with  «  Words  in  brackets  are  to  be  omitted 

a  vowel  ;   use  S,  before  words  beginning  in  translation. 


with  a  consonant.    For  fuller  informa- 
tion, see  general  vocabulary. 


»J<«c 


.•■■;-M 


LESSON  vri. 

Substantives:  Second  Declension. 

57.  Learn  the  declension,  with  gender  and  meanings, 
of  servus  (or  hortus),  puer,  ager,  vir,  bellum  (or 
templum)  :  A.  &  G.  38;  H.  51 ;  G.  29,  31. 


substantives:   second  declension. 


IT 


58.  Give  the  9tem  of  each  of  the  substantives  in  the 
foregoing  paragraph,  and  explain  the  formation  of  the 
nominative  from  the  stem.  For  this  purpose  read: 
A.  &  G.,  first  paragraph  of  the  note  preceding  38,  and 
first  sentence  of  the  second  paragraph ;  H.  51,  1,  2,  1), 
2),  4),  5);  G.  29,  31,323. 

59.  Observe  the  gender  of  the  substantives  in  the 
vocabulary  of  this  lesson ;  then  learn  the  Rule  for  Gen- 
der :  A.  &  G.  39 ;  H.  51 ;  G.  30. 

60.  Decline,  giving  stem,  gender,  and  meanings,  the 
substantives  in  the  following 

VOCABUlJiRY.i 


a^er,  -gri,  m,,  land,  Jield ;  in  pL, 
also  country  districts. 

CHJitra,  -5ruin,-  n.,  camp. 

cuiiloquium,  -li,  n.,  conference. 

fruinentu#i,  -i,  s.,  grain  (usually 
of  harvested  grain);  in  pi.,  grain 
(especially  of  standing  grain). 

<;alli,'  -orum,  m.,  the  Gauls. 

gener,  -eri,  m.,  son-in-law. 

Helvetli,^  -orum,  m.,  the  Hel- 
vetians. 

hiberna,^  -orum,  n.,  vnnter-quar- 

te.TS. 

impedlmentum,  -i,  x.,  hindrance  ; 
in  pi.,  baggage. 


imperium,  -ii,  n,,  command,  con- 
trol. 

Labienus,^  -i,  m.,  Labienus.* 

legatus,  -i,  m.,  ambassador ;  lieu- 
tenant. 

murus,  -i,  m.,  wall. 

oppidum,  -i,  n.,  town  (viewed  as 
stronghold). 

popiilus,  -i,  M.,  people,  race. 

proeliuin,  -ii,  n.,  battle. 

puer,  -eri,  m.,  child,  bog. 

studium,  -II,  N.,  zeal ;  devotion  ; 
pursuit. 

vicus,  -f,  M.,  tillage. 

vir,  virf,  M.,  man. 


«  See  foot-note  2,  LcHnon  IV. 

*  Omit  the  sini^ular  in  decliniD({. 

*  Bee  foot-note  5,  LeHHon  TV. 


*  For  fuller  infurniatlon,  hco  Kent-ral 
vocabulary. 


18  THE   PREPOSITION    IN. 


LESSON    VIII. 

The  Preposition  in.  —  Genitives  :  Possessive, 
Subjective,  Objective. 

61.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  In  Galliam  contendit  (i,  7,  i),  he  hastens  into  Gaul. 

2.  In  conloquium  venire  (l,  35,  2),  to  come  to  a  conference. 

3.  Frumenta  ex  agris  in  oppida  comportant  (3,  9,  8),  they  collect 

the  grain  from  the  country  districts  [and  convey  it]  into  the 
towns. 

4.  In  vico  hiemare  (3,  i,  4),  to  j^ciss  the  winter  in  the  village. 

5.  In  miiro  (2,  6,  3),  on  the  wall. 

6.  In  Gallia  in  hibernis  (2,  i,  i),  in  winter-quarters  in  Gaul. 

62.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  in  the  first  three 
of  the  foregoing  examples  in  means  into  or  to,  and  therefore 
answers  the  question  ivhither?]  note,  on  the  other  hand,  that  in  the 
last  three  examples  in  means  in  or  on,  and  answers  the  question 
where  ?.  Note,  further,  the  case  of  the  substantives  construed  with  in 
in  the  two  sets  of  examples.  With  what  cases,  thenfmay  in  be 
used,  and  with  what  difference  of  meaning?  Frame  a  rule  for  the 
Case  of  Substantives  used  with  in. 

63.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  152,  c,  last  two 
lines;  H.  435,  n.l;  G.  419. 

64.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  In  castris  Helvetiorum  (i,  29,  i),  in  the  camp  of  (i.e.,  belonging 

to)  the  Helvetians. 

2.  Oppidum  Remorum  (2,  6,  i),  a  town  of  (i.e.,  belonging  to)  the 

Remi. 

3.  Divitiaci  studium  (i,  19,  2),  the  devotion  of  Divitiacus  (Divitia- 

cus  manifests  the  devotion). 

4.  Fuga  Gallorum  (l,  40,  8),  the  fight  of  the  Gauls  (the  Gauls  flee). 

5.  Pro   injuriis   popull  (l,  30,  2),  in  return  for  the  injuries  of  (i.e., 

done  to)  the  people. 

6.  Britanniae    imperium    (2, 4, 7),    authority   over   (i.e.,  exercised 

towards)  Britain. 


genitives:  possessive,  19 

65.  Observation  and  Inferenck  :  Note  (1)  that  the  genitive 
in  each  of  the  foregoing  examples  limits  a  substantive,  (2)  that  the 
genitive  denotes  a  different  person  or  thing  from  that  denoted  by 
the  limited  substantive,  and  (3)  that  the  relation  of  the  genitive  to 
the  limited  substantive  is  (in  most  of  the  examples)  expressed  in 
English  by  the  preposition  uf.  Frame  a  rule  for  these  and  similar 
Genitives. 

66.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  213 ;  H.  393,  395. 

67.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  the  oi-der  of  the 
words  in  the  examples  just  considered.  What  seems  to  be  the 
usual  position  of  the  genitive  with  reference  to  the  substantive 
which  it  limits? 

68.  Ih  II  i:  INC  Es  for  Verification:  H.  565;  G.  678. 

69.  Observation:  Note  further  (1)  that  in  Exs.  1  and  2  the 
genitive  expresses  possession,  and  may  therefore  be  called  a  Pos- 
sessive Genitive;  (2)  that  in  Exs.  3  and  I  the  genitive  expresses  the 
subject  of  the  feeling  or  action  denoted  by  the  limited  substantive, 
and  may  therefore  be  called  a  Subjective  Genitive  ;  (3)  that  hi  Exs. 
5  and  6  the  genitive  expresses  the  object  of  the  action  denoted  by 
the  limited  substantive,  and  may  therefore  be  called  an  Objective 
Genitive. 

70.  Kkferences:  A.  &  G.  214,  217;  II.  396,  I.,  II.,  III. ;  (i. 
300,  3<il,  1,  2. 

71.  VOCABULARY. 

axl-iuinistro,  -arc,  exfcute.  inemoria,  -ae,  f.,  remembruun: 

Aedui,'  -oruin,  m.,  the  Aedunns.  mitto,  -ere,  send. 

ap-peto,  -ere,  strive,  to  secure.  nef^-Ie^o,  -ere,  disregard,  neglect. 

bellum,  -i,  n.,  war.  ob-tineo,  -ere,  hold. 

beneficium,  -ii,  n.,  benefit.  oc-eido,  -ere,  kill,  sUtij. 

Britunnlii,''  -ao,  i .,  Britain.  postulo,  -are,  demand. 

con-Iooo,  -are,  jilncf.  Roinani,^  -oruin,  yi.,lhe  Romans. 

de-ponu,  -ero,  pnt  asidi-.  saxutn,  -i,  n.,  stone. 

nivltlacus,'  -I,  M.,  Divitiacus.^  sooer,  -ori,  M.,/athtr-in-law. 

In,  prci>.,  w.  HOC,  i\/o  (opp.  ex);  vastd^  -are,  /ay  ivaste. 
w.  abl.,  IN,  (.s. 

OF  THH  ^^  V 


7BR 


20  SUBJECTIVE,    OBJECTIVE. 


72.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Labienus  est  in  Gallia  in  hibernis.  2.  In  Galliam 
legatum  mittit.  3.  Beneficiorum  memoriam  non  deponimus. 
4.  Aecluorum  agros  vastant.  5.  Gener  socerum  occidit. 
G.  Ab  castris  oppidum  Aeduorura  longe  abest.  7.  Divitia- 
cus  Britanniae  imperiiim  obtinet.  8.  Saxa  in  muro  conlo- 
cant.  9.  In  castra  cum  impedimentis  veniimt.  10.  Sta- 
dium Galbae  non  neglegit. 

II.  1.  They  send  ambassadors  into  the  town.  2.  We  do 
not  demand  control  of  the  war.  3.  He  strives-to-secure  the 
friendship  of  the  Romans.  4.  The  Romans  are  in  winter- 
quarters.        5.    The   fathers-in-law   kill    their    sons-in-law. 

6.  They  execute  the  orders  (imperium)    of    the    lieutenant. 

7.  We  do  not  disregard  the  wrongs  (injuria)  of  the  Aedu- 
ans.  8.  The  baggage  is  in  the  camp.  9.  They  come  into 
camp  without  their  baggage. 

73.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Frumentum  in  provinciam  portant.  2.  Sunt  frumenta 
in  agris  Aeduorum.  3.  Aeduorum  injurias  non  neglegit.  4.  Fuga 
Gallorum  Romanos  commovet. 

II.  1.  He  puts-aside  the  remembrance  of  his  injuries.  2.  The 
fields  of  the  Aedui  are  at  a  great  distance  (are-distant  far)  from 
the  camp.  3.  They  carry  the  baggage  into  the  camp.  4.  [There] 
are  stones  on  the  wall. 


1  Omit  the  singular  in  declining.  '^  For  fuller  information,  see  general 

2  See  foot-note  5,  Lesson  IV.  vocabulary. 


ADJECTIVES :  21 


LESSON    IX. 
Adjectives:   First  and  Second  Declensions. 

74.  EXAMPLES. 

SINGULAR. 

M.    Vir  bonus  (Cic.  Q^.  3, 15,  61),  a  good  man. 

F.    Villain  bonam  (Cic.  Off.  3, 13,  55),  a  good  country-house. 

N.    Solo  bono  (Cat.  R.  R.  1),  hy  good  soil. 

PLURAL. 

M.    Viros  bonos  (Cic.  Tusc.  5,  lo,  28),  good  men. 

F.  Bonas  horas  (Mart,  i,  113),  good  {i.e.,  valuable,  precious)  liours. 
N.    Verborum  bonorum  (Cic.  Brut.  66, 233),  o/good  (i.e.,  well-chosen) 

expressions. 

75.  Observatiox  and  Inference  :  Note  (1)  the  number,  gender, 
and  case  of  the  substantives  in  each  of  the  foregoing  examples, 
and  (2)  the  form  of  the  adjective  associated  with  it.  Does  the 
Latin  adjective,  like  the  English,  remain  unchanged  in  form,  or  is 
it  varied  to  suit  the  number,  gender,  and  case  of  the  substantive  to 
which  it  belongs?    Are  Latin  adjectives,  then,  declined? 

76.  References  for  Verification  :    A.  &  G.  186 ;  H.  438 ; 

G.  285. 

77.  Learn  the  declension,  with  stems,  of  bonus :  A. 
.^  G.  81 ;  H.  147,  148 ;  G.  33. 

7a  Learn  the  declension,  with  stems,  of  miser  (or 
ITl>er)  and  niger  (aeger  or  pigrer)  :  A.  &  G.  82 ;  H. 
149,150;  G.  34. 

79.  Decline,  giving  stems,  the  adjectiven  in  tlie  fol- 
lowing 

VOCABULARY. 

ad-scendo,  -<»ro,  ascend.  asper,    -era,  -«tuiii,  jkIJ.,  rowj/i, 

aeger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  ill,  sick.  rnyyed. 


22  FIRST   AND    SECOND   DECLENSIONS. 

divide,  -ere,  separate.  periculum,  -i,  n.,  danger,  peril. 

im-ploro,  -are,  implore.  prae-cedo,  -ere,  excel. 

jugum,-i,N.,  YOKE, (mount. )nc?9'e.  re-linquo,  -ere,  leave  behind. 

lacrima,  -ae,  r.,  tear.  reliquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  remaining. 

liber,  -era,  -erum,/ree.  Rhodanus,  -i,  .^r.,  the  Rhone. 

magnus,  -a,  -uni,  adj.,  great.  Roniauus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Roman. 

multus,  -a,  -um,  a.(\].,  much ;  in  Sequani, -orum,  M,,  ^Ae  Se^wa/?/. 

pL,  many.  servus,  -i,  m.,  slave. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  our.  supero,  -are,  conquer,  defeat. 
numerus,  -i,  m.,  number. 

80.  OBSERVATiOiSr  AND  Inferexce  :  Note  the  order  of  the 
words  in  the  examples  of  74.  What  seems  to  be  the  usual  position 
of  the  adjective  with  respect  to  its  substantive? 

81.  Keferences  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  343,  c ;  H.  565, 
with  1 ;  G.  678. 

82.  Decline  together,  with  meanings:  piier  aeger, 
a  sich  child  ;  jiig-iim  asperum,  a  rugged  ridge  ;  populus 
Romanus  (in  sing.),  the  Roman  people  ;  reliquae  copiae 

(in  pi.),  the  remaining  for  ce%. 

83.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Populi  Romani  amicitiara  recusat.  2.  Liberos  Gal- 
liae  populos  superat.      3.  Miiltos  pueros  aegros  relinquunt. 

4.  Multis  de^  causis^   Helvetil  reliquos   Gallos  praecedunt. 

5.  Magnum  servorum  numerum  habet.       6.  Rhodanus  pro- 
vinciam  nostram  ab  Helvetiis  dividit.  ^^ 

II.  1.  The  Rhone  separates  the  Sequani  frcBi  our 
province.  2.  Our  forces  are  ascending  the  rugged  ridge. 
3.  The  sick  children  are  in^  great  danger.  4.  He  implores 
with^  man}^  tears.  5.  He  leads-out  the  remaining  forces  of 
the  Helvetians. 

84.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Auxilium  a  populo  Romano  implorant.  2.  Divitiaci 
magnum  in^  populum  Romanum  studium  cognoscit.     3.  Multis 


PREDICATE   ADJECTIVES.  23 

11'  caiLsls  in  jugo  aspero  legatiim  relinquit.     4.    Legatum  magno 

:im  periculo  in  Galliani  niitto. 
II.     1.   For*  many  reasons   our  forces  excel  the  Helvetians. 
2.  The   sick  child  implores  aid  with  many  tears.        3.    The  free 
races  of  Gaul  refuse  the  friendship  of  our  lieutenant. 


I  A.  &  G.  345,  a ;  G.  6S0,  2.  s  Translate  :  to. 

5  Translate :  for  many  reasons.  *  See  83, 1.,  sent.  4. 


oj*;< 


LESSON    X. 

Adjectives  :  Attributive  and  Predicate.  — 
Dative  with  Adjectives. 

85.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1 .  Amicitia  ntimqnam  molesta  est  (Cic.  Lael.  6,  22),  friendfiliip  is 
never  troublesome. 

L'.  Verae  amicitiae  sempiternae  sunt  (Cic.  Lael.  9,  32),  true  friend- 
ships are  everlastinr/. 

■  '>.    Fortuna  caeca  est  (Cic,  Lael.  15,  54),  Fortune  is  blind. 

1.    Imbecilla  est  natura  (Cic.  Lael.  ii,  c<i),  nature  is  ireak,^ 

'>.    Tanta  est  stultitiae  inconstantia  (Cic.  Cat.  yfaj.2,4),  such  is  the 

hi  consistency  ^  of  Jolly. 
.    Sumus  otidsl  (Cic  Lael.  5, 17),  we  are  at'leisure,^ 

7.  At  2  sunt  mdrSsI,  et  anxil,  et  Iracundi  senSs"'  (Cic.  Cat.  Mnj. 
18,  65),  but^  you  will  .say,-  the  old  are  full^of-whimSf  uw 
easy,  and  irritable.^ 

86.  Observation  :  Compare  the  foregoing  examples  with  those 
of  74.  Xote  that  in  the  latter  the  adjectives  simply  qualify  their 
substantives  without  the  intervention  of  a  verb,  whereas  in  the  ex- 
amples of  85  the  adjectives  are  connected  with  their  substantives 
by  some  form  of  the  verb  sum.  The  adjectives  of  74  merely  desig- 
nate an  attribute  or  quality,  and  are  called  Attributive  Adjectives; 
the  adjectives  of  85  unite  with  the  verb  to  form  the  predicate,  and 
are  called  Predicate  Adjectives,     Xote,  further,  that  the  predicate 


24  DATIVE   WITH   ADJECTIVES. 

adjective,  like   the    attributive,    agrees*   with    its   substantive    in 
gender,  number,  and  case. 

87.  References:  A.  &  G.  186,  a,  5;  II.  438,  2;  G.  284,  I.,  285, 
2022. 

88.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Xote  the  order  of  the 
loords  in  the  examples  of  85.  Does  the  predicate  adjective  appear 
regularly  to  follow  or  to  precede  the  verb  (see  Exs.  1-5)?  What 
appears  to  be  the  effect  when  this  order  is  reversed  (see  Exs.  6,  7)  ? 
Why  is  the  subject  placed  last  in  Ex.  5?  Why  does  Imbecilla  est 
stand  at  the  beginning  of  the  sentence  in  Ex.  4  ? 

89.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  343,  with  a, 
344,  a;  II.  5G0,  501,  I.,  II.;  G.  G7G,  1,  2,  3,  G75,  1,  1. 

90.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Mauro  carus  (Sail.  Jug.  108, 1),  dear  to  the  Moor. 

2.  Populo     Romano    periculosum    (l,  33,  3),    dangerous     to    the 

Roman  people. 

3.  Castris  idoneum  (1,49,  i),  suitable  for  a  camp. 

4.  Helvetiis  amicus  (l,9,Z),friendlg  to  the  Helvetians. 

5.  Cupidis^  odiosum  et  molestum  (Cic.  Cat.  Maj.  14, 47),  vexatious 

and  annoying  to  [those  who  are]  desirous. 

6.  Flnitimi  Belgis  (2,  2,  3),  adjacent  to  the  Belgians^ 

7.  Inimicumi  Pompejo  (Sail.  Cat.  19,  l),  hostile  to  Pompeij. 

91.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  (1)  the  meaning  of 
the  adjectives  in  the  foregoing  examples,  and  (2)  the  case  of  the 
substantives  construed  with  them.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  of 
Substantives  construed  with  such  Adjectives  as  the  foregoing. 

92.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  234,  a ;  H.  391, 
I. ;  G.  356. 

93.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  Irhe  order  of  the 
words  in  the  examples  of  90.  Does  the  dative  appear  regularly  to 
follow  or  to  precede  the  adjective  (see  Exs.  1-5)  ? 


VOCABULARY   AND   EXERCISES.  25 


94.  VOCABUI.ARY. 

adversus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unsuccess-  Justus,  -a,  -um,  ml].,  Just,  founded 

fid,  adverse.  in  right. 

aedifieium,  -li,  n.,  building.  magister, -tri,  m.,  master;  teacher. 

amicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  friendli/,  fa-  miser,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  tcretched. 

vorahly-disposed.  numqoam,  adv.,  never. 

bellicosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  icarlike.  periculosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  danger- 

carus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dear.  ous,  perilous. 

rreber,    -bra,   -brum,   adj.,  /re-  perniciosus, -a, -um,  adj.,  c?es^/-?<c- 

qnent,  numerous.  tive,  ruinous. 

discipulus, -i,  M.,  ;)u/)27.  pulcher,    -chra,    -chrum,    adj., 

equus,  -i,  m.,  horse.  beautiful. 

finitimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  bordering  socius,  -ii,  m.,  allg. 

on,  adjarrnt.  supplleium,  -ii,  x.,  punishment. 

Germaiii,  -oriiin,  m.,  the  Germans,  tenipluni,  -i,  x.,  temple. 

gratus,    -a,    -um,   adj.,  pleasant,  victoria,  -ae,  f,,  victory. 

agreeable. 

95.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Legatum  magno  cum  perlculo  mittit.  2.  Victoria 
Gcrmanorum  populo  Romano  periculosa  est.  3.  Multl  socil 
aegri  iu  castrLs  manent.  4.  Germaul  aspen  et  bellicosi  sunt. 
.'>.  Supplicium  soceri  gencro  non  est  gratum.  6.  Helvetii 
ount  liljerl.  7.  Magister  discipulTs  cams  est,  discipull*'  ma- 
gistro.       8.  In  Britannia  sunt  crebra  aedificia. 

II.  1.  The  Romans  have  beautiful  temples.  2.  Divitia- 
cus  is  favorably-disposed  to  the  Helvetians.  3.  The  horses 
of  our  lieutenant  are  beautiful.  4.  Tlie  authority  (imperium) 
of  the  Roman  people  in  Gaul  is  founded-in-right.  5.  Aqui- 
l:inia  is  adjacent  to  the  Roman  province.  6.  The  life  of 
slaves  is  wretched.  7.  An  unsuccessful  battle  is  ruinous  to 
the  Romans.       8.  Free  men  are  never  wretched. 


96.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.    1.   VictSriae  copiaruin   nostranun  viri.s  honi«  ^fttae  sunt. 
2.    Divitiacus  multis  cum  lacrimls  obsecrat.      3.   Reliquos  Belgas 


26     indicative:  present,  imperfect,  future. 

in  officio  continet.      4.  Diligentia  discipulorum  niagistris  grata  est. 

5.  Divitiaci  magnum  in   populum    Romanum  studium  cognoscit. 

6.  Nostri  equi  n5n  sunt  nigri,  sed  rubri. 

II.  1.  The  idleness  of  pupils  is  annoying  to  their  teachers. 
2.  The  Belgians  are  free.  3.  Ariovistus  is  savage,  passionate, 
[and]  headstrong.  4.  He  selects  a  place  suitable  for  a  camp. 
5.  He  carries-on  war  for  (de)  many  reasons.  6.  The  Helvetians 
excel  the  rest-of-the  (i.e.,  remaining)  Gauls. 


1  See  foot-note  4,  Lesson  V.  *  otiosi  in  Ex.  6  agrees  with  nos, 

2  At  here    introduces    an    objection  we,  the  omitted  subject  of  suiuus. 
which  the  speaker  sujjposes  will  suggest  "  A.  &  G.  188;  H.  441,  1;  G.  195,  1. 
itself  to  the  minds  of  his  hearers.                          "  sc.  carl  sunt. 

^  senes,  the  old,  belongs  to  the  third 
declension,  which  will  be  treated  later. 


LESSON    XL 

Verbs  :  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  Indica- 
tive OF  Both  Voices. 

97.  Learn  the  inflection  and  synopsis,  with  meanings,^ 
of  the  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  Indicative  of 
sum:  A.  &  G.  p.  68;  H.  p.  84;  G.  p.  50. 

98.  Inflect  (like  sum)  in  the  same  tenses:  absum; 
also  learn  the  synopsis. 

99.  Learn  the  inflection  and  synopsis,  with  meanings,^ 
of  the  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  Indicative,  Ac- 
tive and  Passive,  of  amo :  A.  &  G.  pp.  76,  78 ;  H.  pp. 
86,  88 ;  G.  pp.  54,  bQ. 

100.  Inflect  (like  amo)  in  the  same  tenses  of  both 
voices :  confirmo,  laudo,  probo ;  also  learn  the  synopsis 
of  these  verbs. 


EXERCISES   ON   THE   INDICATIVE:  27 

101.  Learn  (as  in  99)  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of 
moiieo  (or  deleo)  :  A.  &  G.  p.  80 ;  H.  pp.  90,  92 ;  G. 
pp.  58,  60. 

102.  Inflect  (like  iiioneo  or  deleo)  :  habeo,  teneo, 
timed ;   also  learn  the  synopsis  of  these  verbs. 

103.  Learn  (as  in  99)  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of 
tego  (rego  or  emo) :  A.  &  G.  p.  82 ;  H.  pp.  94,  96 ; 
G.  pp.  64,  66. 

104.  Inflect  (like  tego,  reg^o,  or  emo) :    duco,  mitto, 

pono ;  also  learn  the  synopsis  of  these  verbs. 

105.  Learn  (as  in  99)  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of 
audio:  A.  &  G.  p.  86 ;  H.  pp.  98,  100;  G.  pp.  68,  70. 

106.  Inflect    (like   audio) :    impedio,   puiiio,  vestio ; 

also  learn  the  83'^nopsis  of  these  verbs. 


1  The  teacher  will  make  such  oral  ex-  purpoaes)    adequate  translation  of  the 

planationH  on  the  T^ttin  use  of  the  tcnaes  paradiijmB.     See  A.  &  (1.  276,  277,  278; 

here  considered  as  maybe  needed  to  lead  H.  466,  467,  I.,  II.,  468,  469,  I.,  II.,  470; 

the  pupil  to  a  correct  and  (for  present  G.  218,  222,  234. 


5t<Kc 


LESSON    XIL 

Exercises  on  the  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future 
Indicative  of  Both  Vorcics. 

107.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Abestis.  2.  Laudamur.  3.  Confirmabas.  4.  Ila- 
liGho.  5.  Tenebuntur.  6.  Ducetur.  7.  Mittebantur. 
8.  Muuiebatis.    9.  Vestiebaraur.     10.  Aberat.     11.  Recusas. 


28         PRESENT,  IMPERFECT,  FUTURE. 

12.  Probabis.  13.  Haberis.  14.  Ducemini.  15.  Eri- 
mus.  16.  Non  puniunt.  17.  Ponitur.  18.  Impediebaris. 
19.  Manet.  20.  Non  timebunt.  21.  Eramus.  22.  Ves- 
tire.  23.  Tenebatur.  24.  Laudabor.  25.  Non  dici- 
mus.  26.  Quaerebara.  27.  Puniebar.  28.  Non  venietis. 
29.  Aberis.      30.  Transportantur. 

II.  1.  I  do  not  obey.  2.  I  am  led.  3.  We  shall  be 
commended.  4.  They  were  saving.  5.  You  (pi.)  were 
not  feared.  6.  He  will  obey.  7.  We  were  establishing. 
8.  They  were  sent.  9.  We  shall  inquire.  10.  I  was  com- 
ing. 11.  I  shall  be  away.  12.  We  are  feared.  13.  The 
camp  will  be  fortified.  14.  They  do  not  refuse.  15.  He 
will  be  clothed.  16.  You  (sing.)  were  hindered.  17.  We 
were.  18.  They  will  remain.  19.  I  am  held.  20.  You 
will  be  sent.  21.  He  was  led.  22.  They  were  coming. 
23.  It  is-in-process-of- fortification.^  24.  We  do  not  approve. 
25.  He  will  have.  26.  You  (sing.)  punished.  27.  You 
were  not  obeying.  28.  We  were  hindered.  29.  You  (pi.) 
will  transport.       30.  I  shall  be  feared. 

108.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Non  manebant.  2.  Ducimini.  3.  Vestiere.  4.  Im- 
pediebar.  5.  Transportatur.  6.  Non  recusabis.  7.  Teneba- 
niini.  8.  Mittemur.  9.  Dicitis.  10.  Eram.  11.  Aberatis. 
12.  Ponuntur.  13.  Probabmitur.  14.  Confiriuabis.  15.  Mu- 
nient.  16.  Puniemini.  17.  Non  timebantur.  18.  Recusabas. 
19.  Manebant.       20.  Mittitur. 

II.  1.  We  shall  obey.  2.  We  were  not  commended.  3.  You 
(pi.)  were  coming.  4.  You  (sing.)  will  be  hindered.  5.  We 
were  away.  6.  We  are  led.  7.  You  do  not  have.  8.  He  will 
be  punished.  9.  They  were  inquiring.  10.  He  will  be.  11.  He 
will  say.  12.  It  was-in-process-of-f ortification .2  13.  You  (sing.) 
were  praised.  14.  I  shall  be  away.  15.  We  shall  be  clothed. 
16.  You  were  held.  17.  They  do  not  approve.  18.  You  (sing.) 
are  not  feared.       19.  I  am  sent.       20.  I  shall  be  punished. 

'  Present  passive  of  muniS.  *  Imperfect  passive  of  munio. 


ablatives:   means  and  agent.  29 


LESSON   XIII. 

Ablatives:  Means  or  Instrument  and  Volun- 
tary Agent. 

109.  exampi.es. 

1.  Frumento  juvare  (2,  3,  3),  to  aid  [him]  toith  grain. 

2.  Ut   fumo   significabatur  (2,  7,  4),  as  was  made  evident  by  the 

smoke. 

3.  ArmTs  contendere  (2, 13,  2),  to  contend  toith  arms. 

4.  Copulis  continebantur  (3, 13,  8),  theij  luere  held  fast  ly  means  of 

grapnel-hooks. 
.".    Castra  vSllo  fossaque  munire  (2,  5,  6),  to  fortify  the  camp  loith  a 
rampart  and  a  ditch.  • 

110.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note,  in  the  foregoing 
examples,  that  the  substantives  which  designate  the  means  or  instru- 
ment by  which  the  action  expressed  by  the  verb  is  performed,  are 
in  the  ablative.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  of  Substantives  denoting 
Means  or  Instrument. 

111.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &G.  248;  H.  420; 
G.  40:31. 

112.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Ab   SuSbls   premSbantur   (4,  1,  2),  they  were  harassed  by  the 

Surhi. 

2.  SI  postuiatur  5  populS  (Cic.  Off.  2, 17,  58),  if  the  people  demand  it 

(lit.,  if  it  is  demanded  by  the  people). 
;.   Ab  Arvernis  SSquanl8qu9  . .  .  (i,  31, 4),  [invited]  by  the  Arvemi 

and  Seffuani. 
I.    Ab  DivitiacS  .  .  .  (1,32, 1),  [delivered]  by  Divitiacus. 
.").    A  LabiSno  .  .  .  (l,  22,  l),  pield]  by  Labienus. 

113.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Compare  the  ablatives  in 
the  foregoing  examples  with  those  of  109.     Xote  that  the  ablatives 


30  MEANS   AND   AGENT. 

in  109  designate  things  used  as  inslruments,  and  that  they  are  not 
accompanied  by  a  preposition ;  but  that  the  ablatives  in  112  desig- 
nate persons  acting  as  voluntary  agents,  and  that  they  are  accom- 
panied by  the  preposition  a  or  ab.  How,  then,  is  the  Agent,  as 
distinguished  from  the  Instrument,  to  be  expressed  in  Latin? 

114.  Keferences  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  246 ;  H.  415,  I. ; 
G.  4032. 

115.  VOCABULARY. 

ac-cuso,  -are,  call  to  account.  fossa,  -ae,  r.,  ditch,  moat. 

aqua,  -ae,  f.,  water.  fuga,  -ae,  i\,  flight. 

Ariovistus,  -i,  m.,  Ariovistus.^  fumus,  -i,  m.,  smoke. 

com-nioveo,  -ere,  disturb,  disquiet,  pateo,  -ere,  lie  open,  extend. 

com-pleo,  -ere,  fill.  praemium,  -ii,  n.,  reward. 

concilium,  -ii,  s.,  council.  -que,^  conj.,  a^id. 

con-voco,  -are,  call  together,  con-  sarmenta,    -orum,  n.  (usu.  pi.), 

iroke.  '  light  branches. 

dico,  -ere,  sag,  express.  significo,  -are,  show,  make  evident. 

et,2  conj.,  and.  tribunus,  -i,  m.,  tribune.^ 

ex-cito,  -are,  stimidate,  excite.  vallum,  -i,  n.,  wall,  rampart. 
ex-pello,  -ere,  drive  out,  expel. 

116.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Fossam  aqua  complent.  2.  Ab  AeduTs  accusatur. 
3.  Castra  vallo  fossaque  muiiiebant.  4.  Concilium  a  Bel- 
gis  convocabitur.  5.  SarmentTs  fossas  Romanorum  com- 
plebimus.  6.  Sententiae  a  tribuuTs  dicebantur.  7.  Ro- 
man! adverso  proelio  et  fuga  Gallorum  commoventur. 
8.   Superabuntur  Belgae,  expellentur  German!. 

II.  1.  The  Germans  will  be  defeated  by  the  Gauls. 
2.  I  shall  fortify  the  camp  with  a  rampart.  3.  The  forces 
of  the  Gauls  are  defeated  by  Ariovistus.  4.  The  Helvetians 
were  adjacent  to  the  Roman  province.  5.  He  will  stimulate 
the  tribunes  by  great  rewards.  6.  The  camp,  as  (ut)  was 
made  evident  by  the  smoke,  extended  over-a- wide-space 
(late,  adv.").  7.  The  baggage  was  held  by  our-men.'* 
8.  The  ditches  will  be  filled  with  water. 


THIRD   DECLENSIOX.  31 

117.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Oppidum  natura  loci  muniebatur.  2.  Concilium  ab 
legato   convocatiir.        3.    Frumenta   in   agris    matura   non   erant. 

.  Castris  idoneum  locum  deliges.  5.  Increpitantur  atque  incu- 
.>autur  reliqui  Belgae  a  Xerviis.  6.  Undique  loci  natura  Ilelvetil 
continentur. 

II.  1.  The  camp  will  be  defended  by  our-men.*  2.  A  place 
suitable  for  a  camp  is  selected.  3.  The  towns  were  fortified,  and 
the  grain  was  conveyed  from  the  country  districts  into  the  towns. 

4.  The  lieutenant  will  be  harassed  with  difficulties  by  the  Yeneti. 

5.  You  (pi.)  will  recompense  the  lieutenant  with  a  great  reward. 


1  See  the  general  vocibulary.  the  second  member :  A.  &  G.  156,  a;  11. 

*  et,  and,  simply    connects;    -que,  554, 1.,  2;  G.  477,  478,  479. 
(ind,  implies  close  connection  and  is  en-  3  Place  the  adverb  before  the  verb  : 

clitic  (appended  to  the  second  member) ;  A.  &  G.  343;    H.  567;    G.  676  with  Rem. 
atque  (Ic),  a»id  also,  gives  emphaeis  to  *  See  foot-note  5,  Lesson  X. 


^i^c 


LESSON    XIV. 

SUBSTANTIYES   OB^  THE   ThIRD   DECLENSION:   MUTE 

Stems. 

118.  Learn  the  paradigms  of  declension  given  in  tlie 
following  sections  of  the  grammar :  A.  &  G.  46  ;  H.  57, 
58,59;  G.  54. 

119.  Decline :  ^  princeps,  -ipis,  M.,  chief;  rex,  -gris, 
M.,  king  ;  dux,  -cis,  C.,^  leader;  miles,  -itis,  M.,  soldier  ; 
<jipiit,  -iti.s,  N.,  head;  judex, -icis,  c,^^  judge ;  radix, 
-Icis,  F.,  root ;   lapis,  -idis,  M.,  %tone  ;  custo.s,  -odis,  c.,^ 

nard. 

120.  Note  that  the  atems  of  the  foregoing  nouns  are : 
princip-,  rej?-,  due-,  milit-,  capit-,  judic-,  radie-, 
lapid-,  cu.stod-. 


32  MUTE   STEMS. 


121.  Explain  the  formation,  from  the  stem,  of  the 
nominatives  in  119 :  A.  &  G.  44,  45,  a  (first  sentence), 
h  (first  two  sentences),  c  (entire) ;  H.  57,  2,  58, 1,  2),  3), 
5),  59,  1,3);  G.  51  (entire). 

122.  Decline  together,  with  meanings :  ^  dux  Roma- 
nus,  a  Roman  leader ;  lex  dura,  a  harsh  law;  eques 
noster,  our  horseman;  caput  iiiag"nuin,  a  large  head ; 
vox  libera,  free  speech;    judex  Justus,  a  just  judge. 

123.  TOCABUI.ART.3 

cado,  -ere,  fall,  Procillus,  -i,  m.,  Procillus.^ 

in-fluo,  -ere,  flow  isto^flow.  Rhenus,  -i,  m.,  the  Rhine. 

Juba,  -ae,  m.,  Juba.*  tra-duco,  -ere,  lead  across. 

Oceanus,  -i,  m.,  ocean.  traho,  -ere,  draw,  drag. 
pauci,  -ae,  -a, adj. (sing,  rare), few.     vitium,  -ii,  if.,faidt. 

pedes,  -itis,  jr.,  FOOT-soldier.  vox,  vocis,  f.,  yoice  ;  speech  ;  utter- 

per-tarbo,  -are,  disturb.  ance,  outcry. 

124.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Leges  reddit.       2.  Eex  Germanorum  est  in  Gallia. 

3.  Equites   ex   oppido   peditesqne    mittuntur    a  rege   Juba. 

4.  Duces  copias  traducebant.  5.  Duels  vitium  militibus 
perniciosum  est.  6.  Peditum  vocibus  equites  perturbabau- 
tur.  7.  Pauci  de  nostrls  equitibus  cadunt.  8.  Milites 
lapidibus  pugnant.  9.  Procillus  a  custodibus  m  fuga  tra- 
hebatur.       10.  Rhenus  multis  capitibus^  ia  Oceauum  influit. 

II.  1.  The  laws  will  be  restored.  2.  The  Rhine  has 
many  sources  (heads).  3.  King  Juba  sends  many  horse- 
men from  the  town.  4.  The  guards  were  dragging  Pro- 
cillus in  their  flight.  5.  The  forces  of  the  leaders  will  be 
led  across.  6.  The  outcries  of  the  soldiers  disturbed  the 
leader.  7.  The  flight  of  the  horsemen  was  fraught-with- 
danger  (periculosus,  adj.)  to  the  foot-soldiers. 


PERFECT,  PLUPERFECT,  AND  FUTURE  PERFECT.  33 

125.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Coiitroversiae  regum  componentur.  2.  In  pugna  militis 
officia  praestabat.  3.  SequanI  caput  domittunt.  4.  Milites  ab 
slgnis  discedent.  5.  Dux  in  vallo  custodes  disponit.  6.  Etiam 
militum  vocibus  carpebatur. 

II.  1.  The  judges  will  settle  the  disputes.  2.  The  foot- 
soldiers  were  forsaking  (withdrawing  from)  their  standards.  3.  I 
shall  perforin  the  duties  of  a  leader  in  the  fight.  4.  Guards  were 
placed  at  intervals  on  the  wall  by  the  leader.  5.  Even  the  com- 
mon-soldiers (miles)  were  reviling  the  leader  with  outcries. 


1  Sec  foot-note  2,  Lesson  IV.  3  See  also,  for  vocab.,  119  and  122. 

*  Common  gender,  i.e.,  masculine  or  *  Sec  general  vocabulary. 

feminine.  ^  Translate :  mouths. 


LESSON    XV. 

Verbs:    Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Per- 
fect OF  Both  Voices.  —  Principal  Parts. 

126.  Learn  the  inflection  and  synopsis,  with  meanings,^ 
of  the  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Indicative 
of  sum:   A.  &  G.  pp.  68,  69;    H.  p.  84;  G.  pp.  50,  51. 

127.  ]^carn,  as  in  126,  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of 
absuni.^ 

128.  Learn  the  inflection  and  synopsis,  with  meanings,^ 
of  the  Perfect,  Phiperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Indica- 
tive, Active  and  Passive,  of  amo :  A  v^  (I.  pp.  70,  78; 
H.  pp.  86,  88 ;  G.  pp.  55,  57. 

129.  Inflect  (like  aino)  in  the  foregoing  tenses  of 
both  voices:  conftrnio,  rstablish ;  laudo,  commend; 
also  learn  the  synopsis  (f  ilnse  verbs. 


34  PERFECT,  PLUPEEFECT,  AND  FUTURE  PERFECT. 

130.  Learn,  as  in  128,  the  inflection  and  synopsis  <y£ 
moneo  (or  deleo) :    A.  &  G.  p.  80 ;    H.  pp.  90,  92 ;    G. 

pp.  59,  61. 

131.  Inflect  (like  moneo  or  deleo)  in  the  foregoing 
tenses  of  both  voices :  liabeo,^  have,  hold ;  compleo,* 
fill ;  also  learn  the  synopsis  of  these  verbs. 

132.  Learn,  as  in  128,  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of 
tego  (reg-o  or  emo)  :    A.  &  G.  p.  82 ;    H.  pp.  94,  96 ; 

G.  pp.  65,  67. 

133.  Inflect  (like  teg'o,  reg-o,  or  emo)  in  the  foregoing 
tenses  of  both  voices  :  diieo,^  lead  ;  mitto,^  send  ;  also 
learn  the  synopsis  of  these  verbs. 

134.  Learn,  as  in  128,  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of 
audio:  A.  &  G.  p.  86 ;  H.  pp.  98,  100 ;  G.  pp.  69,  71. 

135.  Inflect  (like  audio)  in  the  foregoing  tenses  of 
both  voices :    punio,  punish  ;    vestio,  clothe. 

136.  Obsekvation  :  In  committing  to  memory  the  forms  of 
the  verbs  thus  far  introduced,  the  learner  may  have  observed  the 
following  facts  :  — 

1.  The  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  tenses,  Active  and  Pas- 
sive, in  the  several  conjugations,  have  a  common  stem.  This  stem 
may  be  obtained  by  cutting  off  the  syllable  -re  from  the  Present 
Infinitive  Active,  and  is  called  the  Present  Stem.  Thus  the  present 
stem  of  ain5  is  ama- ;  the  present  stem  of  moneo  (deleo)  is 
mone-  (dele-)  ;  of  tego  (rego,  emo)  is  tege-  (rege-,  erne-)  ;  of 
audio  is  audi-.  Again,  the  Present  Infinitive  Active  shows  to  which 
conjugation  the  verb  belongs. 

2.  The  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  tenses  of  the 
Active  Voice,  in  the  several  conjugations,  have  a  common  stem. 
This   stem  may  be  obtained  by  cutting  off  the  person-ending  -t 


PRINCIPAL   PARTS. 


35 


from,  the  third  j)erson  smgular  of  the  Perfect  Indicative  Active^  and 
is  called  the  Perfect  Stem.  Thus  the  perfect  stem  of  amo  is 
amavi-;  tlie  perfect  stem  of  moneo  (deleo)  is  monui-  (delevi-) ; 
of  tego  (rego,  emo)  is  texi-  (rexi-,  em!-)  ;  of  audio  is  audivl-. 

3.  The  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  tenses  of  the 
Passive  Voice,  in  the  several  conjugations,  are  made  up  of  the  forms 
of  sum  in  combination  with  the  Perfect  Participle. 

137.  Inference  :  In  view  of  the  foregoing  observed  facts, 
what  parts  of  the  verb,  besides  the  Present  Indicative  Active^  are, 
from  their  importance,  entitled  to  be  called  the  Principal  PaiiS  ? 

138.  Verification  :  The  principal  parts  of  amo,  love,  moneo, 
warn,  dgled,  destroy,  tego,  cover,  rego,  rule,  emo,  buy,  audio,  hear. 


Pbes.  Ind. 

Pres.  Inf. 

Pebf.  Tndic. 

Perf.  Part. 

Act. 

Act. 

Act. 

Pass. 

amo 

am3.re 

am^vi 

amatus 

moneo 

monSre 

monui 

monitus 

deleo 

delere 

delevi 

deletus 

tego 

tegere 

texi 

tectua 

reg6 

regere 

rgai 

rectus 

emo 

emere 

emi 

6mptU3 

audio 

audire 

audivi 

auditus 

*  The  teacher  will  make  such  oral  ex- 
planations on  the  Latin  u»c  of  the  tenses 
Jicre  considered  as  may  be  needed  to  lead 
he  pupil  to  a  correct  and  (for  present 
iirposcs)  adequate  translation  of  the 
paradigms.  The  two  meanings  of  the 
r^tin  perfect,  and  the  distinction  between 
the  imperfect  and  the  historical  perfect, 
should  receive  special  notice.  See  A.  & 
G.  277,  279,  280,  281,  also  115,  h,  c  \  H. 
468,  465*,  I.,  II.,  471,  I.,  II.,  6,  472,  473 ;  O. 
222,  223,  226,  227,  231.  232,  233,  236. 


*  Tlie  perf.  indie,  of  absum  is  ftfuT. 
3  The  perf.  indie,  act.  of  1iabe5  is 

habul;    the  perf.  participle  is  habi- 
tus. 

*  The  perf.  indie,  act.  of  compleS  is 
cotnplevT ;  the  perf.  participle  is  coin- 
plStus. 

*■'  The  perf.  indlc.  act.  of  ditco  U 
dQxT;  the  perf.  participle  is  ductus. 

<»  The  perf.  indie,  act.  of  initto  is 
mlsl ;  the  perf.  participle  is  iuImus. 


36  VOCABULAKY  AND   EXEECISES. 

LESSON    XVI. 
Vocabulary  and  Exercises. 

139,  Learn  from  the  general  vocabulary  (at  the  end 
of  the  book)  the  Principal  Parts  of  the  verbs  in  the 
following 

VOCABUI.AKY. 

ab-duco,  lead  away.  pono,  place. 

con-venio,  come  together.  postulo,  demand. 

con-voco,  call  together.  mvinio,  fortify . 

e-nuntio,  divulge.  teneo,  hold. 

frango,  break,  crush.  tra-do,  surrender. 
per-moveo,  move  deeply. 

140.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Confirmavi.  2.  Confirmabam.  3.  Auditus  eras. 
4.  Enuntiavero.  5.  Vestitus  eris.  6.  Couvocati  estis. 
7.  Convocabamini.  8.  Postulaverat.  9.  Muniti  erant. 
10.  Habitus  es.  11.  Fregeritis.  12.  Yestiti  erunt. 
13.  Convenimus.  14.  Conveniebamus.  15.  Posiieram. 
16.  Missisunt.  17.  Mittebantur.  18.  Afuerant.  19.  Non 
habuerimus.  20.  ComplevTsti.  21.  Complebas.  22.  Per- 
motus  est.  23.  Fueramiis.  24.  Traditus  eram.  25.  Per- 
motus  erit.  26.  Non  punivit.  27.  Non  puniebat.  28.  Con- 
vocati  eratis.  29.  Afuerit.  30.  Duct!  eritis.  31.  Posue- 
runt.  32.  Ponebant.  33.  Laudati  sumus.  34.  Laudabamur. 
35.  Compleveras.  36.  Non  convenerint.  37.  Auditi 
eramus.  38.  FregistT.  39.  Frangebas.  40.  Fuisti. 
41.  Eratis.         42.  Fuerunt. 

II.  1.  I  was  clothed.  2.  I  was  (habitually)  clothed. 
3.  You  (sing.)  had  been  surrendered.  4.  We  shall  have 
been  called  together.  5.  You  (pL)  will  have  come  together. 
6.  He  had  heard.       7.  He  has  filled.       8.  They  will  have 


EXERCISES.  37 

been  led  away.  9.  You  (pi.)  had  been  deeply  moved. 
10.  You  (sing.)  were  sent.  11.  You  (sing.)  were  (habitu- 
ally) sent.        12.  I  shall  have  held.       13.  I  had  fortified. 

14.  You  (pi.)  clothed.  15.  You  (pi.)  used  to  clothe. 
IC.  You  (pi.)  were  clothing.     17.  You  (sing.)  have  divulged. 

18.  You  (pi.)  had  been.  19.  He  had  been  led.  20.  You 
(sing.)  will  have  been  commended.  21.  They  demanded. 
22.  They  were  demanding.  23.  Thej'  were  wont  to  com- 
mend. 24.  You  (pi.)  were  away.  25.  He  was  wont  to  be 
deeply  moved.  26.  You  (pi.)  had  held.  27.  We  shall 
not  have  been  led.  28.  We  shall  have  broken.  29.  He 
-will  have  been.  30.  I  was  in  the  habit  of  punishing. 
31.  You  (sing.)  have  not  been  away.  32.  We  were  not 
heard.  33.  You  (pi.)  used  to  hear.  34.  They  fortified 
the  camp.  35.  They  were  fortifying  the  camp.  36.  The 
camp  was  in  process  of  fortification.  37.  You  (sing.)  will 
have  divulged.  38.  Thej*  have  not  been.  39.  You  (sing.) 
have  not  punished.  40.  They  had  led  away.  41.  We  had 
commended.       42.  He  will  have  held. 

141.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Permoti  eramus.       2.  Abductus  est.      3.  Compleverit. 

4.  Trsidideratis.  5.  Tenuerunt.  6.  Missi  erimus.  7.  Non 
habueras.  8.  Afuistis.  9..  Fuit.  10.  Erat.  11.  Confirmavermt. 
12.  Positi  eraut.  13.  Missus  sum.  14.  Mittebar.  15.  Piinitus 
eram.       16.  Puniebantur.       17.  Fregerant.       18.  Abductus  erat. 

19.  Posuimus.       20.  Ponebamus. 

II.  1.  We  divulged.       2.  They  had  been  placed.      3.  They 
have  been  crushed.       4.  You  (sing.)  will  have  l>een  led  away. 

5.  We  had  demanded.  6.  He  will  have  had.  7.  You  (sing.)  will 
have  l>een.  8.  I  shall  have  fortified.  9.  I  shall  have  l)een  clothiMl. 
10.  I  led.  11.  We  did  not  lead.  12.  You  (pi.)  were  not  head- 
ing.     13.  You  were  wont  to  be  led.      14.  They  had  come  together. 

15.  He  had  been  away.  16.  You  (pi.)  had  been  called  together. 
17.  They  will  have  been  filled.  18.  I  shall  have  established. 
1!>.  You  (sing.)  had  been.      30.  They  were  away. 


38  AGREEMENT   OF   PARTICIPLE. 


LESSON   XVII. 

Agreement  of  the  Participle  in  Compound 
Tenses.  —  Dative  of  Indirect  Object. 

142.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Murus  nudatus  est  (2,  6,  2),  the  wall  was  stripped. 

2.  Gallia  posita  est  (i,  16,  2),  Gaul  is  situated. 

3.  Proelium  restitutum  est  (i,  53,  i),  the  battle  was  renewed. 

4.  Reperti  sunt  equites  Romani   (Cic  Cat.  i,  4,  9),  Roman  knights 

were  found. 

5.  Tabulae  repertae  sunt  (i,  29,  i),  lists  were  found. 

6.  Castra  posita  erant  (2,8,3),  the  camp  had  been  pitched. 

143.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  the  gender,  num- 
ber, and  case  of  the  participle  and  of  the  substantive  m  each  of 
the  foregoing  examples.  Does  the  participle,  like  the  adjective, 
agree  with  its  substantive  ?  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Gender,  Number, 
and  Case  of  the  Participle^  in  the  tenses  for  completed  action. 

144.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  186 ;  H.  438, 1. 

145.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Umbreno  negotium  dat  (Sail.  Cat.  40,  l) ,  he  assigns  the  work  to 

Umbrenus. 

2.  Dumnorigi  custodes  ponit  (i,  20,  6),  he  puts  guards  over  Dum- 

norix. 

3.  Neque  nostris  cedebant  (Caes.  B.  C.  i,  57,  3),  nor  did  they  yield 

to  our  men. 

4.  Labieno  timebat  (7,  56, 2),  he  feared  for  [the  safety  of]  Labienus. 

5.  Patriae    consulere   (Nep.  Epam.  lo,  i),   to  take  thought  for   [the 

welfare  of]  one's  country. 

6.  Praeterita  Divitiaco  condonare  (i,  20,  6)  to  overlook  the  l^ast 

[out  of  regard]  for  Divitiacus. 


DATIVE   OF   INDIEECT    OBJECT.  39 

7.  Favere  Helvetiis  (1,18,8),  to  favor  the  Helvetians. 

8.  Legatis  imperat  (5,  l,  l),  he  (jives  orders  to  the  lieutenants, 

9.  Verciiigetorigi  parent.(7, 63, 9),  they  obey  {i.e.,  yield  obedience 

to)  Vcrciiiyetorix. 

10.  Lacedaemouiis  servire  (Xep.^iZc.  9,4),  to  be  em-slaved  to  the  Lace- 

daemonians. 

11.  Semper  civitati  indulserat  (7,40,i),  he  had  always  been  partial 

to  the  comrnunity. 

12.  PersuSdent  Rauricis  (i,  5, 4),  they  prevail  upon  the  Raurici. 
\',i.   Famae  suae  pepercit  (Sail.  Cat.  52, 32),  he  has  spared  his  own 

reputation. 

14.  Miseris  succurrere  (Verg.  Aen.  i,  630),  to  succor  (lit.,  run  under) 

the  ivrctched. 

15.  Invidere  bonis  (Sail.  Cat.  51, 38),  #o  envy  (lit.,  look  askance  at) 

the  good. 
10.   Dux  suls  aderat  (7, 62,  5),  the  leader.stood  hy  (i.e.,  supported)  his 
men. 

17.  Negotio  praefuerant  (5,2,3),  they  had  been  in  charge  o/ (lit, 

had  been  before)  the  work. 

18.  CSnsiliis  obstitit  (Nep.  Con.  2, 3),  he  opposed  (lit.,  stood  against) 

the  plans. 

146.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  datives  in 
tlie  foregoing  examples  express  the  person  to  or  for  whom,  or  the 
thing  to  or  for  which,  something  is  done;  in  other  words,  these 
datives  denote  the  object  indirectly  affected  by  the  action  expressed 
by  the  verb.     Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  of  the  Indirect  Object. 

Note,  further,  the  order  of  the  trords  in  the  foregoing  examples. 
Does  the  indirect  object  usually  follow  or  precede  the  verb?  AVHiat 
appears  to  be  the  effect  when  this  order  Is  reversed  (see  Exs.  7, 
12,  and  15)? 

147.  Uefekences  for  Vp:kifk'ation:  A.  &  G.  224, 554^^, '344; 
JI.  382,  567,  1 ;  G.  M'i,  070,  2,  'i,  075,  1,  1. 

14a     OiJSEKVATioN  :    Note  that  the  verbs  in  Exs.  1,  2,  and  6, 

are  transitive;  and  that  they  take,  be8id<>  iIm    1  iti\>   .f  iln   indirect 


'O*^   OF  THB     V^ 


40  DATIVE    OF   INDIRECT   OBJECT. 

object,  an  accusative  of  the  direct  object.  Note  also  the  order  of  the 
words  in  these  examples.  Does  the  indirect  object  usually  follow 
or  precede  the  direct  (see  Exs.  1  and  2)  ?  What  appears  to  be  the 
effect  when  this  order  is  reversed  (see  'Ex.  6)  ? 

149.  References  :  A.  &  G.  225 ;  H.  384,  II.,  567,  3 ;  G.  344, 
676,  Rem.,  2,  3. 

150.  Observation  :  Note  that  the  verbs  in  the  remaining  ex- 
amples are  intransitive,  and  that  they  take  the  dative  of  indirect 
object  only. 

151.  References  :   A.  &  G.  226 ;  H.  384, 1. 

152.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  in  Exs.  7-13, 
the  dative  is  used  with  verbs  of  favoring  (favere,  7),  commanding 
(imperat,  8),  obeying  (parent,  9),  serving  (servire,  10),  indulging 
(indulserat,  11),  persuading  (persuadent,  12),  sparing  (pepercit, 
13).  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  of  the  Substantive  construed  with 
these  and  similar  verbs. 

153.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  227 ;  H.  385, 
I.,  II. ;  G.  345. 

154.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  verbs  in 
Exs.  14—18  are  compounded  with  the  prepositions  sub  (suc-cur- 
rere,  14),  in  (in-videre,  15),  ad  (ad-erat,  16),  prae  (prae-fuerant, 
17),  and  ob  (ob-stitit,  18)  respectively.  Note  further  that,  in  the 
compounds  given  above,  the  force  of  the  preposition  is  felt  inde- 
pendentlg  of  the  verb."^  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  of  the  Substan- 
tive construed  with  such  Compounds. 

155.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  228 ;  H.  386  ; 
G.  346.  

1  Participles   in   -iis,   -a,   -iiin,    are  2  The  learner  must  not  infer  that  all 

declined  like  adjectives  in  -us,  -a,  verbs  compounded  with  these  preposi- 
-UIKU  tions  take  the  dative. 


VOCABULARY  AND  EXERCISES.  41 

LESSON    XVIII. 
Vocabulary  and  Exercises. 

156.  VOCABULARY. 

coinmodum,  -i,  x.,  advantage.  obses,  -idis,  c,  hostage. 

eon-(lono,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  over-  ob-sto,  -are,  -stiti,  STAnrf  agamsf, 

look.  oppose. 

consilium,  -ii,  x.,  plan.  Orgetorix,  -igis,  m.,  Orgetorix. 

consul©,    -ere,    -lui,    -Itus,    take  pareo,  -ere,  -ui,  oheij. 

thought,  have  regard,  consult.  pax,  pacis,  f.,  peace. 

Dumnorix,  -igis,  3i.,  Dumnorix.  per-suadeo,   -ere,   -suasi,    -sua- 

f  ania,  -ae,  f,,  reputation.  sus,  persuade. 

faveo,  -ere,  favi,  fautuni,^  fa/or.  preces,^^  -uin,  f.,  entreaties. 

fortOna,  -ae,  f.,  fortune.  pro-video,    -ere,    -vidi,    -visas, 

ini-pello,    -ere,    -puli,    -pulsus,  provide. 

urge  on,  impel.  scrxituSt-utiSf  F., slaver >/, servitude. 

im-pero,    -are,  -avi,  -atus,  com-  sub-venio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventuin,^ 

viand;  demand.  coyiF.  to  the  support  of. 

indulged,  -ere,  -sf,  -tus,  indulge,  sumo,    -ere,  sumpsi,    sumptus, 

intcr-sum, -esse,-fui, /a/ie;>or<  IN.  take,  (of  punislimont)  inflict. 

In-vldco,  -ere,  -vidi,  -visas,  envy,  vester,  -tra,  -trum,  poss.   pron., 

ira,  -ae,  f.,  anger,  passion.  your  (pi.). 

liberi,^  -orum,  m.,  children.  virtus,  -utis,  f.,  manliness,  valor, 

meuH,  -a,  -um,  poss.  i)ron.,  my.  virtue. 

157.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Virtu tl  nostrae  fortfma  iiividet.  2.  Magis  (ra^A^r) 
fTimae  vestrae  qiiani  (tlutn)  Irae  coiisulitis.  3.  Provinciae 
iiifignuin  milituin  nuincruin  imperat.  4.  Cur  (why?)  mels 
ommodls  ob.stas?  .').  Celeriter  (quickly)  socils  subvene- 
nint.  C.  Pax  coiilirrnata  est.  7.  Oppidum  munltum  erat. 
■s.  LTberi  Aeduorum  in  sorvitutem  abduct!  erant.  0.  Acduis 
obsidCvs  reddit.  10.  Haec  (noni.  pi.  ncut.,  these  thinrfft) 
sT  (if)  eiifintiata  ernnt,  de  obsidibus  supplicium  suiru't. 
1 1 .  Ariovistus  mllites  In  bcrvitutem  Itoniania  nOu  tradiderat. 


42  EXERCISES. 


12.  Dumnorix  favebat  Helvetiis.        13.  Cousiilerans  miseris. 
14.  A  reliqiiis  obsides  traditi  sunt. 

II.  1.  Orgctorix  persuaded  the  Helvetians.  2.  The  Gauls 
have  been  defeated  by  the  Romans.  3.  lie  overlooked  the 
injury  [out  of  regard]  for  the  entreaties  of  Divitiacus. 
4.  He  has  placed  guards  over''  Orgetorix.  5.  The  plan 
was  approved  by  the  leaders.  G.  Expressions^  were  heard. 
7.  The  leader  had  demanded  of  the  Gauls^  a  great  number 
of  hostages.  8.  Labienus  had  provided  grain  for  the  sol- 
diers. 9.  The  leader  indulges  the  soldiers,  but  (sed)  the 
soldiers  do  not  obey  the  leader.  10.  The  horsemen  had  not 
taken  part  in    the    battle.  11.    The   leader  will    quickly 

(celeriter)  come  to  the  support  of  the  soldiers.        12.   The 
Gauls  have  been  urged  on  by  their  chiefs. 

158.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Juventus  Catilinae  inceptis  favebat.  2.  Divitiacus  con- 
silils  Dumnorigis  obstabat.  3.  Ariovistus  Ilomaiiis  salutem  non 
committit.  4.  Ab  Arvernis  Sequanlsqiie  German!  mercede  arces- 
siti  erant.  5.  Arma  Gallormii  ex  oppido  tradita  erant.  6.  In 
castris  Helvetiorum  tabulae  repertae  erunt.  7.  Dux  Gallorum 
suis  aderat.       8.  Equitibus  celeriter  subveniunt  pedites. 

II.  1.  I  shall  not  restore  the  hostages  to  the  Aeduans.  2.  He 
had  given  the  boy  a  beautiful  book.  3.  Many  hostages  had  been 
given  by  the  rest.  4.  They  will  prefer  friendship  to  many  advan- 
tages. 5.  We  shall  take  thought  for  the  safety  of  the  unfortu- 
nate soldiers.  6.  Dumnorix  envied  Divitiacus  and  did  not"^ 
yield  obedience  to  the  Roman  people.  7.  The  ditches  have  been 
filled  with  light  branches.  8.  The  beautiful  temples  had  been 
destroyed  by  the  Roman  soldiers. 


1  Verbs  that  are  invariahly  intransi-  their  parents;  pueri,c^iZc?re7i,a8acIass. 
tive  have  the  perfect  participle  in  the  3  fTsnally  phiral. 

neuter  gender  only;  accordingly,  in  the  *  Sign  of  dative, 

principal  parts  of  such  verbs,  the  neuter  c  vox,  v5cis  ;   see  123. 

form  of  the  participle  will  be  given.  6  Use  the  dative. 

2  llberT,  children,  with  reference  to  ^  ^nd  not,  neque. 


THIRD    DECLENSION.  43 


LESSON    XIX. 

SUBSTANTIVES    OF    THE    ThIRD    DpXLENSION  :    LiQUID 
AND    -aS'-StEMS. 

159.  Learn  the  paradigms  of  declension  given  in  the 
following  sections  of  the  grammar :  A.  &  G.  49 ;  H.  60, 
t;i;  G.  40,  43,  46,  49. 

160.  Decline:  consul,  -is,  :m.,  consul;  contentio, 
-onis,  F.,  contention;  homo,  -iiiis,  C.^man;  flunieii, 
-iiiis,  N.,  river ;  latus,  -eris,  N.,  side  ;  pater,  -tris,  M., 
father;  tempus,  -oris,  N.,  tme ;    timor,  -oris,  M., /ear. 

161.  Note  that  the  stents  of  the  foregoing  nouns  are : 
consul-,  contention-,  lioniin-,  flumin-,  lates-,^  patr-, 
tempos-,^  timor-. 

162.  Explain  the  formation,  from  the  stem,  of  the 
nominatives  in  160:  A.  &  G.  48,  a,  ^,  c^d\  H.  60,  1,  1), 
2),  3),  61,  1,  1),  2),  3),  4)  ;  G.  42,  48. 

163.  Decline  together,  with  meanings :  consul  desig- 
niitus,  consul  elect;  contentio  nostra,  our  contention ; 
homo  misev, tvretched man ;  flfimen  latum,  iroac?  river; 
latus  sinistrum,  left  side  ;  pater  vester,  your  father ; 
tempus  alicnum,  an  unfavorable  time  ;  timor  magrnus, 
(jreatfear. 

164.  VOCABinLABT.' 

altus,  -a,  -uin,  adj.,  high,  tall.  com-p5no,  -ere,  -posul,  -posltus, 

arbor,  -oris,  f.,  tree.  set  at  rest,  settle. 

Caesar,  -aris,  m.,  Caesar.  con-tine5,  -gre,  -timily  -tentus, 

com-mitto,  -ere,  -niisi,  -missus,  '  hem  iu. 

engage  in,  corpus,  -oris,  v.,  body. 


44  LIQUID   AND   ->S'-STEMS. 

ex-erceo,  -ere,  -cui,  -citus,  exer-  opus,  -eris,  n.,  work. 

cise,  train.  parco,     -ere,     peperci     (parsi), 

honos  or  honor,  -oris,  m.,  honor.  spare. 

legio,  -onis,  f.,  legion.^  per-venio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventum, 

nomen,  -inis,  n.,  name.  arrive,  come. 

occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  seize;  tribuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  award. 

employ. 

165.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Consulem  designatura  accusant.  2.  Contentiones 
nostrae  compositae  sunt.  3.  Homini  misero  parces.  4.  Flu- 
mine  lato  continentur.  5.  Tempore^  alieno  proelium  com- 
misit.  6.  Magnum  in  timorem  homines  pervenerant. 
7.  Arbores  sunt  altae.  8.  Caesari  honorem  tribuit.  9.  Mi- 
lites  in  opere  occupati  erant.  10.  Nomen  Caesaris  legioni- 
bus  est  carum. 

II.  1.  The  consuls  elect  have  been  called  to  account. 
2.  Honors  will  be  awarded  to  Caesar.  3.  Caesar's  honors 
are  acceptable^  to  the  legions.  4.  The  wretched  men  obeyed 
the  consuls.  5.  The  legions  engage  in  battle  at  an  unfa- 
vorable time.*^       6.  A  broad  river  hems  in  the  Helvetians. 

7.  The  contentions  of  the  wretched  men  will  be  set  at  rest. 

8.  The  horsemen  trained  their  bodies. 

166.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Latus  sinistrum.  castrorum  fluinine  muniebatur.  2.  Vir- 
guiT  pulchrae  parcemus.  3.  Legiones  ab  opere  deductae  erant. 
4.  Galll  nomen  Caesaris  timebant.  Patres  vestri  magis  (rather) 
virttite  quam  (than)  dolo  contendebant. 

II.  1.  Rivers  protected  the  sides  of  the  camp.  2.  The  fear  of 
the  legions  is  disquieting  to  Caesar.  3.  The  commander  will 
recall  his  men  from  the  work.  4.  The  beautiful  maidens  will 
obey  their  fathers. 


1  s  in  the  oblique  cases  between  two  *  Ablative  of  time  when  ;  use  j^repo- 
vowels  becomes  r :  A.  &G.  11,  a;  H. 31,  sition  at  in  translating:  A.  &  G.  256; 
1;  G.  482.  H.  429;   G.  392. 

2  See  also,  for  vocab.,  160  and  163.  ^  grStus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

3  See  also  general  vocabulary.  «  See  165, 1.,  sent.  5. 


LMPERATIVES.  45 


LESSON    XX. 


VeFwBS  :    I]MPEKATIYES   OF   BOTH   VOICES.  —  ThE 

Vocative. 

167.  Learn  the  inflection,  with  meanings,  of  the  Im- 
peratives, Present  and  Future,  of  sum  :  A.  &  G.  p.  69 ; 
H.  p.  85 ;  G.  p.  51. 

168.  Learn,  as  in  167,  the  inflection  of  absum. 

169.  Learn  the  inflection,  with  meanings,  of  the  Im- 
peratives, Present  and  Future,  Active  and  Passive,  of 
amo:  A.  &  G.  pp.  77,  79;  H.  pp.  87,  89;  G.  pp.  54,  56. 

170.  Inflect  (like  amo)  in  the  foregoing  tenses  of 
both  voices :  confirmo,  establish  ;  laudo,  commend. 

171.  Learn,  as  in  169,  the  inflection  of  moneo  (or 
deleo) :  A.  &  G.  p.  81 ;  II.  pp.  91,  93 ;  G.  pp.  58,  60. 

172.  Inflect  (like  moneo  or  deleo)  in  the  foregoing 
tenses  of  both  voices:    habeo,  have,  hold;    compleo, 

fiii. 

173.  Learn,  as  in  169,  the  inflection  of  tego  (regro  or 
emo) :  A.  &  G.  p.  83 ;   II.  pp.  95,  97 ;  G.  pp.  64,  (j(j. 

174.  Inflect  (like  tejfo,  r<»Kr<>»  or  emo)  in  the  foregoing 
tenses  of  both  voices :  duco,  lead  ;  mitto,  se7ul. 

175.  Learn,  as  in  169,  the  inflection  of  audio :  A.  & 
G.  p.  87 ;  H.  pp.  99,  101 ;  G.  pp.  68,  70. 

176.  Inflect  (like  audio)  in  the  foregoing  tenses  of 
l)oth  voices:  pfinio,  jmfiish ;  vestio,  clothe. 


46  IMPERATIVES.  —  THE   VOCATIVE. 

177.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Confirma.      2.  Tenemini.     3.  Vestire.     4.  Ponite. 

5.  Teiietor.  6.  Mittitote.  7.  CoDvocantor.  8.  YestT- 
tor.  9.  Ilabeto.  10.  Munito.  11.  Mittunto.  12.  Es. 
13.  Abeste.  14.  Laiidamini.  15.  Ne^  ducuntor.  16.  Com- 
plete. 17.  Coiiveniunto.  18.  Este.  19.  Confirmato. 
20.    Abestote.         21.    Mittere.         22.    Esto.         23.    Pone. 

24.  Ne^  habento.       25.  Ducitor. 

II.  1.  Be  (thou)  established.  2.  Be  (ye)  sent.  3.  You 
(ye)  shall  hold.     4.  Eortify  (ye).     5.  Thou  shalt  establish. 

6.  They  shall  be  clothed.  7.  It  shall  be  placed.  8.  Fortify 
(thou).  9.  He  shall  send.  10.  It  shall  be  had.  11.  They 
shall  not^  be  called  together.  12.  Be  it  [so]  (fut.). 
13.  They  shall  notM)e.  14.  Come  (ye)  together.  15.  Thou 
shalt  be  praised.  16.  Thou  shalt  1111.  17.  He  shall  not^ 
be  clothed.  18.  Be  (ye)  away.  19.  Commend  (thou). 
20.  Be  (thou)  clothed.  21.  Thou  shalt  not^  be  established. 
22.  Be  ye  led.      23.  Thou  shalt  hold.      24.  They  shall  lead. 

25.  Ye  shall  be. 

178.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

T.  1.  Yestimmi,  2.  Habere.  3.  Xe  confirmatote.  4.  Mitte. 
5.  CoiiYocate.  6.  Ne  ponuntor.  7.  Laudare.  8.  Ducimini. 
9.  Abesto.       10.  Sunto.       11.  Munltote. 

II.  1.  Hold  (ye).  2.  Be  (ye)  called  together.  3.  Be  (thou) 
placed.  4.  You  (ye)  shall  clothe.  5.  Have  (thou).  6.  They 
shall  not  be  called  together.  7.  He  shall  not  be.  8.  Be  (thou) 
away.       9.  Call  (ye)  together.       10.  Have  (ye). 

179.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Desillte,  milites  (4,  25,  3),  jump  overboard,  my  men  (lit.,  soldiers)  ! 

2.  Sic    existimo,    patres    conscriptT  (Sail.  Cat.  51, 15),    this    is   my 

opinion  (I  think  thus),  conscript  fathers. 

3.  Est  ut  dicis,  Cats  (Cic.  Cat.  Maj.  3,  8),  it  is  as  you  say,  Cato. 

4.  Tu^  vero  perge,  Laeli^  !  (Cic.  Lael.  9,  32)  j^ray  go  on,  Laelius ! 

5.  Te*  hortor,^  m¥>  Cicero  (Cic.  OJ.  l,  3),  /  exhort  you,  my  [dear] 

Cicero. 


VOCABULARY.  47 


180.  Observatiox  and   Inference  :    Xote  (1)  that  the.  suJh- 
■  uth-e  ill  each  of  the  foregoing  examples  represents  the  person 

addressed,  (2)  that  this  substantive  is  in  the  vocative,  and  (:J)  that 
it  stands,  not  at  the  beginning  of  the  sentence,  but  after  one  or 
more  words.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  and  Position  of  the  sub- 
stantive used  in  Direct  Address. 

181.  References  for  Verification  :   A.  &  G.  241 ;    H.  369, 
5G9,  VI. ;  G.  191:,  Rem.  3  with  fine-print  note. 


»  Use  ne  (not  non)  when  the  future  *  Te,  pron.  2d  pers.  ace.  sing.,  thee, 

imperative  is  negatived  ;  the  pi-esent  im-  you. 
!>■  rative  does   not  take  a    negative    in  ^  iiortor  has    a  passive   form,   but 

>e.  an  active  meaning;  such  verbs  are  called 

-  Tu,  pron.  2d  pers.  nom.  sing,  thou,  deponent,  and  will  be  treated  later. 
yon.  0  Sec  A.  &  G.  40,  c;  II.  185,  note  1; 

=  See  A.  &  G.  40,  c;  H.  51,  5;   G.  29,  G.  2D,  Rem.  2. 
Rem.  2. 


LESSON    XXI. 
Vocabulary  and  Exeucises. 

182.  VOCABULARY. 

ago,  -cro,  egi,  actus,  do.  faciiltas,  -atis,  f.,  opportunity. 

animoHUs,   -a,   -uiii,  adj.,  fidl  of  fillii.s,'-  -li,  m.,  son. 

courofje.  31.  TuIUus,'-  -ii,  m.,  Marcus  Tul- 

bonusy  -a,  -um,  adj.,  (jood.  //us. 

Catilina,  -ae,  m.,  Catiline.  prtic-sto,  -are,  -Iti,  -atus  or-ltus, 

C*  Fannlus,'-  -ii,  m.,  Gajus  Fan-  txhihit. 

niu8.  purgo,  -arc,  -avi,  -titus,  r/nmsr, 

C*  Laclius,^  -ii,  M.,  Gajus  Laelius.  purge. 

cSnscriptus,''    -a,   -um,   enrolled,  Iionli^  -ac,  v.,  Rome. 

onscript.  se-cerno,   -ere,    -crevi,   -crgtus, 

.~<toilinf  -iiCf  p.,  gtiardianship ;  in  separate. 

id.,  f/uards.  tectum,  -I,  N.,  dwellinrj. 

de-fendo,  -ere,   -femli,  -fensus,  vigilia,   -ae,  f.,   y,- \K.v.fulnesa ;  in 

defend.  pi.,  wAXCii/nen. 


48  EXERCISES. 


183.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Habetis,  milites,  facultatem'* ;    praestate  virtutem.'* 

2.  Purga'' Romam,  Catilina.  3.  Jam  (M  {for  a  long  time) , 
patres  conscrlpti,^  in  peiiculis  sumiis.^  4.  Audi,  mi^  fill. 
5.  Multis  proeliis,  milites,  exercemini.  6.  M.  Tulli/  quid 
(neut.  sing.  ace.  interrog.  pron.,  what)  agis? 

II.  1.  In  battle  (battles),  soldiers,  you  are  to  be  (fut. 
imper.)  full  of  courage.  2.  Many  do, ^  indeed  (quidem^), 
inquire,  Gajus  Laelius,  as  (ut)  has  been  said^*^  by  Fannius. 

3.  Separate  3-ourself  (te),  Catiline,  from  the  good.  4.  De- 
fend your  dwellings  by  guards  and  watchmen.  5.  Thou 
shalt  be  defended,  consul,  bj'  [means  of]  guards  and 
watchmen.       6.  Very  well  (vero"),  you  shall  hear,  my  sou. 

184.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Quoniam  {Seeing  that)  supplicatio  decreta  est,  celebratote 
illos  dies  (ace.  pL,  those  days)  cum  conjugibus  ac  liberis  vestris. 
2.  Vos,i2  Quirites,!^  in  vestifa  tecta  discedite.  3.  Tu,i^  Fanni,  uon 
recte  (rightly)  judicas  de  Catone.  4.  Memoria  vestra,  discipuli, 
vocabulis  Latlnis  exercetor.  o.  Virtus,  virtus,  inquam,^^  C.  Fanni, 
et  conciliat  amicitias  et  conservat. 

II.  1.  Therefore,^^  conscript  fathers,  take  thought  for  your- 
selves;^'^ preserve^^  yourselves,^^  [your]  wives,  [your]  children, 
and  your  22  fortunes ;  defend  ^i  the  name  and  safety  of  the  Roman 
people.  2.  You  were,  then,22  at  Laeca's,^^  Catiline.  3.  Lay 
aside  your  favorable  disposition  towards  me,^^  conscript  fathers, 
and  think  of  (de)  your  children.  4.  Ye  shall  stand  by  the  unfor« 
tunate,  praetors ! 


^  C  had  originally  the  sound  of  g-hard.  ^  Translate :  have  been,  and  see  A.  & 

This  sound  it  retained  (even  after  the  in-  G.  276,  a;  H.  467,  2;  G.  221. 

troduction  of  the  character  G)  when  used  "  See  foot-note  6,  Lesson  XX. 

as  an  abbreviation  for  the  name  Gajus.  ^  Note  the  exceptional  position  of  the 

2  See  foot-note   3  at  the  end  of  the  vocative,  due  to  the  excitement  of  the 
preceding  lesson.  speaker. 

3  See  conscriptus    in  the    general  »  Express   the  emphasis  denoted  in 
vocabulary.  English   by  "do,"    by  placing  the  verb 

*  Note  the  emphatic  position.  first. 


THIRD   DECLENSION:      VOWEL    STEMS.  49 

9  riace  quidem  after  the  verb,  and  i<'  Q«3,  re. 

let  the  vocative  follow  before  the  pubject.  i'  -\-6bTs. 

>"  The  participle  must  be  neuter.  '*  Place  the  verb  before  its  objects. 

"  Place  vero  after  the  verb.  ''••  vos. 

"  Vos,  pron.  2d  pers.  nom.  pi.  you.  20  Yor  gender,  see  A.  &  G.  187;  II. 

"  From  yuirls,  -Itis  ;  in  the  plural,  439,  1 ;  G.  286. 

appUed  to  the  llomans  when  acting  in  a  21  Place  the  verb  Jifter  its  objects ;   see 

civil  capacity.     Translate:   fellow  dti-  A.  &  G.  344,/;  H.  562;  G.  684. 

22igritur. 

*  See  foot-note  2,  Lesson  XX.  ^  apud  (prep.)  Laecam. 

'•'•/ srty;  inquani  is  a  defective  verb,  2*  Arrange  thus:    your  towards  me 

i.e.,  it  lacks  most  of  its  parts.  (ergS  me)  favorable  disposition. 

LESSON    XXII. 

Substantives  of  the  Third  Declension:  Vowel 

Stems. 

185.  Learn  the  paradigms  of  declension  given  in  the 
foHowing  sections  of  the  grammar :  A.  &  G.  52 ;  H.  62, 
63;  G.  59. 

186.  Decline :  collis,^  -is,  M.,  hill ;  hostis,^  -is,  C, 
enemy  ;  igTiis,^  -is,  M., /re;  navis,^  -is,  F.,  Mi) ;  pup- 
pis,^  -is,  F.,  stern;  rupes,  -is,  F.,  rock;  insigne,  -is, 
N..  hadf/e ;   vectijfal,  -alis,  N.,  revenue. 

187.  Note  that  the  stems  of  the  foregoing  nouns  are  : 
colli-,  liosti-,  ijnii-,  navi-,  piippi-,  rupi-,  insigiii-,  vec- 
tifffili-. 

188.  I.xplaiii  the  formation,  from  tlu;  stem,  of  the 
nominatives  in  186:  A.  &  G.  51,  a,  c;  H.  63,  1,  1)  ;  G.  58 
(first  three  paragraphs). 

189.  Decline  together,  with  meanings :  collis  aspor,  a 
nii/tjed  hill ;  hostis  noster,  our  enemy  ;  ignis  clams,  a 

;  bright  fire  ;  nftvis  longa,  a  ahip  of  war  (lit.,  lo7iy  ship)  ; 
puppis  alta,  a  high  stern  ;  rupes  sinistra,  a  rock  on  the 
left ;  iii.si|;pie  pulclirum,  a  beautiful  badge ;  masruum 
\  «'ctTgral,  a  large  revenue. 


50  VOCABULARY   AND   EXERCISES. 

190.  TOCABULAKY.* 

ac-commodo, -are,  -avi,  -atus,  sing.),  boimdari/ ;  in  j)l.,ahoterri- 

adjust.  tories. 

altitudo,  -inis,  f.,  height.  mare,  -is,  n.,  sea. 

augeo,    -ere,    auxi,    auctus,    in-  op-pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  as- 

crease.  sault. 

barbarus,    -a,    -iim,   adj.,  rude;  prae-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, 

used  subst.,  barbarian.  send  Fonward. 

classis,  -is,  f.,  fleet.  prae-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  he  in  com- 

com-pello,  -ere,  -puli,  -pulsus,  mand  of. 

drive  in  a  body,  drive.  silva,  -ae,  r.,  ivood,  forest. 

cremo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  hum.  terra,  -ae,  r.,  earth,  land. 

figiira,  -ae,  f.,  shape.  turris,  -is,  f.,  tower. 
finis,    -is,   m.    (sometimes    f.    in 

191.  EXERCISES. 

.1.  1.  In  fines  Helvetiorura  pervenerunt.  2.  Ab  hostibus 
igni  corpora  sunt  cremata.  3.  Legatum  cum  navT  longa 
praemittit.  4.  Caesar  class!  praeerat.  5.  Navium  figura 
permoti  sunt  barbarl.  6.  Nostri  hostis  In  silvas  collisque 
coinpulerunt.  7.  Insignia  accommodata  erant.  8.  Op- 
pidum  oppugnat  terra^  marlque.^ 

II.  1.  They  had  persuaded  the  enemy .^  2.  The  height 
of  the  sterns  exceeded^  [that  of]  the  towers.  3.  The 
bodies  of  the  enemy  will  be  burned.^  4.  The  lieutenant 
has  arrived  with  ships  of  war.^  5.  The  shape  of  the  ships 
alarmed^''  the  barbarians.  6.  The  enem}'^  will  be  driven 
by  our  men  into  the  hills.  7.  The  revenues  have  been  in- 
creased by  Caesar. 

192.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Magna  hostiuiii  multitudo  sitl  consumebatur.  2.  Naves 
longae  aedificantur  in  fliimine.  3.  Galli  aniniaUa  immolant. 
4.  N^eque  terra  neqiie  mari  effugium  dabatur  hostibus.       5.  Turris 

bas  excitant. 

II.  1.  They  were  building  ships  of  war  on  the  river.      2.  Living 


ADJECTIVES  :    THIRD   DECLENSION.  61 

creatures  are  sacrificed  by  the  Gauls.  3.  The  enemy  erect  a  high 
tower  on  the  hill.  4.  A  lieutenant  >vas  in  command  of  the  enemy's 
fleet.  

»  Decline    collis   and    liustis   with  *  See  also,  for  vocab.,  18G  and  189. 

only  -em  in  the  accusative,  and  only  -e  ^  Ablative  of  ^^/ace  where;  use  prepo- 

in  the  ablative;  otherwise  like  turris.  sitiou  6«/ in  translating. 
(The  rare  instances  in  wliich  coUis  has  «  Use  the  plural, 

-I  in  the  ablative  may  be  disreg-arded.)  '  supero,  -5re,  -5vT,  -Stns. 

=  Decline  Isrnis  with  only  -em  in  the  »  Translate  :  will  he  burned  by  fire. 

accusative;  othenvise  like  turris.  »  "  Ships  of  war"  =  lomj  ships. 

3  Decline  nllvis  and  puppis  through-  ">  per-inoveo,  -ere,  -movl,  -ino- 

out  like  turris.  tus. 


LESSON    XXIII. 

Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension:   Vowel 
Stems. 

193.  Learn  the  declension  of  the  adjectives  levis  (tris- 
tis  or  facilis)  and  acer :  A.  &  G.  84 ;  H.  153,  154 ;  G.  82. 

194.  Decline  (like  levis,  tristis,  or  facilis) :  oniiiis, 
ally  every  ;  fortis,  brave  ;  militaris,  military  ;  declivis, 
sloping  ;  humilis,  lotv. 

195.  Note  that  the  stems  of  the  foregoing  adjectives 
are  :  omni-,  forti-,  militari-,  cledivi-,  liuiuili- ;  explain 
the  formation,  from  the  stem,  of  the  nominative  forms : 
Cf.  A.  &G.  51,  (?;  G.  81. 

196.  Decline  (like  acer):  alacer,  eager;  equester, 
pertaining  to  cavalry  ;  pc<lester,  pertaining  to  infantry  ; 

'  X ) :  celer,^  celeris,  celere,  swift, 

197.  Note  that  tlio  stems  of  the  foregoing  adjcH'tives 
iuc:  alacrl-,  e<ni«^stri-,  pedestri-,  celeri- ;  explain  the 
t'»rmation,  from  the  stem,  of  the  nominative  forms:   cf 

"     M.  A,  6-;  H.  p.  69,  foot-note  6;  G.  81,  82. 


52  VOWEL   STEMS. 


198.  Decline  together,  with  meanings  :  proeliuiu 
equestre,  a  cavalry  engagement ;  insi^ne  militare,  a 
military  badge;  omne  animal,  every  animal ;  animus 
alacer,  an  eager  spirit;  turris  liumilis,  a  low  tower ; 
navis  celeris,^  a  swift  ship;  collis  declivis,  a  sloping 
hill ;  copiae  pedestres,  infantry  ;  hostis  fortis,  a  brave 
enemy. 

199.  VOCABCrLAIlT.2 

ad,  prep.  w.  ace,  to,  for.  ex-cito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  erect. 

com-buro, -ere, -ussi, -ustus,  iwrn  in-cendo,  -ere,  -cendi,  -census, 

up.  set  fire  to,  hum. 

con-tendo,  -ere,  -di,  -tus,  contend,  in-struo,  -ere,  -struxi,  -strfictus, 

de-duco,   -ere,    -duxi,    -ductus,  draw  up. 

withdraw,  recall.  pugna,  -ae,  -p.,  fight. 

ex-specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  look  sus-tineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus,  SUS" 

for.  tain. 

200.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1 .  Insignia  militaria  relinquiint.  2.  Hostes  equestribus 
proeliis  contendunt.        3.    Caesar  pedestrls  copias  deduxit. 

4.  Oppida  omnia  incendunt,   frumentum  omne  comburunt. 

5.  MiUtes  ad  pugnam  alacres  eriint.  6.  Milites  nostri 
omnia^  forti  sustinebant  animo."*  7.  Galli  celerem^  victo- 
riam  exspectabant. 

II.  1.  They  erect  a  low  tower.  2.  He  drew  up  his  forces 
on^  a  sloping  hill.  3.  A  speedy^  victory  had  been  looked 
for  by  the  Gauls.  4.  Caesar's  infantr}^  has  been  recalled. 
5.  All  the  legions  were  eager  for  the  fight.  6.  Caesar 
favored  the  infantry. 

201.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Ariovistus  equestribus  proeliis  cottidic  {daily)  contendit. 
2.  Omnes  hostes  terga  verterunt.  3.  Nervii  pedestribus  valent 
oopiis.^  4.  Dumnorix  reliqua  omnia  Aeduorum  vectigalia  parvo 
pretio^  redemit.  5.  Nam  (/or)  ut^o  Gallormn  alacer  est  animus, 
sici*^  mollis  mens  est. 


APPOSITION.  53 


n.  1.  Caesar  hastened  thither  (eo)  with^i  his  infantry. 
-.  They  first  (primum)  joined  battle  with  their  cavah-y,i-  [and] 
then  (de'inde)  suddenly  displayed  their  infantry.  3.  Ariovistus 
will  inflict  severe  punishment  on  (d§)i3  all  the  hostages.  4.  The 
embassy  was  intrusted  to  Orgetorix  by  general  vote. 


*  celer  has  celerum  in  the  genitive  *  Ablative  of  cause  :  A.  &  G.  245 ;  H. 
plural;  but  as  this  form  is  found  only  as  416;  G.  407. 

a  substantive,  it  should  be  omitted  in  »  Ablative  of  price ;  A.  &G.  252;H. 

declining.  422;  G.  404. 

s  For  vocab.,  see  also  194,  196,  198.  ^^  ^t .  .  .  sic,  as  .  .  .  so,  although  .  .  . 

3  Used  substantively :  A.  &  G.  188 ;  H.  yet. 
441,  1;  G.  195,  Rem.  2.  "  Omit  cum  :  A.  &  G.  248,  a;  H. 

*  Ablative  of  manner;  use  prep,  trtl/t  419,  I.,  1,  1),  (1) ;  G.  391,  Rem.  1. 

in  translating.      See  A.  &  G.  248,  Rem. ;  12  Translate :  they  first  began  (com- 

H.  419,  III. ;  G.  401.  initto)  a  cavalry  battle. 

2  speedy.  »3  "  inflict    punishment    on  "  =  take 

«  in.  (sGmo)  punishment  from  (de). 
">  See  sent.  7  of  the  preceding  exercise. 


LESSON    XXIV. 

Apposition.  —  Predicate  Agreement.  —  Accusa- 
tive WITH  Prepositions. 

202.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Divitiacus  Aeduus  respondit   (1,32,3),  Divitiacus  the  Aeduan 

replied. 

2.  DivitiacI  frStris  studium   (l,  19, 2),  the  devotion  of  Divitiacus, 

pi  is]  brother. 

3.  Praeterita  Divitiacd  frStri  conddn&re  (i,  20, 6),  to  overlook  the 

pa.st  [out  of  regard]  /"or  JJirlfincus,  [his]  brother. 

4.  Flaccum  et  Pomptlnum  praetdrSa  vocavl  (Clc  Ccrf.  8, 2,  5),  / 

summoned  Flacctm  and  Pomptinus,  the  praetors. 
'     In  flflmen  Rhodanum  Influit  (i,  8,  l),  it  flows  into  the  river  Rhone. 
A  Bibracte,  oppidS  Aedu5ruin  (l,  23,  \)yfrom,  Bibracte,  a  town 
of  the  Aeduans. 


54  PREDICATE   AGREEMENT. 

203.  Observation  and  Inference  :  l^ote,  in  the  foregoing 
examples,  that  Aeduus,  fratris,  fratri,  praetores,  flumen,  and 
oppido  denote  the  same  person  or  thing  as  Divitiacus,  Divitiaci, 
Divitiaco,  Flaccum  et  Pomptlnum,  Rhodanum,  and  Bibracte, 

respectively  ;  and  that  the  former  are  added  to  the  latter  ior  further 
description  merely.  A  substantive  thus  added  for  further  descrip- 
tion is  called  an  Appositive,  and  the  usage  is  called  Apposition. 
Does  the  Appositive  differ  from  the  principal  substantive  in  case, 
or  agree  with  it  ?  Does  it  usually  agree  in  gender  and  number  (see 
Exs.  1-4)  ?  Does  it  invariahly  agree  in  gender  (see  Ex.  5)  ?  Does 
the  Appositive  appear  regularly  to  precede  or  to  follow  the  principal 
substantive  ?     Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  of  the  Appositive. 

204.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  183,  184,  6; 
H.  363,  1 ;  G.  319. 

205.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Legationis  Divico  princeps  fuit  (i,  13,  2),  Divico  was  the  leader 

of  the  embassy. 

2.  Testis  est  Italia  (Cic.  Manil.  ii,  30),  Italy  is  a  luitness. 

3.  Pausanias  Lacedaemonius  magnus  homo  fuit  (Nep.  Pmis.  i,  i), 

Pausanias,  the  Lacedaemonian,  was  a  great  man. 

4.  [Castici]    pater   populi   Romani   amicus    appellatus    erat 

(1,  3,  4),  the  father  of  Casticus  had  been  called  the  friend  of  the 
Roman  people. 

5.  Audaoia  fortitude  vocatur  (Sail.  Cat.  52, 11),  audacity  is  called 

fortitude. 

206.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note,  in  the  foregoing 
examjDles,  that  princeps,  testis,  homo,  amicus,  and  fortitude, 
denote  the  same  person  or  thing  as  Divico,  Italia,  Pausanias, 
pater,  and  audacia,  respectively ;  and  that  the  former  are  added 
to  the  latter  for  further  description.  Xote,  however,  that  the 
descriptive  substantives  here  illustrated  are  not,  like  those  of  202, 
merely  appended  to  the  principal  substantive,  but  that  they  are 
connected  with  it  by  the  verb ;  also  that  they  unite  with  the  verb 
to  form  the  predicate  of  the  sentence.  As  they  thus  form  a  part 
of  the  predicate,  they  are  called  Predicate  Substantives.     Does  the 


ACCUSATIVE   WITH  PREPOSITIONS.  55 

Predicate  Substantive  differ  from  tlie  subject  in  case,  or  agree  with 
it?     Does  the  Predicate  Substantive  appear  regularly /o  /o//ow  or 
precede  the  verb ?      Fianie  a  rule  for  the  Case  of  the  Predicate 
substantive. 

207.  Refkukn(  Ks  FOR  Veiufication  :  A.  &  G.  183,  185;  H. 
:;t;L>,  1 ;  G.  324. 

208.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Ad  Caesarem  revertgrunt  (i,3l,  l),  thei/  returned  to  Caesar. 

2.  Ante  oppidum  (2,  32,  4),  before  the  town. 

3.  Apud  Sequanos  (l,  9,  3),  among  the  Sequani. 

4.  ContrS  populum  Romanum  (2, 13,  2),  against  the  Roman  people. 
".  Inter  fings  Helvetiorum  et  Allobrogum  (i,  6,  2),  between  the 

boundaries  of  (he  Ilelc'etians  and  AUobroges. 
Per  finSs  Aeduorum  (i,  12,  i),  through  the  territory  of  the  A  eduans. 
7.    Post  tergum  (4, 15,  l),  behind  [one's]  back. 
^.   Propter  timorem  (Caes.  B.  C.  2, 35,  5),  because  of  fear. 
!'.    Tr^s  Rhodanum  (l,  lo,  5),  across  the  Rhone. 

209.  Obsekvatiox  and  Inference:  Note  (1)  the  prepositions 
in  the  foregoing  examples,  and  (2)  the  case  of  the  substantives 
\\  ith  which  they  are  used.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  of  Substan- 
t  Ives  construed  with  the  foregoing  Prepositions. 

210.  Refekexcks  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  152,  a ;  II.  433 ; 

(i.  117. 

LESSON    XXV. 
Vocabulary  and  Exercises. 

211.  VOCABULARY. 

AediiuA,  -I,  M.,  nn  hedu(n).  timlciiH,  -I,  m.,  friend. 

Allobroggs,   -utn,    ^r  ,    i'^'    Alio-      appelI5,   -fire,   -fivf,    -fitus,    call, 
brogea.  entitle. 


56  VOCABULARY   AND   EXERCISES. 

apud,  prep,  w,  ace,  among.  lingua,  -ae,  f.,  tongue,  language. 

Atheniensis,  -is,  c,  an  Athenian.  L.  Piso,  -onis,  m.,  Luc/us  Piso.^ 

atque,'  conj.,  and  also,  and.  maturus,  -a,  ^um,  ripe. 

aviis,  -i,  M.,  grandfather.  nam,"^  conj.,  for. 

consanguinei,    -orum,  m.,  blood-  propter,  prep.  w.  ace,  on  account 

relations,  kmsmen.  of,  owing  to. 

eques,  -itis,  m.,  hught.'^  scientia,  -ae,  f.,  knowledge,  skill. 

extra,  prep.  w.  ace,  beyond.  Sequanus,  -i,  m.,  a  Sequanian. 

frater,  -tris,  m.,  brother.  trans,  prep.  w.  ace,  across. 

frigus,  -oris,  n.,  cold,  frost.  vergo,  -ere,  incline. 

Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Gallic.  vergobretus,  -i,  31.,  vergobret  (see 
honestus, -a, -iim,  adj.,  honorable.  also  general  vocabulary). 

iter,    itineris,   n.,    way ;   journey, 

march. 

212.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Orgetorix  in  itinere  persuadet  Castico,^  Cataman- 
taloedis^  filio,  Sequauo.  2.  Ariovistus  rex  atque  amicus 
a  senatu  {senate)  appellatus  est.  3.  Procilluni^  propter 
linguae  Gallicae  scientiam  ad  Ariovistum  misit.  4.  Collis 
aequaliter  {uniformly)  declivis  ad  fliimen  Sabim^  vergebat. 
o.  Divico^  dux  Helvetiorum  fuerat.  6.  Thrasybulus,^  Lyci^ 
filius,  Atheniensis.^  7.  Apud  Aediios  summus  magistratus 
{the  thief  magistrate)  vergobretus  appellatur. 

II.  1.  The  Roman  knights,  honorable  and  good  men,  ap- 
prove. 2.  The^'  send  ambassadors  to  Dumnorix  the  Aeduan. 
3.  For,  owmg  to  the  fi-osts,  the  grain  was  not  ripe  in  the 
fields.  4.  Lucius  Piso  the  lieutenant  was  the  grandfather 
of  Lucius  Piso,  Caesar's  father-in-law.  5.  Geneva  is  a 
town  of  the  Allobroges.  6.  The  Segusiavi^  ^re  beyond  the 
province,  across  the  Rhone.  7.  The  Aeduans  have  often- 
times^" been  called  brothers  and  kinsmen  by  the  senate." 

213.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Trans  Sabim  fliimen  omnes  Nervii  consederant.  2.  Iter 
Caesaris  per  fugitives  hostibus  nuntiatur.  3.  Omnes  Belgae  con- 
tra populum  Romanum  conjuraverunt  obsidesque  inter  se  (ace.  pi. 


STEMS   APPARENTLY   CONSONANT. 


57 


themselves)  dederuiit.  4.  C.  Valerius  Procillus,  familiaris  Caesaris, 
habebatur  priiiceps  Galliae  provinciae.  *5.  Ejus  roi  {of  this  fact) 
Iiopiiliis  IvGinauus  est  testis.  G.  Is  {this)  pugus  appellabatur 
Tiguriuus. 

11.  1.  Titus  Labienus,  an  experienced  leader,  has  been  ap- 
pointed lieutenant.  2.  The  reputation  of  the  Treveri  for  valor 
(gen.)  is  unparalleled  among  the  Gauls.  3.  The  river  Arar 
flows  through  the  territory  of  the  Aeduans  and  Sequanians  into  the 
Rhone.  4.  Duinnorix  was  the  brother  of  Divitiacus.  5.  The 
village  of  the  Veragri  is  called  Octodurus.  6.  You  have  attacked 
Cicero,  the  consul  elect,  Catiline.  7.  The  tenth  legion,  through 
the  military  tribunes  (tribunes  of  the  soldiers),  returned  thanks  to 
Caesar.  8.  And  he  also  persuades  Duiniiuiix  the  Aeduan,  the 
],,.,,ti,..,.  -.f  Divitiacus. 


..  ^  i-note  2,  Lessson  XIII. 

*  bee  eques  in  the  general  vocabu- 
lary. 

'  .*^ee  PIro  in  the  general  vocabulary. 

*  Nam, /or,  should  be  placed  at  the 
beginning  of  the  sentence. 

*  The  English  form  is  the  same  as  the 
Latin  nominative. 


•  Catamantaloedes,  -is,  M.,  Cata- 
muntaloetles  (a  ruler  of   the    Sequani). 
^  Sabis,  -is,  M.,   the  Sabis  (modem 
Sambre,  a  river  in  Belgic  Gaul). 

"  Divico,     -onis,     M.,     Divico    (a 
prominent  Helvetian). 
'■>  6C.  f  uit. 
'"  saepennmero. 
11  See,212, 1.,  second  sentence. 


LESSON    XXVI. 
^ri;>r.\\il\'KS    of    THE    Thii;i>     I )  IOCLENSION  :     StEMS 

Apparently  Consonant.—  Adjectives  of   One 
Termination.  —  Present  Paiiticiple. 

214,  Learn  the  paradigms  of  declension  in  the  follow- 
ing sections  of  the  graininar  :  A.  &  G.  54;  H.  G4.  In 
G.  read  54,  Rem.  (first  six  lines),  59,  Rem.  3,  and 
00.  1. 


215.   Decline:   pars,  -tiH,  F.,  part;   civitas,  -atis,  F., 


58  ADJECTIVES    OF   ONE   TERMINATION. 

community  ;  coliors, -tis,  F.,  cohort;  adulescens,  -entis, 
C,  youth;  mens,  mentis,  F.,  mind. 

216.  Decline  together,  with  meanings  :  sinistra  pars, 
the  left  side  (part) ;  finitima  civitas,  the  neighboring 
community  ;  reliqua  coliors,  the  remaining  cohort ;  adu- 
lescens  fortis,  a  brave  youth;  mens  mollis,  a  yielding 
disposition. 

217.  Learn  the  declension  of  the  adjectives  atrox  (au- 
dax  or  felix)  and  eg-ens  •  (or  prudens)  :  A.  &  G.  85, 
«;   H.  155,  156,  157;    G.  83. 

218.  Decline  velox,  -ocis,  sivift  ;  ferax,  -acis,  fertile  ; 
Ingens,  -entis,  huge  ;  potens,  -entis,  powerful. 

219.  Decline  together,  with  meanings :  pedes  velox, 
a  sivift  foot-soldier ;  ag-er  ferax,  fertile  land ;  ingens 
insula,  a  huge  island  ;  rex  potens,  a  powerful  king. 

220.  Learn,  Avith  meanings,  the  present  participles  of 
amo,  moneo  (or  deleo),  tego  (rego  or  emo),  audio: 

A.  &  G.  113,  a  with  pp.  77,  81,  83,  87 ;   H.  pp.  87,  91, 
95,  99 ;   G.  pp.  54,  58,  64,  68. 

221.  Decline  the  present  participles  :  amans,  monens, 
(or  delens),  tegens  (reg-ens  or  emens),  audiens :    A. 

&  G.  85,  a  (egens),  87,  a;    H.  157  (amans)  with  note ; 
G.  83  (prudens),  85,  2  (second  paragraph). 

222.  Decline  together,  with  meanings :  mulier  flens, 
the  IV Oman  iveeping  ;  laborantes  nostri,  our  men  strug- 
gling against  odds  ;  civitas  florens,  a  flourishing  com- 
munity;  continens  silva,  an  uninterrupted  forest. 


VOCABULARY   AND   EXERCISES.  59 

223.  Learn  the  declension  of  vetus ;  A.  &  G.  85,  h ; 
il.  158;  G.  83. 

224.  Decline  together,  with  meanings :  vetus  injuria, 
a  former  injury, 

225.  VOCABUI.ARY.1 

animus, -i,  M.,mincf;  heart.  latus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  broad,  exten- 

cou-ioco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  place ;  sive. 

(jive  in  marria</e.  mater,  -tris,  F.,  mother. 

con-sisto,  -ere, -stiti,    take  posi-  peto, -ere, -ivi  or -ii, -itus,  a*-^- /rn-. 

tion  /  UTAnd.  poeaa,  -ae,  f.,  satisfaction  ;  punish- 

Crassi|s,  -i,  m.,  Crassus.  ment. 

deoimus,  -a,  -uin,  adj.,  iKsth.  re-peto,   -ere,   -ivi,   or  -ii,   -itus, 

de-Ugo,  -ere,    -legi,   -lectus,    se-  demand  hack,  demand. 

lect.  Suessiones,  -um,  m.,  the  Suessi- 

Iioino,  -inis,  c.  (always  m.   when  ones. 

it  refers  to  a  male),  man.  timor,  -oris,  yi.,fear. 

226.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Legionis  decimae  milites  In  sinistra  parte  con- 
stiterant.  2.  Crassum  aduiescentem  fortem  praemittet. 
3.  Timor  omnium  mentis  animosque  perturbabat.  4.  Pedi- 
tes  veloces  ac^  fortes  deliguntur.  5.  In  fluniine  lllieno  sunt 
imiltae  ingentesque  insulae.  G.  Eqiiites  laborantibus  nostris 
subveniunt.  7.  Caesar  pro  vetoribus  Helvetioriiin^  injurils 
populT'^  liomani  poenas  repetit. 

II.  1.  They  establish  friendship  with  tlie  neigiiboring 
'oininiinities.  2.  The  lands  of  the  Suessi(jnes  are  exten- 
sive and  fertile.  3.  He  gives  his  motlier  in  marriage  to  a 
powerful  man.  4.  The  women  weeping  ask  for  peace. 
'i.  Crassus,  a  brave  youth,  came  to  the  support  of  the  horse- 
men [who  were]  struggling  again.st  odds. 

227.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  A*  fronte  et  ab*  sinistra  parte  nudata  erant  castra.  2.  ICqui- 
te»  recent!  proehoS  perterriti  erant.      3.  I.,egatis  paceni  atque  ami- 


60  ABLATIVE   OF   SPECIFICATION. 

citiam  petentibus  liberaliter  respondit  4.  Auxiliares  opinionem 
pugnantiura^  praebebant.'  5.  Rhenus  inultas  ingentisque  insulas 
efficit.s      6.  In  declivi  ac  praecipiti  loco  eqiios  sustinent. 

II.  1.  Nearly  (fere)  all  the  centurions  of  the  remaining  cohorts 
were  either  (aut)  wounded  or  (aut)  slain.  2.  The  Suessiones 
possessed  extensive  and  fertile  lands.  3.  He  comes-upon^  the 
soldiers  fighting.  4.  The  Morini  had  uninterrupted  woods  and 
marshes.  5.  Can  I^''  lay  aside  the  remembrance  of  recent  injuries  ? 
6.  They  put  (conjecerunt)  to  (in  w.  ace.)  flight  the  enemy  [who 
were]  again  offering  resistance. 


1  For  vocabulary,  see  also  815,  316,  s  a.  &  G.  259  a;  H.  425, 1,  1) ;  G.  387. 
219,  332,  334.  c  Used  substantively  :  A.  &  G.  113,/; 

2  See  foot-note  2,  Lesson  XIII.  H.  441;     G.  438. 

3  What  kind  of  genitive?   See  64  and  ^opinionem     praebebant,    pro- 
69.  duced  the  impression. 

*  In  Latin  the  place  a<  it'/uc/i  an  action  »  Pres.  indie.  3d.  sing,  of  eiRcio. 
occurred  is  often  viewed  as  the  point /"/'ow  ^  occurro  ;  see  154  and  155. 
which  it  proceeded,  and  so  ab  or  ex  is  i**  Num  possum  [am  I  able)  with  in- 
used  where  the  English  idiom  requires  fiuitive.  Read:  A.  &  G.  210,  c   (last  Ben- 
in or  on.  Translate  :  in  front  and  on  the  tence) ;  H.  351,  1,  note  3 ;  G.  458. 
left  side. 


y^if^o" 


LESSON    XXVII. 

Ablative  of  Specification.  —  Ablative  of 
Time  When. 

228.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Helvetii  reliquos  Gallos  virtute  praecedunt  (i,  i,  4),  tJie  Hel- 

vetians surpass  the  remaining  Gauls  in  valor. 

2.  Oppida  sua  omnia,  numero  ad  duodecim,  incendunt  (i,  5,2), 

they  burn  all  their  towns,  about  twelve  in  number. 

3.  Sueba  natione  (1,53,4),  Swabian  by  birth. 

4.  Nervius   nomine    Vertico   (5, 45,  2),  a  Nervian  named  Vertico 

(lit.,  Vertico  by  name). 

5.  Civit5.3  hominum   multitudine   praestabat   (2, 15,  i),  the  com- 

munity took  the  lead  in  population  (in  number  of  inhabitants). 


ABLATIVE   OF   TIME   WHEN.  61 

229.  Observation  and' Inference  :  Note,  in  the  foregoing- 
examples,  that  virtute,  numero,  natione,  nomine,  and  multitii- 
diue  show  in  what  particular  or  'ui  n  sprrt  to  irlmt  the  statement 
(made  or  implied)  is  true.  In  what  ca.se  are  these  substantives? 
Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  of  Substantives  thus  used. 

230.  References  for  Verification  :   A.  &  G.  253  ;  H.  424 ; 

G.  398. 

231.  EXAMPLES. 

1.    Tertia  vigilia  solvit  (4,  23,  i),  he  set  sail  at  the  third  watch. 
•J.    H5ra  quarta  Britanniam  attigit  (4,23,2),  he  reached  Britain  at 
the  fourth  hour. 

3.  Uno  tempore  accidit  (Caes.  i?.  C.  3, 15,  4),  on  one  occasion  it  hap- 

ptiit'd. 

4.  Omni  tempore  (i,  ii,  3),  at  all  times  (lit,  at  every  time). 
.").    Paucis  annis  (i,3l,  il),  within  a  few  years. 

>'>.    Noote  ad  Nervios  pervSuSrunt  (2,17,2),  thei/  came  by  night  to 
the  Xcrvii. 

232.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note,  in  the  foregoing 
examples,  that  vigilia,  hora,  tempore  (Exs.  3  and  4),  aunis,  and 
nocte  express  time  at  which  or  time  within  which.  In  what  case  are 
these  substantives  ?   Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  of  Substantives  de- 

iiotiiig  /////'   irhm  or  within  which. 

233.  Kkferences  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  256  (to  the 
.umiculon)  ;   H.  429  ;   G.  392. 

234.  VOCABULARY. 

Aquitani,  -orum,  m.,  the  Aquitani  inltlutn,  -ii,  n.,  beginning. 

or  Aguitaniang.  iiiHtitutiim,  -i,  n.,  institution. 

CeltHey-arumyM.,  the  Ce/ts{ICefts).  latitudo,    -inis,     f.,    breadth,    ex- 
coni-tncmoro,  -fire,  -fivi,  -fitus,         tent. 

recount.  Ifix,  ISgis,  F.,  law. 

ettam,  conj.,  also,  even.  multltfi<15,    -Inis,    f.,   multitude, 
ex-Istimd,  -fire,  -fivi,  Stus,  reck-        nuwf" 

on,  consider.  nox,  i i-  m    iit. 


62  VOCABULARY   AND   EXERCISES. 

opportunus,  -a,  -uin,  adj.,  j'?^,  op-  suus,  -a,  -um,  his,  her,  its,  their. 

portune.  tempestas,  -atis,  r.,  time. 

oratio,  -onis,  f.,  speech,  address.  tertius,  -a,  -um,  third. 

prae-sto, -are,  -iti,  -atus  or  -Itus,  uiivis,  -a,  -tini,  one. 

excel.  video,  -ere,  vidi,  visus,  see. 
regio,  -onis,  r.,  territory. 

235.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Helvetiivirtute  omnibus  Gallis  praestabaiit.  2.  Cae- 
sar initio  (Iratiouis  sua  in  Ariovistum  beneficia  commeraoravit. 
3.  Aqultania  et  regionum  latitudine  et  multitudine  liominum 
tertia  pars  Galliae  existimatur.  4.  A  castris  oppidum  Re- 
morum^  nomine  Bibrax^  longe  aberat.  5.  Paene^  uno  tem- 
pore et  ad^  silvas  et  In  fluniine  hostes  visi  sunt.  6.  Multa 
nocte^  se^  in  castra  recepit.^ 

II.  1.  The  Belgians,  Aquitanians,  [and]  Celts  differ^  from 
one  another^  in  language,  institutions,  [and]  laws.  2.  Among 
the  Suessiones,  even  within  our-own  remembrance,  Divitiacus 
has  been  king.  3.  The  Suessiones  have  towns  to  the  num- 
ber of  twelve^  (twelve  in  number).  4.  Caesar  arrived  at  an 
opportune  moment  (time).  5.  [There]  was  at  this^"  time 
at  Kome^^  a  Numidian^^  named  Massiva.^^ 

236.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Populi  Roniani  socii  atque  ainici  gratia,  dignitate,  honore 
auctiores  {increased,  made  richer)  sunt.  2.  Una  nocte  omnes 
hermae^'*  dejecti  sunt.^^  3.  Intempesta  noctei*^  conjurationis  prin- 
cipes  convocat  per  M.  ]*orcium  Laecam.  4.  Duae^"*  fuerunt 
Ariovisti  uxores,  una  Sueba  natione,  altera  Xorica.  5.  Cato  cum 
modesto  pudore,  cum  innocente  abstinentia  certabat.  6.  Tertia 
vigilia  omnibus  copiisi^  ex  oppido  eruperunt. 

II.  1.  Our  fleet  excelled  the  ships  of  the  Veneti  in  speed. 
2.  Accordingly  in  the  beginning  kings  trained,  sonie^^  the  mind, 
others  the  body.  3.  There  was,  not  far  from  the  road,  a  town  of 
the  Numidians  named  Vaga.  4.  You  were,  then,  at  Laeca's  on 
that   (ilia)    night,  Catiline.         5.    The  Bellovaci  were  foremost^^ 


THIRD  DECLENSION:  GENDER. 


63 


among  tlie  Belgians  in  valor,  in  influence,  and  in  population 
(number  of  inhabitants).  6.  Xor  in  the  last-^  war  with  (obj, 
gen.)  the  AUobroges  did  the  Aeduans  render^"^  assistance  to  the 
Romans. 


1  The  English  form  is  the  same  as  the 
I^tln  nominative. 

-  Bibrax,  -actis,  r.,  Bihraa  (mod. 
Bi^vre)'. 

'  paene,  adv.,  almost. 

♦  ad,  prep.,  close  by,  at. 

^  inuItS  nocte,  late  at  night. 
"  se  receplt  (perf.  of  recipio,  take 
back),  returned. 

•  differunt. 

^from  one  another,  inter  se  (lit., 
among  themselves). 

^  duodecim,  indecl.  adj. 

'"  e5  (fem.  sine,  to  agree  with  the 
proper  case  of  tempest^). 

"  Use  the  locative  form :  A.  &  G.  36,  c ; 
11.48,  4;  G.  27,  2. 

'*  Nuuiida,  -ae,  m. 


i'»  Massiva,  -ae,  M. ;  see  338,  Ex.  4. 

"  Hermes  (or  Henna),  -ae,  m., 
nermes-pillar  (see  general  vocabulary) ; 
for  declension,  see  A.  &  G.  37;  H.  50; 
G.  72. 

^^  Perf.  pass,  of  deicio,  throw  down. 

'"  inteinpesta  nocte,  at  an  unsea- 
sonable hour  of  the  night. 

"  Nom.  pi.  fern.,  two. 

18  A.  &  G.  248,  a;  H.419, 1.,  1, 1),  (1) ; 
G.  391,  Rem.  1, 

i'-*  pars  (in  apposition  w.  *'  kings"). 

20  were  foremost,  plurimum  vale- 
bant. 

*^  proximus,  -a,  -um.,  adj. 

"  did  render,  tiilerunt,  perfect  of 
fero. 


LESSON    XXVIII. 
Third  Declension:   (^endeu.^ 


237. 

1.    Caesar,  m.,  Caesar. 
'2.    vir,  M..  man. 
.    rex,  .M.,  kiufj. 
1.    Sempr5nia.  F.,  Sempronia 
o.    mulier,  f.,  woman. 


EXAMPLES. 

(1.    rSgina,  f.,  queen. 

7.  civis,  c,  citizen. 

8.  hostis,  c,  enemy. 
U.    cftstds,  c,  (J Hard. 


238.  Observation  axi>  Inference:  Note  (1)  that  Exs.  l-'J 
•  '••signate  malea,  and  that  they  are  of  the  masculine  gender;  (2) 
that  Exs.  4-0  designate  females,  and  that  they  are  of  iXxa  feminine 
(fender;  (3)  that  Exs.  7-1)  <le«ig^nate  either  males  or  females,  and 
that  they  are  of  the  common  (niasc.  or  fem.)  (jender.  FraM)e  a 
general  rule  for  the  (Jender  of  Substantives,  of  whatever  declension, 
whose  Gender  is  determined  by  their  Signifioation. 


64 


THIRD   DECLENSION:     GENDER. 


239.  EXAMPLES.  ' 

1.  mucYO,  M.,  sharp  point.  6.  timor,  m., /ear. 

2.  pulmo,  M.,  lung.  7.  caespes,  -itis,  m.,  turf. 

3.  sermo,  m.,  conversation.  8.  gurges,  -itis,  m.,  ivhirlpool. 

4.  dolor,  M.,  pai7i.  9.  trames,  -itis,  m.,  path. 

5.  honor,  m.,  honor. 

240.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  the  gender  of  the 
foregoing  substantives,  observing  at  the  same  time  the  nominative 
endings  printed  in  bold-face  type.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Gender 
of  Substantives  of  the  Third  Declension  whose  Nominative  ends 
in  :  -6,  -or,  -es  (gen.  -itis). 


241. 


EXAMPLES. 

15.  pax,  F.,  peace. 

16.  fortitiido,  -inis,  f.,  fortitude. 

17.  magnitudo,  -inis,  f.,  size. 

18.  multitiido,    -inis,    f.,    multi- 

tude. 

19.  ferrugo,  -inis,  f.,  iron-rust. 

20.  imago,  -inis,  f.,  image. 

21.  origo,  -inis,  f.,  source. 

22.  salus,  -titis,  f.,  safety. 

23.  senectus,  -utis,  f.,  old  age. 

24.  virtus,  -litis,  f.,  virtue. 

25.  contemptio,  r.,  contempt. 

26.  legio,  F.,  legion. 

27.  oratio,  f.,  speech. 


242.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  the  gender  of  the 
foregoing  substantives,  observing  at  the  same  time  the  nominative 
endings  printed  in  bold-face  type.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Gender  of 
Substantives  of  the  Third  Declension  whose  Nominative  ends  in  :  -as, 
-es  (gen.  -is),  -is,  -s  preceded  by  a  consonant,  -x,  -do  (gen.  -dinis), 
-go  (gen.  -ginis),  -us  (gen.  -utis),  -io  (abstract  and  collective). 


1. 

aetas,  f.,  age. 

2. 

civitas,  F.,  community. 

3. 

voluntas,  f.,  pleasure. 

4. 

niibes,  -is,  f.,  cloud. 

5. 

riipes,  -is,  f.,  rock. 

6. 

valles,  -is,  f.,  valley. 

classis,  T.,  fleet. 

8. 

navis,  f.,  ship. 

9. 

turris,  f.,  tower. 

10. 

mens,  f.,  mind. 

11. 

pars,  F.,  part. 

12. 

urbs,  F.,  city. 

13. 

nox,  F.,  night. 

14- 

vox,  F.,j)oice. 

THIRD   DECLENSION:     GENDER. 


65 


243. 

1.  in  sign  e,  n.,  badge. 

2.  mare,  n.,  sea. 

3.  rete,  n.,  net. 

4.  agmen,  n.,  train,  army. 

5.  flumen,  x.,  river. 

6.  nomen,  x.,  name. 


EXAMPLES. 

7.  corpus,  -oris,  x.,  hody. 

8.  frigus,  -oris,  x.,  cold. 

9.  tenipus,  -oris,  x.,  time. 

10.  genus,  -eris,  x.,  class. 

11.  latus,  -eris,  x.,  side. 

12.  opus,  -eris,  x.,  work. 


244.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  the  gender  of  the 
foregoing  nouns,  observing  at  the  same  time  the  nominative  endings 
printed  in  bold-face  type.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Gender  of  Sub- 
stantives of  the  Third  Declension  whose  Nominative  ends  in :  -e, 
-men,  -ua  (gen.  -oris,  -eris). 


245. 


VOCABULARY. 


aiidax,  -acis,  adj.,  bold. 
altus,  -a,  -uin,  adj.,  high,  deep. 
ingens,  -entis,  adj.,  huge. 
longus,  -a,  -uin,  adj.,  long. 
liiagnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  great. 


nostor,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  our. 
pulcher,     -chra,    -chrum,    adj., 

beaut  if td. 
tarpis,  -e,  adj.,  base. 


246.  EXERCISE. 

Determine  the  gender  of  the  following  substantives 
by  the  rules  framed  in  connection  with  this  lesson; 
indicate  the  gender  thus  determined  by  atlndiiiig  to 
each  substantive  an  appropriate  adjective  selected  from 
the  vocabulary  in  245. 


tiestfiS)  -StlH,  summer. 
altitudo,  -Inis,  height. 
amor,  -oris,  love. 
arx,  arcis,  citadel. 
aurls,  -Is,  ear. 
avift,  -Is,  bird. 
cSlij(5,  -Inis,  mist. 
carmen,  -inIs,  song. 
clftdes,  -Is,  disaster. 
cldxnor,  -Sris,  shout. 


cohors,  -rtis,  cohort. 
consul,  -is,  consul. 
contentio,  -onis,  contention. 
crimen,  -inis,  charge. 
cubllc,  -is,  couch. 
cunctiitio,  -onis,  delay. 
custds,  -odis,  guard. 
T>umnorix,  -iffis,  Dumnorir. 
dux,  duels,  leader. 
eques,  -Itis,  horseman. 


66 


THIRD    DECLENSION:     GENDER. 


facultas,  -atis,  opport.unit)j. 
familiaritas,  -atis,  intimacy. 
flfiinen,  -inis,  river. 
foedus,  -eris,  treaty. 
furor,  -oris,  rage. 
gens,  gentis,  race. 
homo,  -inis,  man    (including  'wo- 
man), 
insigne,  -is,  badge. 
juventus,  -utis,  youth. 
latitudo,  -inis,  breadth. 
latro,  -onis,  robber. 
levitas,  -atis,  lightness. 
leo,  -onis,  lion. 
litus,  -oris,  shore. 
longitudo,  -inis,  length. 
lux,  lucis,  light. 
miles,  -itis,  soldier. 
mors,  mortis,  death. 
nemus,  -oris,  grove. 
obses,  -idis,  hostage. 
opinio,  -onis,  opinion,  notion. 


ovile,  -is,  sheep-fold. 
palmes,  -itis,  vine-shoot. 
pater,  -tris,  father. 
pavo,  -onis,  peacock. 
pectus,  -oris,  breast. 
pedes,  -itis,  foot-soldier. 
proles,  -is,  offspring. 
puppis,  -is,  stern. 
radix,  -icis,  root. 
regio,  -onis,  direction. 
scelus,  -eris,  crime. 
sedes,  -is,  seat. 
sedile,  -is,  seat  (poetic). 
semen,  -inis,  seed. 
servitus,  -utis,  servitude. 
sidus,  -eris,  constellation. 
stipes,  -itis,  stock  (of  a  tree). 
suspicio,  -onis,  suspicion. 
temo,  -onis,  carriage-pole. 
umbo,  -onis,  boss  (of  a  shield). 
virgo,  -inis,  virgin. 


247.  Note  the  gender  of  each  of  the  following  sub- 
stantives,2  and  fix  its  gender  in  the  memory  by  associat- 
ing it  with  an  appropriate  adjective  selected  from  245. 


animal,  -alis,  n.,  animal. 
arbor,  -oris,  f.,  tree. 
caput,  -itis,  N.,  head. 
collis,  -is,  M.,  hill. 


ignis,  -is,  M.,Jire. 
iter,  itineris,  's.,  journey. 
lapis,  -idis,  m.,  stone. 
vectlgal,  -alls,  n.,  revenue. 


1  The  rules  for  gender  suggested  in 
this  lesson  are  deemed  sufficient  as  prac- 
tical aids  to  the  memory.  The  gender 
of  substantives  of  the  third  declension 
not  here  provided  for,  should  be  learned 
by  observation  and  practice  in  reading 
and  writing  Latin. 


2  These  substantives  have  already  ap- 
peared in  special  vocabularies;  they  are 
introduced  here  because  their  gender  is 
not  provided  for  in  the  rules  of  this 
lesson. 


substantives:   fourth  declension.  67 

LESSON    XXIX. 
Substantives:    Fourth  Declension. 

248.  Learn  the  paradigms  of  declension  given  in  the 
following  sections  of  the  grammar :  A.  &  G.  68  ;  H. 
116;  G.  67. 

249.  Decline  :  fructus,  -us,  M.,  fruit ;  exereitus,  -us, 
M.,  army ;   manus,  -us,  F.,  hand ;   cornu,  -us,  N.,  horn. 

250.  Explain  the  formation,  from  the  stem,  of  the 
nominative  singular  and  dative  plural  of  the  foregoing 
>ubstantives:  A.  &  G.  note  preceding  68;  H.  116, 1,  2; 

(;.r)7. 

251.  Note  the  gender  of  the  substantives  in  249,  and 
frame  a  Rule  for  the  Gender  of  substantives  of  the 
luurth  declension.  For  verification,  see  A.  &  G.  69,  a 
(first  sentence),  6;  H.  116  ;  G.  68. 

252.  Decline  together,  with  meanings :  vetiis  exeroi- 
f 'IS.  luteran  army ;  omnis  fructus,  ///  ili>-  fruit ;  niaiins 
sinistra,  left  hand ;  dextrum  corufi,  right  wing  (lit., 
hor?i). 

253.  VOCABULARY.' 

fi-mitt5,  -ere,  -mlsi,  -missus,  lose,  eqtiitfitus,  -us,  m.,  cavalry. 

«'<>K5,  -ere,  coSfp,  cofictiis,  co//"V.  linpetiiH,  -us,  m.,  attack,  onset. 

<-on»pectu8, -us,  M.,  .s/f//»^  Iocmih,  -i,  m.,  place;  pi.  (usually) 
consulatus,  -us,  m.,  consulship.  luca,  -drum,  n.,  placen. 

de-duco,    -ere,  -dfixi,    -<luctus,  manus,  -us,  f.,  hand ;  art;  band.  • 

rorrif  off?'  natura,  -ae^  f.,  nature. 

de-sistd,  -ere,  -stltf,  desist,  cease.  occSsus,  -Us,  m.,  setting. 


68  substantives:   fourth  declension. 

peditatus,   -us,  m.,   FOOT-soldiers,  senatus,  -us,  m.,  senate. 

infantry.  sol,  -is,  M.,  sun. 

PQllo,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  heat.  sub,-^  prep.  w.  ace.  and  abl.,  under; 

re-moveo,   -ere,  -movi,  -motus,  sub   occasum,   towards   the  set- 
remove,  ting. 

254.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Hostes  a^  siiiistro  cornii  pulsi  erant.  2.  Sub  occa- 
sum solis  destiteruiit.  3.  Nam  equitatni  Diimnorix  praeerat. 
4.  Maiius  a  Belgis  cogebantnr.  5.  Oppidom  et  nattira  loci 
et  manu  muoitum  erat.  6.  Galli  magiias  peditatus  eqnita- 
tusque  copias  cogunt.  7.  Ariovistus  in  consulatu  meo  rex 
atque  amicus  a  seuatu  appellatus  est. 

II.  1.  The  horses  of  all  have  been  removed  from  sight. 
2.  Caesar  began  the  battle  on^  the  right  wing.  3.  All  the 
fruits  had  been  lost.  4.  The  cavalry  sustains  the  attack 
of  the  enemy.  5.  Almost  (paene)  in  sight  of  our  arm}^ 
the  children  of  the  Aeduans  were  carried  off  into  slavery. 
6.  Crassus  is  in  command  of  all  the  cavaliy,  7.  The 
Aeduans  had  lost  all  their  senate  [and]  all  their  cavalry. 

255.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Tertia  ex*  parte  lacil  Lemainio  et  flumine  Rhodano  Hel- 
vetii  continentm\  2.  Dumnorix  magnum  numerum  equitatus  suo 
suiiiptu  semper  alit.  3.  Maniis  coguntur,  exercitus  in  unmn  locuin 
conducitur.  4.  Caesar  ab  decimae  legionis  cohortatione  ad  dex- 
trmn  cornu  venit.  5.  Helvetii  tamen  non  pares  sunt  iiostro 
exercitui.  6.  Solis  occasu  suas  copias  in  castra  reduxit.  7.  Paene 
mio  tempore  et  ad  silvas  et  in  flumine  et  jam  in  manibus  nostrls 
hostes  visi  sunt. 

II.  1.  The  enemy  could^  not  withstand  the  onsets  of  our  men. 

2.  The  twelfth    legion  had  taken  position  on"^   the  right   wing. 

3.  Caesar  opened  the  engagement  on^  the  right  wing.      4.  Thence 
he  leads  his  army  into  the  country^  of  the  Allobroges.     5.  Towards 

i^smiset^  they  ceased.  6.  The  forces  (bands)  of  the  enemy  were 
kept  apart.  7.  Gradually  those  (ei,  nom.  pi.)  who  (qui,  nom.  pi.) 
were  in  command  of  the  cavalry  were  disquieted. 


ADJECTIVES:    REGULAR   COMPARISON.  69 

»  See  also,  for  vocabularj-,  353.  "  were  not  able  (non  poterant)   to 

«  8ee  also  199.  withstand. 

3  A.  &  G.  152,  c  ;  H.  435,  note  1,  ^  i^;  why  not  Sasin  the  next  sentence? 

*  Translate  on,  and  see  foot-note  4,  »  fines,  plural, 

[.esson  XXVI.  9  setting  of  the  sun. 
6  8eea64, 1.,  sent.  1. 


LESSON    XXX. 
Adjectives  :   Regular  Comparison. 

256.  EXAMPLES. 

1.    IV)sn  i\  r, :  altus  (st.  alto-),  hi(/Ji.  '!"/,. 

CoMi'AUATi\'E :    altior,  m.  &  f.,  -ius,  n.,  hujhcr,  deeper. 
Superlative  :     altissimus,  -a,  -um,  highest,  deepest. 

'2.    Positive:  fortis  (st.  forti-),  6mye. 

Comparative:    fortior,  m.  &  v.,  -ius,  x.,  braver. 
Superlative  :     fortissimus,  -a,  -um,  bravest. 

3.  Positive  :  prudens  (st.  prudent-),  sagacious. 
Comparative  :    prudentior,  m.  &  f.,  -ius,  n.,  more  sagacious. 
Superlative  :     prudentissimus,  -a,  -um,  most  sagacious. 

4.  Positive  :  felix  (st.  fcllci-),  happy. 
Comparative  :    felicior,  m.  &  f.,  -ius,  x.,  happier. 

Suim;i:i.  \  I  I  \  I  :      fclicissimus,  -a,  -um,  iKipiii,  si. 

257.  Observation  and  Infer i  !  Vote,  in  the  foregoing 
examples,  (1)  that  the  nominative  of  lia  ii>ii,parative  and  superlative 
is  formed  by  the  addition  of  -ior  (x.  -ius)  and  -issimus  (-a,  -um),^ 
respectively,  to  the  stem  of  the  positive ;  and  (2)  that  in  vowel-stems 
the  final  vowel  of  the  stem  disappears  before  these  endings.     Frame 

I  rule  for  the  Comparison  of  Adjectives. 


258.   References  for  Verification:   A.  &  G.  80;   11.  102; 


(,.  sf; 


259.   Lcarii  tlie  (Iccleiisioii  of  tlic  (  <.ni|);niiLivc  nielior 
(tristior  or  altior)  :  A.  &  G.  86  ;   II.  1  :>  1  ;  G.  87. 


70  adjectives:   regular  comparison. 

260.  Compare  :  (like  altus)  latus,  hroad^  long-us,  long ; 
(like  fortis)  levis,  lights  gravis,  heavy  ;  (like  prudens) 
poteiis,  poiverful^   sapiens,    wise;    (like    felix)    velox, 

swift^  ferax,  fertile ;  also  decline  their  Comparatives. 

261.  Decline  together,  with  meanings :  mons  altior, 
higher  mountain  ;  gravior  f ortuna,  harder  lot ;  longius 
iter,  longer  road. 

262.  VOCABUI.ARY.2 

aetas,  -atis,  f.,  age.  regnum,    -i,    n.,    kingdom ;    sover^ 
circum-duco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -due-  eignty. 

tus,  lead  around.  re-sisto,  -ere,  -stiti,  resist. 

civitas,  -atis,  f.,  community,  state,  salus,  -utis,  f.,  safety. 

com-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  semper,  adv.,  alicays. 

commit,  intrust.  Sequani,  -orum,  m,,  the  Sequan^ 
filia,^  -ae,  r.,  daughter.  or  Sequanians. 

gravis,  -e,  adj.,  heavy ;  severe,  hard,  vulgo,  adv.,  commonly. 
nobilis,  -e,  adj.,  high-horn,  noble. 

263.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  De  obsidibus  gravius"*  supplicium  stimet.  2.  Op- 
pidum  ex^  omnibus  partibus  altissimas^  rupes  habebat. 
3.  Omnium  fortissimi  sunt  Belgae.  4.  Filiam  homini 
nobilissimo  conlocat.  5.  Resiste,  miles  fortissime.  6.  Om- 
nes  gravioris  aetatis^  convenerant.  7.  Peditum  fortissimo- 
rum  salutem  equitatui  non  committam.  8.  In  Gallia  a 
potentioribus  vulgo  regna^  occupabantur.  9.  Cohortes 
longiore  itinere^  circumductae  erant. 

II.  1.  The  swiftest  foot-soldiers  are  not  always  the 
bravest.  2.  The  Helvetians  were  hemmed  in  b}'  a  broader 
and  deeper  river.  3.  They  send  the  noblest  men  in^  the 
state.  4.  The  punishment  of  the  Sequani  is  too  severe."* 
5.  The  lands  of  the  Suessiones  were  very  extensive'*  and 
(very)  fertile.  6.  On^  one  side  the  Helvetians  are  hemmed 
in  by  the  river  Rhine  [which  is]  exceedingl}'  broad  and  (ex- 
ceedingly) deep. 


ADJECTIVES  :    REGULAR   COMPARISON.  71 

264.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Carinae  plaiiiores  sunt  quaiiii^  nostrarum  navium. 
2.  Ubi  de  Caesaris  adventu  Helvetii  certiores"  fact!  sunt,^=2 
legatos  mittunt  nobilissinios  civitatis.^^  3.  Est  gravior  fortuiia 
Sequauorum  quam^*  reliquorum.  4.  Suessiones  latissinios  fera- 
cissimosque  agros  possident.  5.  Locus  ex  omni  Gallia  opportu- 
iiissiiiius  ac  fructuosissimus  judicatus  est. 

II.  1.  Ariovistus  will  inflict  the  severest  punishment  on '^  all 
the  hostages.  2.  The  Romans  will  be  more  faint-hearted  (of 
feebler  courage  '*).  3.  Xor  according  to  Swabian  notions  (accord- 
ing to  the  customs "  of  the  Suebi)  is  anything  '*  esteemed  baser 
or  more  spiritless.  4.  Among  the  Helvetians  Orgetorix  was  by- 
far  the  most-exalted-iu-rank.^^  5.  The  ^Morini  were-maktng-for 
the  denser  woods.  6.  Dumnorix,  for-the-sake  ^^  of  [extending 
his]  political  power,  gave  his  mother  [in  marriage]  to  a  man  of- 
verj'-high-rank  '^  and  of-very-great-influence.'-^^ 


1  Superlativee,   therefore,   are  adjec-  »  A.  &  G.  258, //;  H.420, 1,  ,3) ;  G.  387- 

tives  of  the  first  and  second  declensions,  °  "  in  the  state  "  =  of  the  Atate. 

and  arc  declined  like  bonuft.  J**  so.  carinae. 

-  For  vociibularj',  see  also  236,  360,  "  PrediciJte  atljective   with   tlie    pas- 

261.  eive  verb  fact!  sunt  and  limiting  Hel- 

3  For  irregularity  in  the  declension  of  vetiT. 

the  plural,  see  A.  &  G.  3C,  e;  H.  49,  4;  '-fact!  sunt,  perf.  paws,  of  fncid, 

G.  27,  3.  make  ;    certiures   facti  sunt,    (were 

*  The  I^tin  comparative  and  superla-  made   more   certain,   and    so)   wen',  in- 

tivc  admit    of   other  transLitions    than  formed. 

those  given  In  256.    Thus,  g^^vior  may  »»  See  263,  II.,  sent.  3. 

mean  severer,  rather  severe  (i.e.,  severer  "  sc.  f  ortGna. 

than    usual),    too    severe   {i.e.,    severer  i"  See  263, 1.,  sent.  1. 

than    U    fitting) ;     grravissimus    may  ""•  of  feeler    courtige,   TnflrmlSre 

mean  severest  or  very  {exceedingly)  se-  aniniO:  A.  &  G.  251;  H.  419,  II.;  G. 

rere.  402. 

'  Sec  foot-note  4,  I^won  XXVI.  "  Express  "  according  to  "  by  putting 

'^  All  [who  were]  of  advanced  age,  the  word  for  "  cuHtoiim  "  in  the  ablative  : 

i.e.,  all  the  elders.      For  the  genitive  A.&G.  253:  H.  416;  G.  :fi»8. 

aetStiH,  see  A.  &  G.  215;     II.  396,  V.  '»  qulcqil»m,noMiinaliveneuterBlng- 

n.  1 ;  G,  :j«U.  ular. 

»  Translate    by   the  singular,   sorn--  "•  Suin-rlatlve  <>f  nm>III>«. 

eiffnty  or  rtryal  power;    the   plural   is  ^causll;  causil  follows  the  goniUTO 

used  in  the  Latin  l>ecause  repeated   in-  that  limits  it. 

stances  are  referred  to.  *'  Superlative  of  potSns. 


72  SUBSTANTIVES  :     FIFTH   DECLENSION. 

LESSON    XXXI. 
Substantives  :   Fifth  Declension. 

265.  Learn  the  declension  of  res,  F.,  thing  ;  dies,  M.,^ 
day ;  fides,  F.,  faitJi ;  spes,  F.,  hope ;  acies,  F.,  edge^ 
line  of  battle,  line:  A.  &  G.  72,  74,  d',  H.  120,  122,  1, 
2  ;    G.  69,  Rem.  1. 

266.  Explain  the  formation,  from  the  stem,  of  the 
nominatives  in  265:  A.  &  G.  note  preceding  72;  H. 
120,  i ;  G.  69. 

267.  Note  the  gender  of  the  substantives  in  265,  and 
frame  a  general  Rule  for  the  Gender  of  substantives  of 
the  fifth  declension.  For  verification,  see  A.  &  G.  73 ; 
H.  123  ;  G.  70. 

268.  Decline  together,  with  meanings  :  in  sing.,  res 
militaris,  the  military  art;  in  pL,  multae  res,  many 
things;  in  sing.,  dies  septimus,  the  seventh  day;  in  pi., 
pauci  dies,  a  few  days ;  in  sing.,  magna  fides,  great 
confidence  ;  in  sing,  and  in  nom.  and  ace.  pi.  spes  aspe- 
rior,  a  more  discouraging  prospect ;  in  sing.,  acies  tri- 
plex, triple  line  of  battle. 

269.  TOCABUI.ARY.2 

ac-cido,  -ere,  -cidi,  happen,  occur,  juventus,  -litis,  f.,  youth. 

con-stituo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  sfa-  inedius, -a, -um,  adj.,  midd/p,  mid- 

tion,  post.  nle  ]>arf.  of.^ 

di-mitto,    -ere,    -misi,    -missus,  occasio, -oiiis,  F.,occas/o/j,  cAance. 

dismiss  ;  Jose.  *posterus,*  -a,  -um,  nd}., following. 

dolus,  -i,  M.,  treacheri/.  premo,    -ere,     pressi,     pressus, 

fruinentariiis,  -a,  -um,  pertainiiKj  press  hard,  distress. 

to  grain ;  res  frumentaria,  pro-  quaero,    -ere,   -sivi    or  -ii,    -itus, 

visions.  seek;  inquire. 


SUBSTANTIVES  :    FIFTH   DECLENSION.  T3 

secundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  second.  tra-rto,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditiis,  sKnrn- 

servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  keep ;   fi-  der ;  impart. 

dem     servare,    to    keep    one's  trij»inta,in(lecl.  num.  adj.,  thirty. 

jrord.  usus,  -us,  m.,  experience. 

270.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Die  septimo  perveilit.  2.  Hostes  sine  fide  tempiis 
atque  occasionem  dolT  quaerunt.  3.  Dierum  tiiginta  babe- 
bant  fi-umentum.  4.  In  una^  virtute  omnem  spem  salutis 
ponunt.  0.  Multade  rerum  uatura  juventuti  tradunt.  G.  In 
coUe  medio"*  triplicem  aciem  instruxit.  7.  Omnem  rei  fiu- 
mentariae  spem  dimiseraut.  8.  Reliquas  legioues  pro  cas- 
tris  in  acie  constituit. 

II.  1.  The  army*  of  the  enenij^  had  been  beaten  on  the 
left  wing.  2.  A  very  opportune  incident'^  occurred.  3.  On 
the  following  day  he  inquired  about  the  remaining  matters/ 
i.  Caesar  will  keep  his  word  as-to^  the  number  of  days. 
.'.  The  remaining  legions  take  position  in  line  of  battle  on 
the  middle  of  the  hill.       G.  The  soldiers  of  the  second  line 

♦were  distressed  for  provisions.'-*       7.  The  tribunes   had  no 
great  experience  in  military  affairs. ^^ 


^  dies  is  Bometimt'rt  feminine  in  the  ein-  »  nloiie. 

gular.  "  exercitu»  =  army  (generic  term); 

*  See  al«o  265,  268.  agmen  =  «rm;/  (on  the  march) ;  acirn 

•  tnedius  in  agreement  with  a  Bub-  =  army   (drawn   up   in    battle    array). 
stantivc  usually  denotes  the  middle  of;  Which  is  to  be  preferred  here? 

thus,  in  colle  medio,  on  the  midftle  of  '  res. 

the  hill :   see  A.  &  O.  193;  II.  440,  notes  »  dS. 

I  and  2;  G.  2S7,  Rem.  »  Vac  the  ablative. 

«  The  asterisk  (*)   indicates  that  the  ">  rSs  in  the  singular, 

form  to  which  it  is  attached  is  not  in  use. 


74  PECULIARITIES    OF   COMPARISON^. 

LESSON    XXXIL 
Adjectives:   Peculiarities  of  Comparison. 

Note  ;  As  the  four  conjugations  in  verbs,  and  the  several  declensions  in  substan- 
tives and  adjectives,  have  now  been  treated,  the  special  vocabularies  hitherto  printed 
in  connection  with  the  exercises  will  be  discontinued.  The  pupil  will  henceforth  be 
obliged  to  depend  wholly,  therefore,  on  the  general  vocabularies  at  the  end  of  the 
book.  In  consulting  the  Latin-English  vocabulary  for  the  meaning  of  a  word  whose 
formation  or  composition  is  given,  he  should  study  carefully  what  is  printed  in 
brackets,  so  as  to  be  able  to  trace  the  meaning  of  the  complete  word  from  the  mean- 
ing of  the  parts  which  enter  into  its  formation.  Right  habits  formed  at  this  stage 
will  greatly  facilitate  the  acquisition  of  power  to  translate  at  sight. 

At  this  point  also,  or  a  little  later  at  the  discretion  of  the  teacher,  the  pupil  may 
with  profit  begin  to  take  occasional  short  lessons  on  the  formation  of  w  ords  (see  les- 
sons beginning  p.  209),  and  to  translate  and  commit  to  memory  passages  from  the 
anecdotes  introduced  at  p.  224.  The  lessons  on  formation  and  the  anecdotes  should 
be  completed  before  the  continuous  extracts  from  Caesar  (p.  234)  are  begun. 

271.  Compare,  with  meanings :  acer,  sharp ;  celer, 
swift ;  miser,  wretched ;  pulclier,  beautiful :  A.  &  G. 
89,  a;  H.  163,  1;  G.  88,  1. 

272.  Compare,  with  meanings :  facilis,  easy ;  difflci- 
lis,  difficult ;  similis,  lihe  ;  liumilis,  low :  A.  &  G.  89, 
6;  H.  163,  2;   G.  88,  2. 

273.  Compare,  with  meanings :  bonus,  good ;  malus, 
had  ;  magnus,  great ;  parvus,  small ;  multus,  much  : 
A.  &  G.  90 ;   H.  165 ;  G.  89. 

274.  Compare,  with  meanings ;  citerior,  hither^  on 
this  side  ;  interior,  inner ;  prior,  former ;  propior, 
nearer  ;  ulterior, /ar^Aer ;  A.  &  G.  91 ;  H.  166;  G.  89, 
Rem.  2. 

275.  Compare,  with  meanings  :  exterus,  on  the  out- 
side ;  inferus,  helow ;  *  posterus,  coming  after ;  supe- 
rus,  above :    A.  &  G.  91,  a ;    H.  163,  3 ;    G.  89,  Rem.  1. 


PECULIARITIES   OF   COMPARISON.  76 

276.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Pulcherrimam  totiiis^  Galliae  nrbcm  suis  manibus 
siiccendunt.  2.  Inter  uovissiinuin-  hostium  agmen  et  nos- 
trum primiim,  longum  spatiuni  intererat.  3.  Cum  proximis 
civitatil)us  pacem  et  amicitiam  coufirraant.  4.  Tamen  humil- 
limus  homo  de  plebe  ope^  dignus  est.  5.  Majorl  tamen 
parti  placuit  castra  defendere.  6.  In  Galliam  ulteriorem 
contendit.  7.  Majores  natu*  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mTserunt. 
8.  Quam^  maximis  potest*^  itineribus  contendit.  9.  Sed 
Sequanis  pejus  aecidit.  10.  TraductI  sunt  plures.^  11.  Sum- 
mae  virtutis  difficillima  est  via. 

II.  1.  Geneva^  is  the  last^  town  of  the  Allobroges  and 
nearest  to  the  territories  of  the  Helvetians.  2.  [There] 
was  but®  one  legion  in  farther  Gaul.  3.  At  night-falP*' 
they  will  hasten  to  the  Rhine.  4.  The}'  had  the  greatest 
abundance  of  ships.  5.  He  had  stationed  the  legions  on 
the  summit-of"  the  ridge.  6.  The  bravest  soldiers  had  been 
posted'-  in  the  upper  line.  7.  They  collect  as  man}'  ships 
as  they  possibly  can."  8.  The  lot  of  the  Sequani  was  most 
pitiable. 

277.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Caesar  Procillo^*  suniinam  oniniuiu  rerum  fidem  habebat. 
2.  Belgae  ab  extrtjmis  Galliae  finibus  oriuntiir,^^  pertinent  ad  in- 
feriorem  partem  fluniinis  Rheni.  3.  Proximo  die  Caesar  e  castrls 
copias  suas  eduxit.  4.  Multo^*^  major  alacritas  studiumque  mujua 
exercitul  injectum  est."  5.  Dei  Mercurii  sunt  plurima  shmilacra. 
6.  Plura'  Gallorum  scuta  uno  ictu  pilorurn  traiisfixa  et  conligata 
sunt.  7.  Nostri  majores*^  exemplum  posteris^^  prodiderunt  pul- 
cherrimuni.'^'  8.  CoUis  infimus"  apertus  erat,  ab  superiore  parte 
silvestris. 

II.  1.  The  Sequanian  land  is  the  best  in «»  alP  Gaul.  2.  He 
hastens  by  forced  niarches'®  into  farther  Gaul  atid  arrives  at  (ad) 
Geneva.  3.  Caesar  treats  with  Ariovistus  on  matters  pf-the-high- 
estrimportance.**       4.  At  night-falP"  they  hastened  to  the  Rhine 


76 


NUMEEALS  :    CAEDINALS. 


and  the  marches 2°  of  the  Germans.  5.  He  stationed  all  the  auxili- 
aries in  front  of  the  smaller  camp  in  sight  of  the  enemy,  G.  In- 
that-place  was  the  shortest  route  into  farther  Gaul.  7.  The  river 
Axona  is  in  the  remotest  [part  of  the]  ^3  territories  of  the  Remi. 
8.  The  lot  of  the  Sequani  is  more  pitiable  and  grievous  than  [that] 
of  the  rest. 


1  Genitive  feminineof  totus,-a,  -urn, 
all,  whole ^  see  A.  &  G.  83;  H.  151,  1; 
G.35. 

2  novissimum  ag;iuen,  the  rear  ; 
for  comparison,  see  A.  &  G.  91,  c,  2;  H. 
167,2;  G.  89,  3. 

3  Ablative  with  dignus :  A.  &  G. 
245,  a  (first  line) ;  H.  421,  III. ;  G.  373, 
Rem.  3. 

*  majores  natu,  [those  who  are] 
greater  by  birth,  i.e.,  the  elders. 

^  quaiu  strengthens  the  superlative 
maximis ;  read  A.  &  G.  93,  6;  H.  170, 
2,  (2) ;  G.  317. 

6  Pres.  indie.  3d  sing,  of  possum, 
be  able,  can  ;  translate :  by  the  greatest 
possible  marches,  by  forced  marches. 
potest  might  have  been  omitted. 

'  More  (than  one,  i.e.)  several.  For 
declension,  see  A.  &  G.  86;  H.  165,  note 
1;  G.  89. 

8  Put  the  word  for  "  last "  at  the  be- 
ginning, and  the  word  for  "  Geneva  "  at 
the  end.  "What  is  the  effect  of  this  ar- 
rangement? 

•'  Erat  omnino. 

10  "  At  night-fall  "  =  at  the  first  part 
of  the  night=  prima  nocte ;  see  A.  & 
G.  193;  H.  440,  notes  1  and  2;  G.  287, 
Rem. 


"  Superlative  of  superus  in  agree- 
ment with  substantive;  see  preceding 
references. 

12  "  had  been  posted  "  =  had  taken 
position;  use  consisto. 

13  possiint,  3d  pi.  i)re8.  indie,  of 
possum;  imitate  376,  I.,  sent.  8. 

"  Procillo  (dat.)  habebat,  reposed 
in  Procillus. 

15  begin ;  oriuntur  has  a  passive 
form,  but  an  active  meaning. 

10  greater  by  much,  i.e.,  far  greater; 
for  the  ablative,  see  A.  &  G.  250;  11.  423; 
G.  400. 

1"  injectum  est,  perf.  pass,  of  in- 
icio :  loas  infused. 

i«  Comparative  of  inagnus  used  sub- 
stantively :  ancestors. 

19  Plural  of  *posterus  used  substan- 
tively: posterity. 

20  Note  the  emphatic  position  of  pul- 
cherrimum. 

21  at  the  bottom. 

22  cf .  foot-note  9,  Lesson  XXX. 

23  Imitate  376^  I.,  sent.  8. 
2*  Superlative  of  superus. 

25  «<  marches  "  =  borders,  frontiers  ; 
use  the  plural  of  finis. 

20  Superlative  of  exterus  in  agree- 
ment with  substantive ;  cf .  foot-note  10. 


>>»Jc 


LESSON    XXXIII. 
Numerals  :   Cardinals. 


278.  Learn,  with  meanings,  the  cardinal  numerals  :  A. 
&G.  94;  H.  174;  G.  93. 


numerals:   cardinals.  77 

279.  Learn  the  decleusion  of:  uiiiis  (A.  &  G.  83,  a; 
H.  175 ;  G.  35),  duo  (A.  &  G.  94,  b ;  H.  175 ;  G.  92), 
tres  (A.  &  G.  94,  c ;  H.  175 ;  G.  92),  ducenti  (A.  &  G. 
M,d;  H.  177). 

280.  .Decline  together :  duae  legriones,  two  legions ; 
itinera  duo,  Uvo  roads  ;  tres  senatores,  three  senators  ; 
passus  ducenti,  two  hundred  paces. 

281.  Decline  together,  with  meanings:  in  the  sing., 
ununi  iter,  one  route  ;  in  the  sing.,  una  spes,  the  only 
hope ;  in  the  pi.,  uni  Suebi,  the  Suebi  alone ;  in  the 
pL,  una  castra,  one  camp.  See  A.  &  G.  94,  a ;  H.  175, 
n.  1 ;    G.  95,  Rem.  2  (second  line). 

282.  exampi.es. 

1.  EquitSs  mHIe  (Cic.  Fam.  lo,  9,  3),  a  thonmnd  horsemen. 

2.  Equitum    mille   (Caes.  B.  C.  3,  84,  4),  a  thousand  horsemen  (lit.,  a 

thousand  of  horsemen). 

3.  MIlia  passuum  tria  (i,  22,  5),  three  miles  (lit.,  three  thousands 

of  paces). 

283.  Observation  :  Note  (1)  that  mille  (Ex.  1)  is  an  inde- 
clinable adjective;  (2)  that  mille  (Ex.  2)  is  a  substantive  in  the 
singular  number  limited  by  the  genitive  equitum;*  (3)  that  milia 
(Ex.  3)  is  a  substantive  in  the  plural  number  limited  by  the  genitive 
pasBuum.^ 


284.  References  :  Read  carefully :  A.  &  G.  94,  e  with  note  (to 
the  semicolon) ;  H.  178  with  note  (to  the  semicolon)  ;  G.  308. 

285.  Decline  together :  dies  quindecim,  fifteen  days  ; 
nillia  sexaginta  tria,  sixty-three  thousand.  See  A.  &  G. 
94,  c  (second  sentence)  ;  II.  176 ;  G.  92. 

286.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Factiones  sunt  dime.  2.  MIlia  hominuiii  vTginti 
quattuor*  ad  Ariovistum  venemiit.       3.  Vieos  quadringeutos 


78  NUMERALS  :    CARDIXALS. 

incendunt.        4.    Cum  duabus  legionibus  jugum  adscendit. 

5.  Gallia  est  divisa  in  partes  tres.  6.  Caesar  scutum  ab 
novissimis  tini  militl^  detraxit.  7.  Oppida  sua  omnia, 
immero  ad*  duodecim,  vicos  ad  quadringent5s,  incendunt. 
8.  Quindecim  milia  Atrebates  poUicentur,^  Ambiani  decern 
milia,  Morini  vigiuti  quinque^  milia,  Menapii  septem  milia, 
Aduatuci  decern  et  novem^  milia. 

II.  1.  The  place  was  six  hundred  paces^  distant.  2.  There 
were  only  two  routes.  3.  The  Belgians  inhabit  one  part. 
4.  The  Nervii  were  reduced  from  six  hundred  senators  to 
three. '^         5.     Six   thousand    men   hastened   to   the    Rhine. 

6.  The  Nervii  were  reduced  from  sixt}'  thousand  men  to 
barely^  five  hundred.  7.  lie  stationed  two  legions  on  the 
topmost  ridge.  8.  The  sum  totaP  was^*^  about"*  three  hun- 
dred sixt^'-eight  thousand. 

287.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Omnium  rerum  smiwna  erat  capitum  Helvetioruin  milia 
ducenta  et  sexaginta  tria,  Tulingorum  milia  triginta  sex,  Latovico- 
rum  quattuordecim,  liauricorum  viginti  tria,  Bojormn  triginta 
duo.  2.  Ex  litteris  Caesaris  dierum^i  viginti  supplicatio  a  senatii 
decreta  est. 

II.  1.  In  twenty-five  days  they  raised  an  embankment  three 
hundred  and  thirty  feet ^  broad  [and]  eighty  feet^  high.  2.  He 
pitches  his  camp  three  miles^  from  the  camp  of  the  enemy.  3.  The 
Helvetians  with  five  hundred  horse  had  routed  a  great  force  of 
cavalry. 

lit  will  be  enough  for  the  pupil  at  <  ad  with  numerals  =  «6ow<. 

present  to  note  that  the    substantives  ^>  pollicentur,  promise,  has  a  pas- 

mnie  and  milia  are  followed  by  the  sive  form  with  active  meaning, 
genitive;  the  Jcind  of  genitive  used  after  c  xjse  the  accusative;  this  use  of  the 

these  substantives  will  be  discussed  in  accusative  will  be  discussed  in  the  next 

the  next  lesson.  lesson. 

2  W'hat  other  form  of  expression  is  ^  Express '.from  six  hundred  to  three 
possible  ?  senators. 

3  uni  militl,  from  a  soldier,  dat.  of  8  Express :  barely  to. 

Ind.  obj.  after  detraxit;    in  the  Latia  »  "sum  total "  =  SMm  o/aZZ. 

expression,  the  soldier  is  viewed  as  the  i"  was,  fuerunt.     See  A.  &  G.  204, 

person  to  whom  the  action  is  done.    See  b;  H.  462;  G.  202,  Rem.  1,  3). 
A.  85  G.  229 ;  H.  385,  2 ;  G.  344,  Rem.  2.  ii  of.  Lesson  XXX.,  foot-note  6. 


PARTITIVE   GENITTVE.  79 


LESSON    XXXIV. 

Partitive  Genitive. — Accusative  of  Duration 
OF  Time  and  Extent  of  Space. 

288.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Magna  est  corporis  pars  aperta  (4,  l,  lO),  a  great  part  of  the 

Ii<i(J>l  Is  <'.rj>(>s((L 

2.  Impedimentorum  magnum  numerum  (2, 17,  2),  a  great  quantity 

of  htiggage. 
8.    Nihil  vini  (2, 15, 4),  no  wine  (lit,,  nothing  of  wine). 

4.  Milia  hominum  viginti  quattuor  (i,  31,10),  twenty-four  Ihous- 

(iiid  men. 

5.  Omnium  fortissimi  sunt  Belgae  (i,  i,  3),  the  Belgians  are  the 

bravest  of  all. 
V).    N5bilissim5s    civitStis  (1,7,3),  the  men  of  highest  rank  in  the 
community. 

7.  Multum  aestatis  (5,  22,  4),  a  considerable  part  of  the  summer. 

8.  Satis    Sloquentiae,  sapientiae    parum  (Sail.  Cat.  5, 4),   enough 

eloquence,  [but]  not  enough  discretion. 

289.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note,  in  each  of  the 
foregoing  examples,  that  the  genitive  designates  the  whole,  and  that 
the  word  which  the  genitive  limits  df^sio nates  a.  part.  The  genitive 
thus  used  is  called  the  Partitive  ^  //  /V-.  Frame  a  rule  for  the 
I'artit'nf  riciiitive. 

290.  References  for  Verification:   A.  &G.  21(5;   II.  iiOT; 

(;.  ma. 

291.  Observation  :  What  part  of  speech  is  the  partitive  word 
in  Ex8.  1-4?  in  Exs.  5-7?  in  Ex.  8?  Read  A.  &  G.  216,  a,  1,  2,  3, 
4;  II.  307,  1,  2,  3,  4;  G.  367,  308,  369,  370,  371,  Rem.  4. 

292.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Difis  continues  quinque  Caesar  pro  castris  buJUi  c5pift8 
prSdfbdt  (1,48,  3), /or  ^Ve  days  in  succession  Caesar  led  out 
hi^  forces  [and  arrayed  them]  in  front  of  the  camp. 


80  ACCUSATIVE   OF   DURATION   OF   TIME 

2.  [Castici]  pater  regnum  in  Sequanis  multos  annos  obtinu- 

erat  (l,  3,  4),  the  father  of  Casticus  had  held  regal  power  among 
the  Sequani  for  many  years. 

3.  Repugnantes  diem  noctemque  obsident  (7,  42,  6),  they  besiege 

day  and  night  those  that  resist. 

4.  Oppidum  aberat  milia  passuum  octo  (2,  6,  i),  the  town  was 

eight  miles  distant. 

5.  Duas   fossas  qulndecim  pedes  latas  perduxit  (7,  72,  3),  he 

made  (carried)  two  trenches  fifteen  feet  ivide. 

6.  Hercyniae  silvae  latitude  novem  dierum  iter  patet  (6,  25,  i), 

the  breadth  of  the   Hercynian  forest  extends  over  nine  days' 
journey. 

293.  Observation  axd  Inference  :  Xote,  in  Exs.  1-3,  that 
dies,  annos,  diem,  and  noctem  answer  the  question  how  long? 
In  what  case  are  they?  Note,  in  Exs.  4-6,  that  milia,  pedes,  and 
iter  answer  the  question  how  far?  In  what  case  are  they?  Frame 
a  rule  for  the  Case  of  Substantives  denoting  Duration  of  Time  or 
Extent  of  Space. 

294.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  256  (last 
part),  257 ;  H.  379 ;  G.  335,  2,  336,  337. 

295.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Magistratus  Aeduorum  antiquitus^  regiam  potes- 
tatem  aDnum  obtiuere  consiierant.^  2.  A  castris  oppidum 
Reraorum  nomine  Bibrax  aberat  milia  passuum  octo. 
3.  Sueborum  gens  est  longe  maxima  et  bellicosissima  Ger- 
manorum  omnium.  4.  Milites  aggerem  latum  pedes  trecen- 
tos  tiiginta,  altum  pedes  octoginta  exstruxerunt.  5.  Paucos 
dies  ad  Vesontionem  rei  friimentaviae  causa ^  moratur.^ 

II.  1.  Night  lasts  (is)  thirty  days  together  °  at  the 
winter  season.^  2.  Nor  was  there  left  much  time  before 
(to)  sunset.  3.  The  territories  of  the  Helvetians  extended 
two  hundred  and  forty  miles  in''  length,  [and]  a  hundred 
and  eighty  iii^  breadth.       4.    He  selected  a  place  suitable 


AND   EXTENT   OF   SPACE.  81 

for  .a  camp  about  six  hundred  paces  from  the  Germans. 
5.  After  the  destruction  of  the  Cimbri,  they  had  been  for 
many  years  harassed  by  their  neighbors. 

296-  Supplementary    Exercises. 

I.  1.  Prima  legio  in  castra  venerat,  reliqnaeque  legiones 
magnum  spatium  aberant.  2.  Exploratores  hostium  omni  flu- 
mmis  parte*  erant  dispositi.  3.  Aedui  et  Arverni  de  potentatu 
inter  se^  nmltos  annos  contendunt.i'^  4.  Friimenta  tanta  nmlti- 
tudine  jumentorum  atque  hominum  consumebantur.  5.  A  lacu 
Lemanno  ad  montem  Juram  milia  passuum  decern  noveni  murum 
perducit.  G.  Ariovistus  multos  menses  castris^^  se^^  ao  paludi- 
bus"  tenuerat. 

II.  1.  He  was  distant  a  few  days' ^^  march  from  the  Germans. 
2.  The  enemy  not  only^'*  blockades  tlie  roads,  but  also^*  leaves 
behind  a  strong  enough  garrison  ^^  for  the  camp.  3.  Storms  ensued^^ 
several  days  in  succession.^^  4.  The  place  was  distant  about  six- 
hundred  paces  from  the  enemy.  5.  There  was  the  greatest 
abundance  of  everything  in  the  town.  G.  For  several  years  he  has 
farmed**  the  revenues  of  the  Aedui. 


*  antTquitns,  jm  former  times.  "  As  the  ablative  of  place  where  In 
'  consuerant,  contracted  from  c5n-  this  instance  expresses  also  means  by 

fineverant:   A.  &  O.  128,  a;  H.  235;  which,   the  preposition  in   is  omitted- 

G.  l.il.l.  .  II.  42.'),  1,  1);  G.387. 

'  See  Lesson  XXX.,  foot-note  20.  "  himself,  accusative  sinirular. 

*  inorStur,  he  delays,  has  a  passive  '^  "  a  ft-w  days'  march  "  =  «  march  of 
form  with  reflexive  meaning.  a  few  days;   cf,  5887,  I.,  sent.  2  and 

'  "  thirty  days  together "  =■  thirty  foot-note. 
succesttire  days.  '*  not  only  .  .  .  hut  also,  et .  .  .  .  et. 

<*  at  the  tpinter  season,  sub  brflmft.  ''^  "  a    strong    enough    garrison  "    = 

'  in  with  accusative.  enmigh  of  f/arrison. 

»  Ablative  of  place  where  with  prep-  "  fiecutae  sunt  (passive  form  with 

osition  omitted  ;     read  A.  &  G.  258,/;  active  meaning). 
H.  42.'),  2;  O,  386.  «'  "  in  succession  "  =  successive. 

»  inter  sS,  among  themselves,  with  '»  "has  farmed  the  revenues "  =  has 

each  other.  the    revenues  firmed.      Farmed,    re- 

"»  content! lint,  have  been  contend-  dSmptus,  -a,  -urn. 
inj  :  A.  &  O.  276,  a;  U.  467,  2;  O.  221. 


82  NUMERALS  :     ORDINALS.  —  ADJECTIVES  : 


LESSON    XXXV. 

Numerals:  Ordinals.  —  Adjectives:   Genitive  in 
-ius,  Dative    in  -i. 

297.  Learn,  with  meanings,  the  first  twenty-five  ordi- 
nal numerals:  A.  &  G.  94;  H.  174;  G.  93. 

298.  Study  the  following  table  of  alternative  expres- 
sions : 

thirteenth,  tertius  decimus  or  decimus  et  tertius  (similarly 
14-17). 

eighteenth,  duodevicesimus  or  octavus  decimus  (similarly  19). 

twenty-Jirst,  vicesimus  primus  or  unus  et  vicesimus. 

twenty-second,  vicesimus  secundus  or  alter  et  vicesimus. 

twenty-third,  vfcgsimus  tertius  or  tertius  et  vicesimus  (simi- 
larly 24  and  25). 

•  299.  Decline^  together:  in  the  sing.,  legio  decima, 
the  tenth  legion;  censores  vicesimi  sexti,  the  twenty- 
sixth  censors. 

300.  Learn  the  declension  of:  alius,  other;  nulliis, 
not  any^  no;  solus,  alone;  totus,  whole;  ullus,  ajiy ; 
unus,  one  ;  alter,  other  (of  two)  ;  uter,  which  (of  two) ; 
neuter,  neither :  A.  &  G.  83  with  a  and  h  ;  H.  151,  1 ; 
G.  35  with  Rem.  (end). 

301.  Decline  together :  aliud  iter,  another  road  ;  nulla 
vox,  not  a  word  ;   uUum  periculuin,  any  danger  at  all. 

302.  Decline  together,  in  the  sing. :  provincia  tota, 
the  whole  province  ;  altera  pars,  the  other  side ;  utra 
pars,  which  part  (of  two)  ? 


GENITIVE   IN   -ius,   DATIVE   IN   -1.  83 

303.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Die  sexto  dccimo  pervenit.  2.  Aliud  iter  habent 
nullum.-  3.  Anno  uiidevicesimo^  post  consulis  mortem, 
urbs  expugnata  est.  4.  Prima  et  secunda  acies ^  hostibus* 
resistit.        5.    Dierum^'  viginti   supplicatio  acciderat   uuUI.^ 

6.  Sequani  soli  auxilium  nou  implorant.  7.  Censores 
vicesimi  sexti^  a  primis  censoribus  fuerunt.  8.  Galliae 
totius   factiones    sunt   duae.         9.    Alter    alteii^   utilis   est. 

10.  De    quarta   vigilia   summum  jugum   moutis   adscendit. 

11.  Cum  legione  duodecima  contendit.  12.  Uter  utrl  ante- 
ferendus®  est  ?       13.  Potestas  erat  neutri.^ 

II.  1 .  The  soldiers  of  the  ninth  and  tenth  legions'''  arrived. 
2.  Some  resisted  the  enemy^  in  one  quarter,  others  in  an- 
other." 3.  He  left  behind  the  fourteenth  legion.  4.  There 
he  places  the  baggage  of  the  entire  army.  5.  In  the  twenty- 
sixth  year  the  town  was  taken  by  assault.  6.  Some'-  hast- 
ened to  the  mountain,  the  others'-  to  the  baggage.  7.  He 
waited  until"  the  ninth  hour."  8.  Neither-party'^  makes'^ 
a  beginning.  9.  He  will  arrive  at  about  the  fourth  hour'* 
of  the  day.  10.  They  do  not  govern  according-to'^  the 
dictates'®  of  another.  11.  [It]  was  the  eighteenth  purifica- 
tory sacrifice.  12.  He  makes  a  requisition  on'^  the  whole 
province. 

304,  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Aliud  alii"^'  nutura  iter  ostendit.  2.  Alterius  factionis 
I'lincipatuin  teuent  Aedui,  alterius  Arvenii.  3.  Aniiuiu  jam 
tertium  et  viccsimum*  rei^nat.'-^^  4.  Prima  et  secunda  acics* 
victis  ac  summotis  resistcbat,  tertia  venientcs  sustiiiebat.  0.  Post 
sex  legioncs  totius  exercitus  impedimenta  conlocarat ;  *»  inde  duae 
legiones  totuni  agmen  claudcbant.  G.  Legiouis^''  nonae  et  docimae 
mllitcs  Atrebates  celerit^r  ex  loco  superiore  in  flumeu  coinpulerunt. 

7.  Alter  alter!  "^  inimicus  erat. 

II.  1.  He  makes  a  requisition  on  ^*  the  entire  province  [for]  the 
greatest  possible  number  of  soldiers.       2.  He  sent  Galba  with  the 


84 


ABLATIVE    ABSOLUTE. 


twelfth  legion  and  a  part  of  the  cavalry  against  ^"^  the  Veragri. 
3.  They  ask  of  one  another  ^^  the  cause  of  the  tumult.  4.  The 
first  and  second  lines*  are  under ^^  arms,  the  third  is  fortifying  the 
camp.  5.  The  Helvetians  go  in  quest  of  another  dwelling  place, 
other  habitations.  6.  Lysander  conquered  the  Athenians  when 
they  had  been  carrying  on  war  twenty-six  years.^^ 


1  Ordinals  are  of  the  first  and  second 
declensions,  and  are  declined  like  bonus. 

'  Note  the  emphatic  position. 

3  What  is  the  alternative  expression  ? 

*  Note  the  difference  hetween  the 
Latin  idiom  and  the  English ;  acies  is 
here  singular,  but  must  be  translated 
plural. 

c  A.  &  G.  227 ;  H.  385,  I. ;  G.  345. 

6  cf.  287,  I.,  sent.  2  and  foot-note. 

■?  Translate :  They  are.  useful  to  each 
other  (the  one  is  useful  to  the  other)  :  A. 
&  G.  203. 

**  is  to  he  preferred. 

»  Trans. :  Neither  had  poiver  (power 
was  to  neither).     For  the  dative,  see  A. 
&  G.  231 ;  H.  387 ;  G.  349. 
10  cf.  foot-note  4. 

"  Translate  as  if  the  entire  sentence 
were .  Others  resisted  the  enemy  in  an- 
other part.  See  A.  &  G.  203,  c  ;  H.  459, 
1;  G.  306  (illustrations). 

12  Some  ...  the  others,  alterl  .  .  . 
alteri. 


13  ad. 

1*  See  hoi*a  in  the  general  vocabu- 
lary. 

1^  Use  the  plural  of  neutei*. 

16  f aciunt,  3d  pi.  of  facio. 

"  ad. 

'^^  dictates  (pi.),  praescriptum,  -T, 
N.  (sing.). 

10  "on"  is  here  a  sign  of  the  dative 
of  indirect  object. 

20  See  references  under  foot-note  11. 

21  He  has  been  reigning  these  ttventy- 
three  years ;  cf.  Lesson  XXXIV.,  foot- 
note 10. 

22  conlocarat  =  conlocaverat ;  cf . 
Lesson  XXXIV.,  foot-note  2. 

23  cf.  foot-note  7. 

24  ill  with  accusative. 

2^5  Another  asks  from  another  ;  cf . 
foot-note  7. 

20  jji  with  ablative. 

27  Translate;  Lysander  conquered  the 
Athenians  carrying  on  war  in  the 
ttoenty-sixth  year. 


LESSON    XXXVI. 
Ablative  Absolute. 


305. 


EXAMPI.ES. 


I.    Time. 

Caesar  necessariis  rebus  imperatis,  ad  legionem  devenit 
(2,  21,  1),  Caesar,  when  he  had  issued  the  necessary 
ORDERS  (the  necessary  things  having  been  ordered),  came  to 
the  legion. 


ABLATIVE    ABSOU  Ti:.  85 


_.    Magna  multitudine   peditatus    coacta,   ad   castra   venerunt 

(4,  34,  5),  HAVING  COLLECTED  A   LARGE   FORCE   OF   INFANTRY 

(a  large  force  having  been  collected),  they  came  to  the  camp. 

3.  [Orgetorix],   M.    Messalla    et   M.    Pisone    consulibus,    civi- 

tiiti  j>ersuasit  (i,  2,  i),  Orgetorix,  in  the  consulship  of 
Marcus  Messalla  and  Marcus  Piso  (Marcus  Messalla 
and  Marcus  Piso  being  consuls),  persuaded  his  countrymen. 

4.  Coguito  Caesaris  advents,  Ariovistus  legates  mittit  (1,42,1), 

on  learning  the  arrival  of  CAESAR  (the  arrival  having 
been  learned),  Ariovistus  sent  ambassadors. 

5.  Scuto  dStracto,  processit  (2,  25,  2),  he  snatched  a  shield  and 

(a  shield  having  been  snatched,  he)  went  forward. 

II.   Cause. 

6.  GermanI   reliquS    fug5    dSspSrSta,   se   In    flumen   praecipita- 

verunt  (4,  15,  2),  the  Germans,  despairing  of  further 
flight  (farther  flight  having  been  despaired  of),  cast  them- 
selves into  the  river. 

7.  Fetentibus  RSmis,  impetrant  (2, 12,  5),  at  the  intercession 

of  the  Remi  (the  Remi  asking),  they  obtain  [their  request]. 

III.   Concession. 

8.  Faucis  dgfendentibus,  expugnare  non  potuit  (2,12,2),  though 

BUT  few  defended  (few  defending)  [i7],  he  could  not  take 

IV.   Means. 

9.  Milites,  pTlIa  missis,  hostium  phalangem  perfregcrunt  (1,25,2), 

the  soldiers,  BY  throwing  THEIR  HEAVY  JAVELINS  (javcUns 
having  been  thrown),  broke  through  the  enemy's  phalanx. 

V.   Condition. 

10.  Nihil   decet  repflgnante   natar&     <  i,  no),  nothing  is 

becoming  if  naturk  opposes  (nature  opposing). 

11.  SSquanIs  invltis,  In^  non  poterant  (1, 9,  l),  if  the  Siv'   ^m 

WITHHELD  consent  (the  Sequani  [being]  unwilling)  they 
could  not  proceed. 


86  ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE. 

306.  Observation  and  Inference  :  ]S^ote  that  the  ablative 
expressions  prmted  in  boldface  type  in  the  foregoing  examples 
might  be  omitted  without  injury  to  the  construction.  In  other 
words,  they  are  grammatically  independent.  Ablatives  which  are 
thus  grammatically  independent  of  the  remaining  parts  of  the 
sentence  are  called  Ablatives  Absolute  (i.e.,  independent  ablatives). 

Note,  further,  that  all  the  examples,  except  3  and  11,  contain  a 
substantive  in  the  ablative  absolute  with  a  participle,  whereas,  in 
Ex.  3,  both  ablatives  are  sid>stantives,  and,  in  Ex.  11,  the  second  abla- 
tive is  an  adjective  (invitis). 

Note,  again,  that  the  ablatives  absolute  express :  in  1-5,  time ; 
in  6  and  7,  cause;  in  8,  concession;  in  9,  means ;  in  10  and  11, 
condition. 

Note,  finally,  that  the  literal  construction  of  the  words  is  fre- 
quently disregarded  in  the  English  translation.  Thus,  in  Exs.  1, 
8,  10,  and  11,  the  ablative  absolute  is  translated  by  a  subordinate 
clause ;  in  Exs.  2,  4,  6,  and  9,  a  passive  participle  is  translated  by 
an  active;  in  Exs.  3,  4,  7,  and  9,  a  preposition  with  a  substantive  is 
used  in  translation ;  and  in  Ex.  5,  the  participle  is  translated  by  a 
verb  connected  with  the  main  verb  by  a  coordinate  conjunction. 

Frame  rules  embodying  the  foregoing  observations. 

307.  References    for  VeriIfication  :    A.  &  G.  255,  a;    H. 


308.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Nullo  lioste  prohibente,  legionem  iu  Allobroges  per- 
duxit.     ^  2.  Conloquium,  interposita  causa,  tollit.       3.  Non- 

yL  null!  ab  novissimis,  deserto  proelio,^  excedebant.  4.  Propter 
^  latitudinem  fossae  murique  altitudiuem,  panels  defendentibus, 
^  expugnafe  non  potuit.^  5.  Mnlieres,  passis  manlbus,  flentes 
auxilium  implorabant.  6.  Repugnante  natura,  frustra  con- 
^  tendimus.  7.  L.  Tullo  M'.  Lepido  consiilibus,  P.  Autronius 
^      et  P.  Sulla,  designati  consules,  poenas  dederant. 

II.  1.  They  had  not  given  battle  the-day-before,  although 
they  had  seized  the  higher  places.^  2.  Having  made  this^ 
address,  he  dismissed  the  council.       3.  At  the  intercession  of 


ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE.  87 

DumnoHx,  they  obtain  their  request  of  ^  the  Sequani.  4.  The 
women  and  children  on^  the  wall,  with  hands  outstretcJied 
aceoiding  to^  their  wont,  besought  peace  of*  the  Romans. 
5.  The  Caturiges  seize  the  higher  places  and^  impede  the 
army's  march.''  6.  Li  Caesar's  consulship^  Ariovistus  had 
sought  the  friendship  of  the  Roman  people.  7.  The  Helve- 
tians, if  Caesar  ivithhold  consent,^  will  endeavor  to  force  a 
passage  ^^  through  the  province. 

309.  Supplementary  Exercises- 

I.  1.  Secundiore  equitum  proelio  hostibus,  Caesar  suos  in  castra 
rediixit.  2.  Xocte  intermissa,  circiter  hominum  milia  sex  ad 
Rhenum  contenclerunt.  3.  !Male  re  gesta,  fortfina  defuit  impera- 
tori.  4.  Aequuto  omnium  periculo,  spem  fiigae  toUit.  5.  Coiu- 
mutato  consilio  atque  itinere  converse  nostros  a  novissinio  agmine 
lacessunt. 

II.  1.  Labienus  having  seized  the  mountain,  awaited  our  men. 
2.  Although  two  cohorts  were  sent  by  Caesar  as-a-reenforcement,i* 
the  enemy,  inasmuch  as  our  men  were  overcome  with  terror,  broke 
boldly  through  the  midst  [of  them],  3.  In  the  consulship  of  Cotta 
and  Torquatus,  a  great  many  objects  on  the  Capitol  were  struck  ^^ 
l)y  lightning.^^  4.  On  hearing  the  shouting,  they  all  broke  ranks  ^ 
and  hastened  to  seek  safety  in  flight.^* 


1  Imitate  .305,  Ex.  5.  «  See  305,  Ex.  11. 

*  non  potnit,  he  was  not  able.  'o  Translate :    iri7/  attempt  a  passage 

3  I'asHaKes  in  this  exercise  printed  in  through  force  (per  vim).  I'or  dcclen- 
Italica  are  to  be  translated  by  the  abla-  sion  of  vig,  Jforce,  see  A.  &  O.  61  ; 
tivc  absolute.  II.  66. 

4  hSc,  abl.  sing.  fem.  "  HubsldiS  (dat.). 

"  &,  ab.  "  peroussae   sunt  (perf.   pass,    of 

0  ex.  percutiO). 

7  cf,  foot-note  17,  lesson  XXX.  "  hy  lightning,  dS  caelO  (fromhcav- 

•  Translate :  restrain  the  army  from  en) . 

the  march  .•  A.  &  0. 243 ;  H.  413 :  G.  388.  "  Ablative  of  meanB. 


88  PERIPHKASTIC    CONJUGATIONS. 

LESSON    X-XXVII. 
Periphrastic  Conjugations  :  Active  and  Passive. 

310.  Review  the  present  active  and  perfect  passive 
participles  of   amo,  nioneo  (or  deleo),  tego  (reg-o   or 

emo),  audio ;  and  learn,  with  meanings,  the  future 
active  participle  and  the  gerundive :  A.  &  G.  pp.  77, 
79,  81,  83,  87;  H.  pp.  87,  89,  91,  93,  95,  97,  99,  101; 
G.  pp.  54,  57,  58,  61,  64,  67,  68,  71.  Learn  also  the 
future  participle  of  sum :  A.  &  G.  p.  69 ;  H.  p.  85  ; 
G.  p.  51. 

311.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note,  in  the  foregoing 
forms,  the  following  facts :  — 

1.  The  present  active  participle  is  formed  by  the  addition  of  -nt-,i 
nom.  -ns,i  to  the  present  stem,^  and  the  gerundive  by  the  addition  of 
-ndo-,^  nom.  -ndus,  to  the  same  stem. 

2.  The  future  active  participle  is  formed  by  the  addition  of  -turo-, 
nom.  -turus,  to  the  verh  stem,  as  it  appears  in  the  perfect  passive 
participle.^ 

Frame  rules  for  the  formation  of  the  Present  Active  Participle, 
the  Gerundive,  and  the  Future  Active  Participle  in  the  several 
conjugations. 

312.  Form  and  translate  the  Present  and  Future 
Active  Participles,  and  the  Gerundive,  of:  — 

a-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,^  lose,  ex-istimo,  -are,-avi,-atus,  reckon, 
cogo,  -ere,  coegi,  coactus,  com-         think. 

pel.  habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  have. 

com-moveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -inotus,  muiiio,  -ire,-ivi  or  -ii,  -itus,  fort  if i/. 

alarm.  reperio,  -ire,  repperi,  repertus, 
do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  give.  find. 


PERIPHRASTIC   CONJUGATIONS.  89 

313.  Learn,  with  meanings,  the  Indicative  forms  of 
tlie  First  (Active)  Periphrastic  Conjugation^  of  amo: 
A.  (S:  G.  129 ;  H.  233 ;  G.  149. 

314.  Learn,  with  meanings,  the  Indicative  forms  of 
the  Second  (Passive)  Periphrastic  Conjugation  ^  of  amo : 
A.  &G.  129;  H.  234;  G.  150. 

315.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Popull  Roman!  gratiam  repudiaturus  est.  2.  Aqiil- 
tania  tertia  pars  Galliae  est  existimanda.  3.  Obsides  daturi 
erant.  4.  Aeduonim  auctoritatem  apud  omnes  Belgas 
amplificaturus  erit.  o.  BeUum  gereiidum  erit.  6.  Neque 
obsides  repetituri  neque  auxilium  a  populo  Romano  irnplo- 
raturl  fuerunt.  7.  Omnia  unO  tempore  erant  agenda. 
8.  Mllites  ab  opere  sunt  revocaudi.  9.  Iter  per  pro- 
vinciam  per  vim  tentaturi  sunt. 

II.  1.  They  had  been  on-the-point-of- restoring  the  hos- 
tages. 2.  They  were  about-to-compel  the  Allobroges. 
3.  The  opportunity  must  not  be  lost.  4.  The  [soil]  of 
the  Gauls^  was  not  to-be- compared  with  that^  of  the  Ger- 
mans. 5.  The  signal  will  havo-to-bo-given  with  the 
trumpet.  6.  Neither  will  men  oC  liosiik;  disposition®  be 
likely-to-refrain  from  injury  and  mischief.  7.  lie  had 
been  on-the-point-of-obtaining  control  of  his  own  state. 
8.   The  force  of  the  epemy  will  have-to-bc-kept-asunder. 

316.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Allobrogibus  vel  persuusuri  siunus  vel  vi*  coacturi. 
2.  Omnia  iino  tempore  erant  agenda:  vexillum  proponendum,!*' 
signum  tuba  dandum,*^  ab  opere  revocandi"  mllitgs,  acigs  Instni- 
.  enda.w  3.  Aeduorum  injuries  n6n  neglecturus  erit.  4.  Occasio 
negotii  bene  gerendi'-  aniiitenda  non  est.  5.  Nos^^  neque  legates 
missuri  neque  ullam  condicioneni  pacia  accepturi"  sumus.  0.  Uter 
utri  anteferendus  est? 


90  DATIVE    OF    AGENT. 

11.  1.  The  Germans'  mode  of  life  is  not  to  be  compared  with 
[that]  of  the  Gauls.^  2.  Ariovistus  is  not^^  likely  to  reject  either  ^^ 
my  good  will  or^^  the  Roman  people's.  3.  The  authority  of 
the  Aeduans  ought  to  have  been  increased  among  all  the  Belgians. 
4.  They  were  on  the  point  of  sacrificing  an  opportunity  of  bringing 
the  matter  to  a  successful  issue.^^  5.  The  wrongs  of  the  Aeduans 
ought  not  to  be  neglected.  6.  The  enemy  will  not  be  likely,  if 
an  opportunity  is  afforded  [them],i'  to  refrain  from  mischief. 


1  Note  that  the  vowel  of  the  present  ^  Use  ager  here,  and  omit  it  at  the 
participle  is  short  before  -nt-  and  long  beginning. 

before  -ns.  «  Use  the  ablative ;   cf .  foot-note  16, 

2  The  i^resent  stem  may  be  obtained  Lesson  XXX. 

by  droi^ping  -re  of  the  present  infini-  ^  For  declension,  see  references  under 

tive  active;  see  136,  1.    Note,  however,  foot-note  10,  Lesson  XXXVL 

that  the  present  stem  of  verbs  of  the  i**  sc.  erat. 

fourth  conjugation  (as,  audio)  ends  in  ^^  sc.  erant. 

-ic-  (as,  audie-)  in  the  present    parti-  12  Opportunity  of  the  matter  to  be  well 

ciple  and  gerundive.  conducted  =:  oppor-tuniti/    of  bringing 

3  Xote  that  the  voAvel  preceding  -nd-  the  matter  to  a  successful  issue. 
is  short.                                           '  13  jpe 

4  If  the  perfect  participle  ends  in  -sus,  ^*  Fut.  act.  part,  of  accipio. 

the  future  participle  ends  in  -Gurus.  ^^'  not  .  .  .  either  ...  or  =  neither  .  .  . 

"  Note,  in  studying  Jl\c  forms  of  this  nor  =  neque  .  .  .  neque. 

conjugation,  that  the  tense  is  determined  i"  See  sentence  4  of  the  preceding  ex- 

by  the  form  of  sum  used.  ercise  with  accompanying  foot-note. 

'^  Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  17  Ablative  absolute. 


j-i^c 


LESSON    XXXVIII. 

Dative  of  Agent.  —  Descriptive  Gexitive. 
—  Desckiptive  Ablative. 

317,  EXAMPLiES. 

1.  Caesari  omnia  uno  tempore  eraut  agenda  (2,  20,  i),   Caesar 

had  to  do  everytJnng  at  once  (lit.,  all  things  were  to  Caesar 
to  be  done). 

2.  Nostris  navibus  casus  erat  extimescendus  (3, 1.3,  9),  the  risk 

was  greatly  to  he  dreaded  hy  our  ships. 


DESCRIPTR^E   GENITIVE.  91 

3.  Militibus   cum   hostibus  erat  pugnandum  (4,24,2),  the  sol- 

diers had  tojight  with  the  enemy  (lit.,  the  necessity  of  fighting 
\vas  to  the  soldiers). 

4.  Cum  luxuria  nobis  i  certandum  est  (Cic.  Cat.  2, 5,  ii),  2ve  have 

to  contend  icith  dissipation  (lit.,  the  necessity  of  contending 
is  to  us). 

318.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  with  the 
gerundive^  in  tlie  foregoing  examples,  the  person  upon  whom  the 
necessity  rests,  or  by  whom  the  work  is  to  be  done,  is  expressed  by  the 
dative  (see  Caesari,  uavibus,  militibus,  nobis).  Frame  a  rule 
for  such  Datives. 

319.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  232 ;  H.  388 ; 
G.  353. 

320.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  further,  that  (1) 
the  verbs  in  Exs.  1  and  2  are  transitive,  and  the  periphrastic  forms 
have  a  subject  expressed,  with  which  they  agree  in  person,  number, 
and  gender;  whereas  (2)  in  Exs.  3  and  4  the  verbs  are  intransitivey 
the  periphra.stic  forms  have  no  subject,  but  are  of  the  third  person 
singular,  and  the  gerundive  is  neuter.  In  the  latter  case  the  verb  is 
said  to  be  used  impersonally.  State  the  second  of  the  foregoing 
observed  facts  in  the  form  of  a  General  Rule. 

321.  References    for    Vekifica  i  I(».\  ;    A.  it  G.  146,  c;    H. 

301,   1.  J.    (1.  199,  Rem.  1. 


322. 


EXAMPLES. 


1.  VolusSnua,  vir  consilil   mSgnl  (3,5,2),   Volusenus,  a    man  of 

great  sagacity. 

2.  Faucorum  diSrum  iter  (4,  7, 2),  a  few  days'  march. 

3.  Castra    in    altitHdinem    pedum    duodecim    vSlld    miinire 

(2,  5,  r.),  to  fortify  the  camp  with  a  wall  (of)  twclce  feet  high  (in 
Ijeight). 

4.  Omnes  BritannI  capillo  sunt  promiss5  (5, 14,  2),  all  the  Britons 

have  (are  oi)  flowing  hair. 

5.  [Thvl^s]  barba  erat  prdmissft  (Ncp.  Dat.  .3,  i),  Thuys  wore  (was 

of)  a /lowing  heard. 


92  DESCRIPTIVE   ABLATIVE. 

6.    [Cato]    singular!    f uit    industria    (Nep.  Cat.  3,  i) ,    Cato  was  [a 
man]  of  unexampled  industry. 

323.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Xote,  in  Exs.  1-3,  that 
the  substantives  added  for  description  (see  coiisilii,  dierum, 
pedum)  are  in  the  genitive,  and  that  this  genitive  is  limited 
by  an  adjective  (see  magui,  paucorum,  duodecim).  A  genitive 
thus  added  to  a  substantive  for  further  description  is  called  a 
Descriptive  Genitive  or  a  Genitive  of  Quality.  Frame  a  rule  for 
the  Descriptive  Genitive. 

324.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  215 ;  H.  396, 
v.,  Note  1 ;  G.  364. 

325.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note,  in  Exs.  4-6, 
that  the  substantives  added  for  description  (see  capillo,  barba, 
industria),  are  in  the  ablative,  and  that  this  ablative  is  limited  by 
an  adjective  (see  proniisso,  promissa,  singular!).  An  ablative 
thus  added  to  a  substantive  for  further  description  is  called  a 
Descriptive  Ablative  or  an  Ablative  of  Quality.  Frame  a  rule  for 
the  Ablative  of  Quality. 

326.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  251 ;  II.  419, 
II. ;  G.  402. 

327.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  descrip- 
tive expressions  in  Exs.  2  and  3  denote  measure;  does  the 
ablative,  or  the  genitive,  appear  to  be  preferred  for  this  kind  of 
description  ? 

Note,  further,  that  the  descriptive  expressions  in  Exs.  4  and 
5  denote  physical  characteristics;  which  of  the  two  cases  appears 
to  be  preferred  for  this  kind  of  description  ? 

Compare  Ex.  1  with  Ex.  6 ;  does  there  appear  to  be  any  differ- 
ence between  the  genitive  and  ablative  in  these  examples  ? 

328.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  215,  b,  251, 
a;  H.  419,  II.,  2,  1),  2),  3) ;  G.  402,  Rem.  1. 


1  Dative  plural  of  nos,  we. 


ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES.  93 


LESSON    XXXIX. 

329.  Illustrative  Exercises  on  the  Fore- 

going Constructions. 

I.  1.  Aduatnci  Caesar!  sunt  conservandi.  2.  Tuin 
niagni  ponderis  saxa  in  muro  conlocabant.  3.  IngentI 
niagnitudine  corpornm  German!,  incredibil!  virtute  atque 
exercitatione  in  arm!s  sunt.  4.  Non  omittendura  est 
Nerviis  consilium.  5.  Fluminis  erat  altitude  circiter  pedum 
trium.  6.  Procillum,  summa  virtute  et  humanitate  adu- 
leseentem,  ad  Ariovistum  mittit.  7.  Num  homines  tantu- 
lae  staturae  tanti  oneris  turrini  movere  possunt?^  8.  Cum 
tanta  multitudine  hostium  legato  non  est  dimicandum. 

II.  1.  Sabinus  will  have  to  keep^  the  forces  of  the  enemy 
asimder.       2.  Our  horsemen  and  liglit  armed"'  foot-soldiers 

li^ht  flight  in^  anotlier  direction.  3.  A  mouni.iin 
"i  -n;iL  iieight  bounds  the  remaining  space.  4.  Tlie  com- 
mander must  exercise^  no  slight  diligence.  5.  Protected  [as 
they  were]  by  a  rampart  (of)  fifteen  miles  in  circuit,  they 
kept  themselves*  within  the  town.*  6.  Iccius  the  Reman, 
[a  man]  of  tlie  highest  rank  and  influence  among  his  [coun- 
trymen], sejit  a  messenger  to  Caesar.  7.  Neitiier  ought 
tiie  Romans  to  have  feared^  without  cause.  8.  Tlie  Romans 
move  forward  with  remarkable  speed®  engines  of  great 
Iieight. 

330.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.     1.  VoIusCmius,  tribuuus  inilituiii,  vir  et  consilii  nmq:ni  ot  vir- 

t  litis,  ad  Galbani  accurrit.     2.  Militibus  auteni,  imixjditis  manibus, 

iiiiul  et  de  nuvibuA  desilienduni  et  in  fluctibus  conHiatenduiii  et 

lun  hostibus  erat  pugnanduni.      3.  Civilis  erat  magna  inter  Bel.^as 

"ictoritate.        4.    Ab   utrckiue'  latere  collia  tiiinsversaiii  fossam 


94  NUMERALS:    DISTRIBUTIVE. 

obduxit  circiter  passuum  quadringentorum.  5.  Sequanis  vero 
omnes  cruciiitus  erant  perferendi.  6.  Uri  sunt  specie  et  colore 
et  ligura  tauri.^^ 

II.  1.  Agesilaus  was  of  small  stature  and  spare  figure.  2.  [It 
is]  not  in  vain  [that]  men  of  such  valor  venture  to  cross  a  very- 
broad  river.  3.  Caesar  will  have  to  inflict  punishment  on  the 
Veneti.  4.  The  general  should  distribute  his  army  more-widely." 
5.  The  Britons  have  all  parts  of  the  body  shaved  ^^  except  the 
head  and  the  upper  lip. 


1  are  able,  can.  8  cf .  foot-note  4,  Lesson  XXIII. 

2  cf.  317,  Ex.  1.  9  uterque,     -traqtie,     -trumque, 

3  Translate:    foot-soldiers    of  light  each  (of  two). 

armor.  lo  The  descriptive  ablative  here  takes 

*  in  with  accusative.  a  genitive  instead  of  an  adjective. 

°  sese  (ace,  pi.).  "  latins. 

G  Ablative  without    prepositioa :    cf.  ^^  Translate  :  are  of  every  part  of  the 

896, 1.,  sent.  6,  with  foot-note.  body  shaved. 

"'  cf.  Ex.  3  in  317  ;   see  also  330  (2). 


LESSON     XL. 
Numerals  :   Distributive. 

331.  Learn,  with  meanings,  the  distributive  numerals 
from  one  to  twelve:  A.  &  G.  95 ;  H.  174:  G.  95. 

332.  Decline  together :  binae  naves,  sJiips  [taken] 
tivo  and  two ;  duodena  niilia,  twelve  thousand  apiece  : 
A.  &  G.  95;   H.  179. 

333.  exampi.es. 

1.  Priiicipes  singulos  (5,  6,  4),  the  chiefs  one  at  a  time. 

2.  Singuli  singulos  delegerant  (l,  48,  5),  they  had  each  selected  one. 

3.  Eiuae  ac  teniae  naves  (3,  is,  i),  ships  in  groups  of  two  and  three. 

4.  Quaternae  cohortes  ex  quinque  legionibus  (Caes.  B.  c.  1,83,2), 

four  cohorts  from  each  of  the  Jive  legions. 


NUMERALS:    DISTRIBUTIVE.  95 

.").   Una^  castra  (Caes.  B.  C.  l,  74,4),  one  camp. 
G.   Bina^  castra  (Caes.  B.  C.  3, 19,  i),  two  camps. 
7.    Trims  ^  castris  (7,66,2),  in  three  camps. 

334.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Singulas  binae  fic  teniae  naves  eircumsteteraiit. 
2.  Imperant  Sequanls  duodena  mllia.  3.  Teruas^  cohortes 
ex  qiiattuor  legionibus  relTquit.  4.  Inter  bina^  castra 
Pompei^  atque  Caesaris  unum  flumen  intererat  Apsus.  5.  lb! 
tuiTes  cum  terms  tabulatis  erigebat.  6.  Circiter  mllia  pas- 
suum  decem  ab  Romanis,  trinis*  castris  Vercingetorix  consedit. 

II.  1.  Caesar  and  Ariovistus  brought  ten  [soldiers]  each 
to  the  conference.  2.  Soldiers  in  groups  of  five^  and  six 
>uiTounded  single  [soldiers].  3.  The  floats  he  made  fast 
l>y  means  of  four^  anchors  at*'  each  of  the  four  corners. 
1.  He  resolved  to  spend  the  winter  with  three  legions  in 
three'  camps.       5.  He  erected  towers  of  two  stories  each. 

335.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Caesar  singulis  legionibus  singulos  legates  praefecit.'^ 
•J.  Imj)erant  Morinis  qulna  niilia.  3.  Binis^  cohortibus  relictis, 
I'liquuin  exercitum  in  copiosissimos  agros  Biturigum  inducit. 
1.  Priniam  aciem  quaternae  cohortes  ex  quinque  legionibus 
tt'iicbant. 

II.  1.  A I  il-so  with  equal  courage  they  matched®  [their  ships] 
M.-  liy  oiH-  against  the  ships  of  the  enemy  [taken]  two  and  two. 
.  One  camp  seemed  now  to-have-been-formed  ^"^  out  of  two. 


»  A.   &  G.  !•'.,  //;    H.   174,  2,  3);  G.  »  Perfect  indicative  of  prHoflciff. 

,  Ueni.  2.  »  The   distribuUve    hIiows    that    two 

'  cf.  33.3,  Ex.  4.  from  each  legion  is  meant. 

3  Gcuitive  of  P«>inp?Ju8.  "  oblciebant    (pronounced  :    obji- 

*  Would  ternTs  be  admbidble  here  ?  clvbant),  imperf.  indie,  of  obicKXpro. 

Sec  foot-note  1.  nounced  :  obJlciS). 

=  cf.  3,33,  Ex.  8.  "  facta. 

«  "  at  "  =i/rom;  cf.  foot-note  4,  Les- 
son XXVI. 


96      PRONOUNS  :  PERSONAL  AND  REFLEXIVE. 

LESSON     XLI. 
Pronouns:   Personal  and  Reflexive. 

336.  Learn,  with  meanings,  the  declension  of  the 
Personal  Pronouns:    A.  &  G.  98  ;    H.  184;   G.  98,  99. 

337.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Audlte    Romanos    milites    (7,  20,  8),  listen   to   [these]   Roman 

soldiers. 

2.  Est  ut  dicis,  Cato  (Cic.  Cat.  Maj.  3,  8),  it  is  as  you  say,  Cato. 

3.  Nos,  nos  consules  desumus  (Cic.  Ca<.  1,1, 3),  ive,  we  the  con- 

suls are  remiss. 

4.  Vosnei  Domitium,  an  vos  Domitius  deseruit  (Caes.  B.  C.  2, 

32,  8),  did  yoil  desert  Domitius,  or  did  Domitius  desert  you? 

333.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Xote  that,  in  Exs.  1  and 
2,  the  personal  pronouns  vos  and  tu,  subjects  of  audite  and  dicis, 
are  not  expressed ;  whereas,  in  Exs.  3  and  4,  nos  and  vos  are  ex- 
pressed. What  appears  to  he  the  reason  of  this  difference  ?  Frame 
a  rule  for  the  Nominative  of  the  Personal  Pronoun. 

339.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  194,  a;  H. 
440;    G.  198. 

340.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Habetis  ducem  memorem  vestri  (Cic  Ca<.  4, 9, 19),  you  have  a 

leader  [who  is]  thoughtful  of  you. 

2.  Grata  mihi  vehementer  est  memoria  nostri   tua  (Cic  Fam. 

12,  17, 1),    your   remembrance  of  us    is   exceedincjly    (/ratifying 
to  me. 

3.  Designat   ad    caedem   uniim    quemque^   nostrum  (Cic  Cat. 

1, 1,  2),  he  marks  each  one  of  us  for  slaughter. 

4.  Minus  habeo  virium  quam  vestr^m  utervis^  (Cic.  Cat.  Maj. 

10,  32),  /  have  less  strength  than  either  of  you. 


pronouns:   personal  and  reflexive.         97 

341.  Obsehvatiox  AND  Inference:  Oi  the  tico  forms  oi  geni- 
tive ill  the  plural  of  the  personal  pronouns,  which  appears  from  the 
foregoing  examples  to  be  preferred  for  the  objective  genitive  ?  which 
for  the  partitive  genitive  ? 

342.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  194,  h]  H. 
440,  n.  3;  G.  90,  Rem.  1. 

343.  Learn,  with  meanings,  the  declension  of  the 
Reflexive  Pronoun;  A.  &  G.  98,  c;  H.  184  with  2; 
(i.  100. 

344.  EXAMPI^S. 

I.  Axiovistus  tantos  sibi  splritus  sumpserat  (1,33,5),  Ariovis- 

tiis  Jidd  taken  upon  hinise/f  such  airs. 
_'.    Reliqui   sesS   fugae   mandarunt*  (i,  12, 3),   the  rest  Jled  (gave 
tliems»'lves  up  to  flight). 

3.  Duo  de  principatii  inter  sg  contendebant  (5,  3,  2),  two  were 

contending  with  each  other  (between  themselves)  for  supre- 
macy, 

4.  Inter  sS  differunt  (l,  1,  2),  they  differ  from  one  another  (among 

themselves). 
.'•.    D6  m5  pauca  dicam  (Cic  Cat.  4,  10,  20),  /  will  speak  briefly  of 

myself. 
0.    Tu  tS  in  custodiam  dedisti  (Clc.  Cat.  1,  8, 19),  you  offered  to  give 

yourself  into  custody. 

345.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  (1)  that  the  fore- 
going examples  are  simple  sentences,  and  that  the  reflexive  pronoun 
refers  to  the  subject;  (2)  that  the  preposition  inter  with  the  reflex- 
ive, in  Exs.  3  and  4,  gives  the  latter  a  reciprocal  force  {each  other, 
one  another) ;  (3)  that  in  Exs.  5  and  0,  where  the  subject  of  the 
sentence  is  of  the  first  or  second  person  the  personal  pronoun  (see 
mS  and  tS)  performs  the  office  of  the  reflexive.  Frame  rules 
embodying  the  foreiroing  ol)s«'rvations. 

346.  Referen*  i.»  t«»ii  Vkkikicauon;    A.  iw  G.  190,/,  98,  a; 

I I.  448  with  note,  449 ;  G.  295,  212. 


98  PRONOUNS:     PERSONAL   AND   REFLEXIVE. 

347.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  [Patria]  tecum,  Catilina,  sic  agit  (Cic.  Cat,  1,7,  is),  your  couji- 

try,  Catiline,  thus  remonstrates  with  you. 

2.  Haec^    vobiscum    una   consul    agara    (Sail.  Cat.  20,  17),    these 

[measures]  /  shall  as  consul  carry  out  in  conjunction  with  you. 

3.  ...  secum  habebat  (3, 18,  i),  he  kept  about  his  person  (had  with 

himself). 

348.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note,  in  the  foregoing 
examples,  that  tecum,  vobiscum,  secum  are  used  in  place  of  cum 
te,  cum  vobis,  cum  se.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Position  of  cum 
used  with  the  Ablative  of  the  Personal  Pronouns. 

349.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  99,  e ;  H.  184, 
6;  G.  414,  Rem.  1. 

1  -ne  is  here  an  interrogative  parti-  (whichever  of  the  two)  and  vTs  {you 
cle  introducing  the  first  part  of  the  wish  or  you  please)  ;  the  first  part 
double  question;  the  second  part  is  in-  is  declined,  the  second  remains  un- 
troduced  by  an  :  A.  &  G.  211 ;   II.  353,  changed. 

1 ;   G.  460.  4  Contracted  from  mandaverunt ; 

2  Ace.  masc.  sing,  of  quisque,  each.  cf.  Lesson  XXXIV.,  foot-note  2. 

3  This  pronoun  is  made  up  of  uter  ^  Ace.  neut.  pi.  of  lilc,  this. 

LESSON    XLII. 

Illustrative  Exercises  on  the  Personal  and 
Reflexive  Pronouns. 

350.  exercises. 

I.  1.  Ego  vigilo  ad  salut^m,  tu  ad  perniciem  rei  publicae. 
2.  Ab  exercitu  meo  te  removed.  3.  Orgetorix  sibi  mortem 
conscivit.  4.  Habetis  ducem  meraorem  vestri/  oblitum 
sui.^  5.  Tu,  C.^  Aviene,  mihi  reique  publicae  inutilis  fuisti. 
6.  Catilina  secum  suos  educet.  7.  Obsides  inter  sese  dant. 
8.  Nullum  ego  a  vobis  praemium  virtutis  postulo.  9.  Utri- 
que^  nostrum  gratum  est.  10.  Nimium  mihi  sumam. 
11.   Equites  vobiscum  de  amore   rei  publicae  certant. 


PRONOUNS:     PERSONAL   AND   REFLEXIVE.  99 


II.  1.  Which-one^  of  us  does  not  know?  2.  Your  fellow 
citizens  all  fear  you.  3.  We  seek  the  safety,  you  (pi.)  the 
destruction  of  our  common  couutrj'.  4.  The  citizens  will 
vie  with  us  in*  patriotism  (love  of  the  commonwealth). 
.").  The  Aedui  and  Arverni  had  been  contending''  with  each 
(jther  many  years.  6.  To  you  our  common  country'  com- 
mits herself.  7.  No  one  has  [ever]  contended  with  me 
without  [effecting]  his  own  destruction.  8.  I  do  not  m3self^ 
commend  myself.  9.  It  will  be  gratifying  to  you  both.® 
10.  It  is  with  difficulty^  that  I  keep  from'*'  you  the  hands  of 
your  countrymen.  11.  Review  with  me  [the  events  of]  the 
night  before." 

351.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Vobis  supplex  manus  tendit  patria  communis,  vobis  se,  vobis 
vitam  omnium  civium  commendat.  2.  Equitum  Romanorum  ego 
^ix  abs^*^  te  jam  diu  nianus  ac  tela  contineo.^'-^  3.  Ego  meis  copiis 
ineoque  exercitu  vobis  regna  conciliabo.  4.  Belgae,  Aquitani, 
Galli  legibus  inter  se  differunt.  5.  Gallos  auxilil  causa  secum 
habebat.      6.  Cicero  ainantissimus  utriusque  nostrum  est. 

II.  1.  I,  I  the  consul,  am  remiss.  2.  Lead  out''*  with  you, 
too,  all  your  [associates].  3.  Dismiss  your  khid  solicitude  for  i* 
ine,  and  think  of  yourselves  and  your  children.  4.  The  Belgians 
unite  in  a  sworn  league  against  the  Roman  people  and  exchange  ^^ 
hostages.  5.  Your  house  and  mine^^  are  building '^  rapidly. 
0.  And-8o  they  surrendered  themselves  and  all  their  [effects]  to 
Caesar. 


'  vegtrl  l8  In  the  objective  genitive  "cf.wnt.  9  of  the  preceding  exercise. 

after  memorem ;   iiul  In  in  the  same  »  Translate  :  /  with  difficult}/  keep. 

construction  after  oblTtmn.  '"  ab»  may  be  used  for  3  before  te.  . 

»  C.  is  here  an  abbreviation  for  GBT,  "  Translate :  the  preceding  niyht. 

vocative  of  Gftja*;    see  Lesson  XXI.,  "  cf.  Lesson  XXL,  foot-note  6. 

foot-note  1.  '•■'  Sdfic'  (accent  the  final  syllable)  : 

3  each  (of  two),  both  ;  decline  like  A.  &  O.  128,  c;  H.  238,  n.  2;  O.  151,  4. 
ater,  appending  -qne  throughout.  '*  Arrange :  yout  for  me  (ers:ft  niS) 

•  Qui*  ?  kind  aoUcitude. 

»  dS.  '*  Translate :  pire  nmont/  themselves. 

«  A.  &  G.  277,  6 ;  H.  469,  2 ;  G.  22.5.  "  Translate :  the  house  of  each  of  us. 

'  ipse,  nona.  singular  masculine.  "  Present  passive. 


100  GENITIVE    WITH   ADJECTIVES. 

LESSON    XLIII. 
Genitive  with  Adjectives.  —  The  Gerund. 

352.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  [Plebes]  cupida  rerum  no  varum  bello  favebat  (Sail.  Cat.  48,  l), 

the  commons^  desirous  of  a  change  (of  new  things),  favored 
war. 

2.  [Cousidius]   rei   militaris  peritissimus  habebatur  (i,  21,  4), 

Considius  ivas  accounted  very  well  versed  in  the  military  art. 

3.  Belli  haud  ignarus  (Sail.  Jug.  28,  5),  not  unacquainted  with  war. 

4.  Habetis  ducem   memorem  vestri,  oblitum   sui   (Cic.  Cat.  4, 

9, 19),  you  have  a  leader  [who  is]  thoughtful  of  you,  forgetful  of 
himself. 

5.  Plena    erant    omnia    timoris    (Caes.  B.  c.  2, 4i,  8),  all   (lit.,  all 

things)  were  filed  with  fear. 

6.  Erant  complures  consilii  partioipes  nobiles  (Sail.  Cat.  17,  5), 

there  were  a  great  many  nobles  concerned  in  the  plot. 

7.  Flaccum  et  Pomptinum,  amantissimos  rei  publicae  viros, 

ad   me   vocavi  (Cic.  Cat.  3,  2,5),    /  summoned .  Flaccus  and 
Pojnptinus,  men  warmly  attached  to  the  commonwealth. 

8.  Corpus  [Catilinae]  patiens  mediae  [fuit]  (Sail.  Cat.  5,  3),  Cati- 

line's constitution  was  capable  of  enduring  abstinence  from  food. 

353.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note,  in  the  foregoing 
examples,  (1)  that  the  adjectives  cupida,  peritissimus,  ignarus, 
memorem,  oblitum,  plena,  partioipes,   amantissimos,  patiens, 

from  the  nature  of  their  signification,  require  an  object  of  reference 
to  complete  their  meaning ;  and  (2)  that  the  substantive  added  in 
each  instance  to  complete  the  meaning  of  the  adjective  is  in  the 
genitive  case  (see  rerum,  rli,  belli,  vestri,  sui,  timoris,  consili, 
rei  publicae,  inediae).  Also,  after  noting  carefully  the  meaning 
of  the  adjectives  that  govern  the  genitive  in  the  foregoing  ex- 
amples, frame  a  rule  stating  what  Classes  of  Adjectives  take  a 
Genitive  to  complete  their  meaning. 


THE   GEKUND.  101 


354.  Referexces  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  218,  a,  b ;  H. 
390,1.,  1,2,8,11.;  G.  373,  374. 

355.  Learn,  with  meanings,  the  gerunds  of  amo, 
inoiieo  (or  deleo),  tego   (rego   or   emo),   audio:    A. 

&  G.  pp.  77,  81,  83,  87 ;   H.  pp.  87,  91,  95,  99;   G.  pp. 
55,  59,  63,  69. 

356.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Jus   vocandi  senStum   (Liv.  3,  38,  lo),  authority  to  convene  (of 

convening)  the  senate. 

2.  HominSs  bellandi  cupidT  (l,  2,  4),  men  fond  of  fghting. 

3.  De  rgbus  pertinentibus  ad  beate  vivendum  (Cic.  0#.  i,  6, 19), 

concerning  matters  which  contribute  to  a  happy  life  (to  living 
happily). 

4.  Oratorem  aptum  ad  dicendum  (Cic  Tusc.  l,  3,  5),  an  orator  with 

aptitude  for  speaking. 

5.  M5rS3  [puerSnim]    sS  inter  ludendum   dStegunt  (Quint,  i, 

3,  11),  the   moral  traits  of  children  reveal  themselves  in  play 
(amid  playing). 

6.  Hominis  mens  dificendo  alitur  (Cic.  Off.  i,  30, 105),  the  mind  of 

man  is  strengthened  by  study  (by  studying). 

7.  ReperiSbat  in  quaerendo  Caessir  (i,  18,  lo),  Caesar  learned  on 

making  inquiry. 

357.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note,  in  Ex.  1,  that  the 
gerund  voceindi  governs  the  accusative  of  direct  object  (see  senS,- 
tnm) ;  and,  in  Ex.  3,  that  the  gerund  vivendum  is  modified  by  the 
adverb  beStS.  In  view  of  tliese  facts,  wliat  part  of  speech  does 
the  Gerund  appear  to  be? 

What  is  the  case^  and  what  tlie  construction,  in  the  foregoing 
examples,  of  the  gerunds  vocandi,  bellandT,  vivendum,  dicen- 
dom,  Iftdendum,  discendd,  quaerendS.  In  view  of  the  several 
constructions  here  illustrated,  what  part  of  speech  does  the  Gerund 
appear  to  be? 

The  Gerund,  then,  shares  the  nature  of  what  two  parts  of 
speech?     In  what  constructions  may  it  be  used?^ 


102  ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES. 

35a  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  295,  297 ^  298 
(to  the  semicolon),  300,  301;  H.  541,  542,  I.,  III.,  IV.;  G.  427, 
4293,  4333,  4323,  4343. 

1  A.  &  G.  40,  b;  H.  51,  5;  G.  29,  genitive  after  an  adjective,  as  in  Ex. 
Rem.  1.  2,  etc. 

2  The  Gerund  may  be  in  the  genitive  ^  Omit,  for  the  present,  in  reading, 
after  a  substantive,  as  in  Ex.  1;  in  the  the  reference  to  the  Gerundive. 


3;«<c 


LESSON    XLIV. 

Illustrative  Exercises  on  the  Foregoing  Con- 
structions. 

359.  exercises. 

I.  1.  Consuli^  jiis  est  vocandi  senatura.  2.  Dies  prola- 
tando  magnas  oppprtuiiitates  corrumpunt.  3.  Nori  solum 
ad  discendum  propeusi  sumus,  verum  etiam  ad  docendum. 
4.  Dumiiorix  est  cupidus  rerum  novarum.  5.  Diem  ad 
deliberandum  sumam.       6.  Milites  praedae  sunt  participes. 

7.  Non   ego   tarn    barbarus    neque   tam    imperitus   rerum. 

8.  Summa  erat  difficultas  navigandi.       9.  Proliibenda  est  Ira 
in  puniendo.       10.  Titus  equitandi  peritissimus  fuit. 

II.  1.  They  strengthen  the  conspiracy  by  not  believing 
[in  its  existence].  2.  In  the  free  towns  there  are  less 
[adequate]  resources  for  defence.-  3.  Private  citizens  have^ 
no  authority  to  convene^  the  senate.  4.  Catiline  was  covet- 
ous of  others'  [property],'  lavish  of  his  own.  5.  Epami- 
nondas  was  skilled  in  war,  brave  in  action,^  of  very  great 
courage,  devoted  to  the  truth.  6.  Epaminondas  was  a  good 
listener.''  7.  In  deliberating,  the  mind*^  is  often  drawn  into 
contradictory  opinions.  8.  The  soldiers  of  Sulla,  recalling^ 
former  victory,  ardently-desired  civil  war. 


DEMONSTRATIVES.  103 


360.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

L  1.  Ea^*^  facta  comraeinorando,  militum  animos  accendebat. 
2.  Hostium  paratus  erat  ad  dimicaiiduiu  animus.  3.  Carthago 
fuit  aeinula  imperi"  Rouiani.  4.  Spatium  pila  in  hostes  conici- 
endP-  non  dabatur.  5.  Sagittaiioruni  adventu  Remis  studium  pio- 
pugnandi  accessit.  G.  Duiniiorix  fuit  cupidus  reruni  novaruui, 
cupidus  imperii,  magnl  animi,  magnae  inter  Gallos  auctoritatis. 

II.  1.  Xo  one  was  able  to  maintain  his  position ^^  on  the  wall. 
2.  Our  consul  was  inured  to  toil,^  of  penetrating  intellect,  not 
unacquainted  with  war,  and  utterly ^^  unmoved  in  the  face  of  dan- 
gers. 3.  Caesar  acquired  ^^  glory  by  giving,  by  relieving,  [and] 
by  pardoning.      4.  The  barbarians  are  very  fond  of  cattle. 


»  cf.  Lesson  XXXV.,  foot-note  9.  «  Use  the  plural. 

*  "  for  defence  "  ■=for  defending.  »  memor  with  genitive. 

»  Translate :  no  authority  is  to  pri-  ^o  ea,  accusative  neuter  plural,  these, 

vote  citizens;  see  foot-note  1.  "  See  foot-note  1,  preceding  lesson. 

*  •'  to  convene  "  =  of  convening.  "  Pronounce :  conjiciendT. 

^  alienns,  -a,  -nin,  in  neuter  sin-  " 'frangjate:  poicer  teas  to  no  one  of 

gular,  used  substantively.  maintaining,  etc.;  see  foot-note  1. 

"  mantis  ;   cf.  229  and  230.  ^*  Sign  of  superlative 

'  Trauslate :  fond  of  listening.  ^'^  adeptus  est. 


>>Oio«^ 


LESSON     XLV. 
Demonstratives  :    iil<-,  Iste,  Ille. 
361.  Leam  the  declension  of  the  demonstratives;  liic. 


this;  iste,  that  (of  yours);  ille,  that.  A.  &  G.  p.  52 
(including  the  first  sentence  of  a)  ;  H.  186,  I.,  II.,  III.; 
G.  102,  I.,  II.,  III. 

362.  Decline  together :  liaec  legio,  this  legion ;  hoc 
responsiim,  this  answer ;  ista  mens,  that  purpose  of 
yours;  {gladiator  Iste,  thit  [  wortliless]  (jhuJiator  ; 
iUud  teiiipus,  that  time  ;  Socraticus  ^  ille,  the  famous 
disciple  of  Socrates. 


104  DEMONSTRATIVES. 


363.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Senatus  haec  intellegit :    hic  tamen  vivit  (Cic.  Cat.  i,  i,  2),  tlie 

senate  knows  these  things  (just  referred  to  by  tlie  speaker)  ; 
yet  this  man.  (in  sight  of  the  speaker,  and  perhaps  designated 
by  a  gesture)  lives. 

2.  Huic  legionl  Caesar  indulserat  praecipue   (i,  40, 15),   Caesar 

had  especially  favored  this  (just  referred  to)  legion. 

3.  Muta   istam    mentem   (Cic.  Cat.  l,  3, 6),   change  that  purpose  of 

yours. 

4.  Nemo  est  istorum  tain  misericors  (Cic  Cat.  2,  7, 16),  there  is  no 

one  of  those  men  (with  a  touch  of  contempt)  so  comjmssion- 
ate  .  .  . 

5.  At   ille   diem   noctemque   navem   teiiuit   in   ancoris    (Nep. 

Th.  8.  7),  yet  he  kept  his  vessel  at  anchor  a  day  and  a  night. 

6.  nio  tempore  (Caes.  B.  C.  l,  7,  5),  at  that  time. 

7.  Ille  mansuetiidine  clarus  f actus  ^ ;    huic  severitas  dignita- 

tem addiderat  (Sail.  Cat.  54,  2),  the  former  became  illustrious 
through  his  clemency ;    to  the  latter  austerity  gave^  dignity. 

8.  Medea  ilia  (Cic  Manil.  9,  22),  the  famous  Medea. 

364.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Are  the  demonstratives 
in  Exs.  1,  4,  5,  7  used  substantively  or  adjectivelyf  Answer  the 
same  question  for  Exs.  2,  3,  6,  8.  Does  the  demonstrative,  when 
used  adjectively,  appear  regularly  to  follow  or  to  precede  its  substan- 
tive ?  Which  of  these  demonstratives  may  appropriately  be  called 
the  demonstrative  of  the  frst  person  f  Which  the  demonstrative  of 
the  second  person  f  Which  of  the  third  f  What  other  distinctions 
or  peculiarities  in  the  use  of  these  pronouns  do  the  translations  of 
the  foregoing  examples  reveal  ? 

365.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  101,  102,  a,  b, 
c,  343,  d;  H.  450,  2,  4,  569,  L,  1 ;  G.  290,  291,  292,  2,  Rem.  1,  678, 
Rem.  2. 

366.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Si  deerit  hoc  remedium,  ad  illud''  declmandum  est. 
2.  Xenophon,  Socraticus^  ille,  scripsit  historiam.       3.  Nos 


DEMONSTRATIVES.  105 

autem,*  virT  fortes,  istiiis*'  furorem  ac  tela  vitamus.  4.  VTtam 
istam  fiigae  solitudiiilque  manda.  5.  Ille  per  me  crevit. 
6.  Illlus  facilitas,  hujus  coiistantia  laudabatur.  7.  Illo 
tempore  regiium  obtinebat.  8.  Ad  has  snspiciones  certissi- 
mae  res  acceduiit.  9.  Magna  hiiic  Jovi'  habenda  est  gratia. 
10.    Gladiator!  isti  nihil  dabo. 

n.  1.  Of  all  these,  the  Belgians  are  the  bravest.  2.  The 
beaut}'  of  the  former,*  the  virtue  of  the  latter,*  was  com- 
mended. 3.  Two  Roman  knights  relieved  you  of  tliat^ 
anxiet}'.  4.  Indeed,'^  I  suppose,  that^^  centurion  Manlius 
declared  war  in  his  own  name.^  5.  Having  given  this 
answer,^^  he  withdrew.  6.  How  long  will  that  insane  folly 
of  yours  mock  us  ?  7.  Swords  are  drawn  both  b\'  those 
and  by  our  party.  8.  He,  yonder"  Jupiter,  resisted  [them]. 
He  [preserved]  the  Capitol,  he  [preserved]  these  temples, 
he  preserved  the  whole  '*  city. 


>'V  i 


1  SScratfcuA,  -a,  -um,  belonging  to  7  gge  Juppiter  In  general   vocabu- 

Socrates  ;    hence,  used    substantively,  lary. 

disciple  of  Socrates.  8  See  363,  Ex.  7. 

*  8C,  est ;   perfect  paHsive  of  faclS.  »  See  363,  Ex.  3. 

»  Lit.,  Imd  added.  lo  Etenim  (at  the  beginning). 

*  nie   (eBp(«cial^y  the  neuter  illud)  "  Contemptuous. 
often,  as  here,  means  thefollotcing.  »  Ablative  of  manner. 

5  Conjunction,  however,  but ;  for  posi-  "  What  construction  ?  cf.  305,  Ex.  2. 

tlon.  see  :   A.  &  G.  345, 6;  H.  569,  III.;  "  "  yonder  "  =  that. 

O.  486,  Rem.  is  cunctus,  -a,  -am  ;  see  c&notus 

»  Contemptuous ;  translate  :  that  mad-  in  general  vocabulary. 
man  or  that  wretch. 


106  DEMONSTRATIVES. 


LESSON    XLVL 

Demonstkatiyes  (Determinatives)  :   Is,  Ipse, 
Idem. 

367.  Learn  the  declension  of  the  demonstratives  (de- 
terminatives) :  is,  Ae,  this^  that ;  ipse,  self ;  idem,  the 
same :   A.  &  G.  101 ;  H.  186,  IV,  V,  VI. ;  G.  101. 

368.  Decline  together:  ea  miinitio,  that  fortification  ; 
id  iter,  that  journey ;  hoc  ipsum  tempus,  this  very 
time ;  eadem  fortiina,  the  same  fortune  ;  idem  prin- 
ceps,  the  same  chief. 

369.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Id  hoc  facilius  eis  persuasit  (i,  2,  3),  lie  persuaded  them  to  it 

(persuaded  it  to  them)  more  easily  hecause-of-the-followingfact 
(hoc). 

2.  In  eo  itinere   persuadet  Castico  (i,  3,  4),  on  this  journey  he 

prevails  upon   Casticus. 

3.  Dixi  ego  idem  In  senatu  (Cic.  Cat.  l,  3,  7),  /  also  (I  the  same) 

said  in  the  senate. 

4.  Haec  eadem  centurionibus  mandabant  (7,  17,  8),  they  deliv- 

ered these  same  [assurances]  to  the  centurions. 

5.  Eodem  tempore  equites  fugam  petebant  (2,  24,  l),  at  the  same 

time  the  cavalry  took  to  flight. 

6.  Ipse  eodem  itinere  ad  eos  contendit  (i,  21,  3),  he  hastened  in 

person  to  them  (he  himself  hastened,  etc.)  hy  the  same  route. 

7.  Ipse  sibi  inimicus  est  (Cic.  Fin.  5,  lo,  28),  he  is  an  enemy  to  him- 

self (i.e.,  he  is  his  own  enemy). 

8.  Ipso  terrore  equorum   6rdin§s   perturbant  (4,  33,  i),  by  the 

mere  fright  (fright  itself)  of  the  horses,  they  throiv  the  ranks 
into  confusion. 

9.  Hoc  ipso  tempore  (6, 37,  l),  at  this  -very  time. 


DEMONSTEATIVES.  107 


370.  Observation:  Compare  id  (Ex.  1)  with  eo  (Ex.  2); 
which  is  used  substantively^  which  adjectively?  Note  that  eis 
(Ex.  1)  and  eos  (Ex.  G)  are  used  as  personal  pronouns.  Com- 
pare idem  (Ex.  3)  and  eadem  (Ex.  4)  with  eodem  (Ex.  5)  and 
eodem  (Ex.  6);  which  are  used  substantively  f  which  adjectively  f 
Note  that  idem  (Ex.  3)  is  translated  also.  Note  that  ipse  is 
translated,  in  Ex.  6,  in  person ;  in  Ex.  8,  mere ;  and  in  Ex.  9,  very. 
Note  that  ipse  (Ex.  7)  does  not,  as  the  English  translation  might 
lead  us  to  expect,  agree  with  sibi,  but  with  the  subject  of  the 
sentence. 

371.  References:  A.  &  G.  195,  e, /, /;  H.  451,3,452,1,2; 
G.  100,  296,  297,  298. 

372.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Magna^  huic  ipsi  Jovi  habenda  est  gratia.^  2.  Eo- 
dem tempore  legati  ab  AeduTs  veniebant.  3.  Initium  ejiis^ 
fugae  factum  est'^  a  Dumnorige  atque  ejus*  equitibus.  4.  Id 
ab  ipsis  per  eorum  iiuntios  com  peri.  5.  Ipse  sib!  mor- 
tem conscTvit.  6.  Atrebates  eandem  belli  fortunani 
experiuntur.^  7.  Hoc  idem  in  reliquis  fit^  civitfitibus. 
8.  Pompejus  eadem  ilia  agit.  9.  Ipsorum  lingua  Celtae, 
nostra  Galli  appcUantur.  10.  Ob  eas  causas  el  mfinltioni 
T.  Labienum  legatum  praefecit;''  ipse  in  Italiam  contendit. 
11.  Ipse  ad  eos  contendit  equitatumque  omnem  ante  se* 
mittit. 

II.  1.  From  Pontus  also*  the  famous  Medea  once  fled.'** 
2.  For"  this  reason  Caesar  hastened  into  Gaul.  3.  With 
equal  ^  speed  they  hastened  to  our  camp.  4.  Learn  these 
[facts]  from  the  very  [persons]  who''  have  escaped" 
from  the  massacre  itself.  5.  All  [men]  love  themselves. 
0.  The  Gennans  came  in-great-numbere  to  him  in"  camp. 
7.  Having  called"  together  their  chiefs,  he  tf\ke8  them 
severely  to  task.  8.  Divitiacus  the  Aeduan  again'"  re- 
sponded. 9.  He,  in  the  consulship"  of  Marcus  Messalla 
and  Marcus  Piso,  persuaded  his  countrymen.  10.  This 
district  was  called  the  Tigurine.        11.  <  )n  the  following  day 


108 


DEMONSTRATIVES. 


the^'  move  their  camp  from  that  place.      Caesar  cloes^^  the 
same. 


1  iSTote  the  emphasis  produced  by  the 
separation  of  the  adjective  from  its  sub- 
stantive. 

2  Used  adjectlvely,  this. 

3  Perfect  passive  of  facio,  malce. 
*  Used  as  a  j^ersonal  pronoun,  his. 

"  From  experior,  which  has  a  pas- 
sive form  with  active  meaning. 

"  3d  sing.  pres.  of  fio,  be  done. 

"^  3d  sing.  perf.  indie,  of  praeficiS. 

8  Couid  eum  be  substituted  for  se  ? 
See  A:  &  G.  196;  H.  449,  1) ;  G.  295. 


9  cf,  369,  Ex.  3. 
10  prof ugit,  perf.  of  profugio. 

"  cf.  373,  sent.  10. 

12  Translate :  the  same. 

13  qui,  nominative  plural  masculine. 
"  fugerunt,  perf.  of  f ugio. 

12  Note  the  difference  of  idiom  :    "  to 
him  in  camp  "  =  to  him  into  camp. 
i«  What  construction  must  be  used? 
1"  Translate  :  the  same  Divitiacus. 
18  f acit,  3(1  sing.  pres.  indie,  of  facio. 


373.      Supplementary  Exercises  on  Lessons  XLV.  and  XLVI. 

I.  1.  Ilic  testamento,  ille  proximitate  nititur.i  2.  Ipso 
terrore  equorum  et  strepitu  rotarum  ordines  pleruinque  perturbant. 
3.  Magna  2  dis^  immortalibus  habenda  est  atque  huic  ipsi  Jovi 
Statori,  antiquisshno  custodi  hujus  urbis,  gratia. ^  4.  Exclusi  eos 
quos  (whom)  tu  ad  me  miseras.  5.  Idem*  principes  civitatum  ad 
Caesarem  reverterunt.  6.  Ego  unius  usuram  horae  gladiator!  isti 
ad  vivendum  non  dabo.  7.  Id  hoc  facilius  eis  persuasit,  quod 
iindique  loci  natura  Helvetii  coiitmentur.  8.  Helvetii  fere  cotti- 
dianis  proeliis  cum  Germanis  contendunt,  cum  (when)  aut  suls^ 
finibus  eos^  prohibent  aut  ipsi  in  eorum'^  finibus  bellum  gerunt. 

II.  1.  That  which »  thei/  ^  had  accomplished  ^^  in  twenty  days, 
he  had  done  in  one  day.  2.  lie  was  the  only  one  to  be  feared  n 
out  of  all  that-crew.i2  3^  You  gave  yourself  into  custody.  4.  On 
your  arrival  those  benches  [near  you]  were  cleared. ^^  5.  The 
Suessiones  enjoy  1*  the  same  constitution  and  the  same  laws. 
6.   This  [part  of]   Gaul  is  my  province  just  as^^  that  is  yours. 


1  relies,  depends  ;  this  verb  is  passive 
In  form,  but  active  in  meaning,  and  is 
construed  with  the  ablative. 

2  cf.  373,  foot-note  1. 

3  From  deus ;  for  declension,  see  A. 
&  Gr.  40,/;  H.  51,  6;  G.  29,  5. 

*  Nom.  pi.  masc.  of  idem. 

5  See  references  under  foot-note  8, 
Lesson  XLVI.;  also  G.  294.  What 
change  of  meaning  would  result  if  eo- 
rum  were  substituted  for  suTs  ? 

6  What  would  be  the  meaning  if  se 
were  substituted  for  eos  ? 


'  What  would  suTs  mean  here? 
8  qiiod,  neuter  singular  accusative. 
^  Use  the  proper  form  of  ipse. 

10  confeceraiit,  from  conficio. 

11  Translate :  he  alone  (iinus)  was  to 
be/eared  (pass,  periphrastic). 

12  Use  the  plural  of  iste. 

13  vaciief acta  sunt,  perfect  passive 
of  vacuefacio. 

1*  utuntur ;  this  verb  has  a  passive 
form  with  active  meaning,  and  is  con- 
strued with  the  ablative. 

1''  sTciit. 


THE   GERUNDIVE   CONSTRUCTION. 


109 


LESSON    XLVII. 

The  Gerundive  Construction. - 
Supines. 


The  Two 


374. 

I'- 
J'- 


EXAMPLES. 


Jus  vocandi  senatum  (Liv.  3,  38,  lo),  r'ujlit  '\ 

of  convening  the  senate.  I 

h.  Jus  vocandi  senatus,  rigid  of  the  senate   ( 

to  be  convened.  ) 

CupiditSs    bellum    gerendi,   desire    of 

carrying  on  war. 
Cupiditas  belli    gerendi  (l,  4i,  l),  desire 

of  war  to  he  carried  on. 

Digs  prolStando  (Sail.  Cat.  43,  3),  hy  put- 
ting off  the  days. 

Di§bus  prolatandis,  by  the  days  to  be 
put  off. 

Male    gerendo   negotium,  hy   managing 

husittess  badly. 
Male  gerendo  negotio  (Cic.  Cot.  2,  lo,  21), 

by  business  to  be  managed  badly. 


authority  to 

convene 
the  senate. 


eagerness  to 
fight. 


by  postponing 

the  day 
[of  execution'\. 

through  bad 
management 
of  business. 


375.  Observatiox  and  Inference  :  Note  that,  in  the  exam- 
ples marked  a,  the  gerund  is  used  with  a  direct  object ;  whereas,  in 
the  examples  marked  b,  the  gerundive  is  used  in  agreement  with  the 
substantive  which  was  formerly  the  direct  object,  and  the  latter  has  the 
same  construction  which  the  gerund  formerly  had.  Note,  further, 
that  the  two  forms  of  exprfssion  have  the  same  meaning.  The 
examples  marked  a  illustrate  the  Gerund  Construction;  those 
marked  b  illustrate  the  Gerundive  Construction.  Frame  a  rule  for 
changing  the  Gerund  Construction  to  the  Gerundive.* 

376.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  290;  II.  544, 
1 ;  G.  428. 


110  THE  TWO   SUPINES. 

377.  Restore  the  gerund  construction  to  the  gerundive 
in  the  following  examples: 

1.  Exercitum  Ariovistum  opprimendi  causa  habet,  he  has  an 

army  for  the  purpoi^e  of  crushing  Arioinstus. 

2.  Ea    facta    commemorando,   militum    animos    accendebat, 

hy  recalling  these  exploits,  he  fired  the  hearts  of  the  soldiers. 


378   Learn  the  following  supines: 


1st  Conjugation.  3d  Conjugation. 

1.  rogatum,  to  ask.  1.  perditum,  to  ruin. 

2.  memoratu,  in  relating.  2.  dictu,  in  saying. 

2d  Conjugation.  4th  Conjugation. 

1.  visum,  to  see.  1.  auditum,  to  hear. 

2.  monitu,  in  reminding.  2.  auditu,  in  hearing. 

379.  Observation  :  It  has  been  seen  (Lesson  XLIII.)  that  the 
gerund  is  a  verbal  substantive  of  the  second  declension,  used  in  four 
cases.  The  supine  is  also  a  verbal  substantive ;  of  what  declension 
is  it,  and  in  what  cases  is  it  used  ? 

380.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Legates  mittunt  rogatum  auxilium  (i,  11,  2),  they  send  ambas- 

sadors to  ask  assistance. 

2.  Ad  senatum  venisse^  auxilium.  postulatum  {1,^1,^),  to  have 

come  to  the  senate  to  petition  for  assistance. 

3.  Incredibile  memoratu  est  (Sail.  Cat.  6,  2),  it  is  incredible  to  relate 

(in  the  relating). 

4.  Difficile  dictu  est  (Cic.  Lael.  3, 12),  it  is  difficult  to  speak  (in  the 

speaking) . 

381.  Observation  and  Inference:  K'ote,  in  the  first  two  of 
the  foregoing  examples  (1)  that  the  supines  rogatum  and  postula- 
tum are  construed  with  verbs  of  motion  (mittunt  and  venisse) ; 
and  (2)  that  they  express  purpose.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  use  of  the 
Supine  in  -um. 

382.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  302 ;  H.  546 ; 
G.  436. 


GERUND,    GERUNDIVE,   AND   SUPINES.  Ill 

383,  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note,  in  Exs.  3  and  4, 
(1)  that  the  supines  memoratti  and  dictu,  are  used  with  adjectives; 
and  (2)  that  they  answer  the  question  in  what  respect?  or  from 
what  point  of  view  ?     Frame  a  rule  for  the  use  of  Supines  in  -u. 

384.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  303;  II.  547; 
G.  437.  J 

1  The  gerundive  construction  is  gen-  *  am5,    deleo,    tefjo,    rego,    and 

erally  preferred  to  the  gerund  construe-  emo,  which  have  heretofore  served  as 

tion;   and,  in  connection  with  a  preposi-  paradigms,  have  no  supine, 
tion,  the  gerundive  construction  is  always  3  Perf.  act.  infin.  of  venio. 

to  be  talien. 


^>^c 


LESSON    XLVIII. 

Illustrative  Exercises  on  the  Gerund, 
Gerundive,  and  Supines. 

385.  exercises. 

I.  1.  GallT   legioiiis    opprimendae    consilium   ceperimt.^    f 

2.  Dies    prolatando    niagnas     opportunitates     corrumpunt.     < 

3.  Vix  lis   rebus   administrandls   terapus  dabatur.       4.  Ex     -♦• 
clvitate  profQgl  et  ad  senatum    venT   auxilium  postulatum.     "*• 
-').  Perfacile  factu'^  est  conata  perficere.*      6.  Ariovistus  cum     ^ 
-Ills  omnibus  copils  ad  occupandum  Vesontionem  contendit.     * 
7.    Proplnquas   suas   nuptum    in    alias   civitates    Dumnorix 
conlocilrat."*       8.    Nee  hoc   est  dictu    mirabile.       9.  I)e  ex- 
l)Ugnaudo  oppido  spes  hostes  fcfellit.       10.  Sum  cupidus  te      s 
audiendi?       11.  Non  modo  ad  Insignia  accommodanda,  sed 
(tiam  ad  galeas  induendas  tempus  defuit.       12.  Fronto  vir 
movendarum  lacriniarum  perltissimus  fViit. 

II.  1.  You  had  sent  two  knights  to«me  to  pay  their 
resijects.  2.  The  best  [thing]  to  do*  is  to  declare  war. 
•i.  He  was  more  earnest  to  restore'  me  than  [he  had  been] 


112  GERUND,    GERUNDIVE,    AND    SUPINES. 

to  retain  me.  4.  Caesar  gave  the  signal  for  the  battle  to 
begin.*'  5.  He  gives  his  daughter  in  marriage ^  to  Manilius. 
6.  You  have  been  able  not  merely  to  set  at  defiance  the 
laws,  but  even  to  destroy^  them.  7.  Of  this  kind  of  death 
it  is  difficult  to  speak.  8.  In  recounting  the  disaster  of  the 
communit}^,  they  said  ...  9.  They'are  seeking^  to  destroy 
themselves  and  the  commonwealth,  10.  Orgetorix  is 
selected  to  accomplish ^^  these  things. 

386.  supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Caesar  exercitum  in  Gallia  Ariovisti  opprimendi  causa 
habebat.  2.  Milites  in  qiiaerendis  suis^^  pugnandi  tempus  dlmit- 
tebant.  3.  Ea  de  re  difficile  dictu  est.  4.  Exclusi  eos  quos  ^^  tu 
ad  me  salutatmn  miseras.  5.  Ipse  in  citerioreni  Galliam  ad  con- 
ventus  agendos  profectus  est.^^  6.  Totius  fere  Galliae  legati, 
principes  civitatum,  ad  Caesarem  gratulatum^*  convenerunt. 

II.  1.  They  squander  their  wealth  in  levelling  mountains. 
2.  One  legion  had  been  sent  to  forage. ^^  3.  The  best  thing  to 
do  2  is  to  cut  off  ^^  the  Romans  from  grain  and  supplies.  4.  All 
the  morally  bad,  then,  [are]  slaves:  nor  is  this  so  wonderful  in- 
point-of-fact^"  as  in  the  form  of  statement. ^^  5.  Suddenly  the 
Gauls  formed^  the  design  of  renewing  the  war  and  crushing  the 
legion.  6.  You  live,  and  you  live  not  to  forsake,!^  but  to 
persevere  in^^  your  shameless  course. 


1  ceperunt,  formed,  perf.  indie,  of  ^^  sc.  slg^nls. 
capio.  ^-  whom. 

2  f actu,  supine  in  -u  of  f acio,  do.  ^^  Perf.  indie,  of  proficiscor,  set  out. 
^  Tres.  infiTi.  of  perhcio, accomplish.  '*  Sup.  of  gratulor,  congratulate; 
*  See  Lesson  XXXV.,  foot-note  22.  this  verb  has  a  pass,  form  with  act.  mean- 
"TrRnfi]iite:  desirous  of  restoring.  ing. 

«  Translate  :  of  the  battle  to  be  begun.  ^^  frumentatum,  sup.  of  frumen- 

^  cf.  385, 1.,  sent.  7.  tor,   which  has  a  pass,  form  with   act. 

8  "  have  been  able  to    destroy  "    =  meaning. 

have  availed  for  destroying,     cf.  385,  '"'>  proliibeo  with  abl. 

I.,  sent.  n.  ^^  re. 

8  ennt,   3d  person  plural  of  eo,  go.  '»  Translate :  in  saying. 

10  The  gerundive  of  conficio,  accom-  i»  cf.  386, 1.,  sent.  5. 
plish,  is  conficiendus,  -a,  -um. 


VERBS    IN   -io.  —  THE   RELATIVE.  113 


LESSON    XLIX. 

Verbs  in  -io  of  the  Third  Conjugation.  —  The 
Relative  Pronoun. 

387.  Learn,  with  meanings,  the  inflection  and  synopsis 
of  capio,  take^  in  the  Indicative  and  Imperative  moods, 
Active  and  Passive ;  also  the  Participles,  Gerunds,  and 
Supines:  A.  &  G.  p.  83;  H.  pp.  106-108;  G.  pp.  72,  73. 

388.  Using  capio  as  a  model,  form  the  same  parts  of: 
rapio,  snatch  ;  jacio,  throw  ;  eicio,^  expel. 

389.  Learn  the  declension  of  the  relative  pronoun  qui, 
who.ivhich,  that,  what:  A.  &  G.  103;  H.  187;  G.  103. 

390.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  iu  fines  Ambi&ndrum  pervSnit,  qui  se  sine  mora  dedide- 

runt  (2,15,2),  he  came  into  the  teri'itories  of  the  Arnbiani,  who 
surrendered  without  delay. 

2.  Gallia    est    omnis    divisa    in   partSs    trSs,    quarum    unam 

incolunt  Belgae  (l,  l,  l),  all  Gaul  is  divided  into  three  parts, 

one  of  which  the  Belgians  inhabit. 
•\.   nil,  cum  ils    quae   retinuerant  et  cSl&verant  armis,  grup- 

tidnem  fScSrunt  (2,33,2),   thei/,   with  those  amis   which   they 

hud  withheld  and  concealed,  made  a  sortie. 
1.    Longe   sunt   hiim&nissimi,   qui   Cantium   incolunt    (5, 14,  i), 

[those]  who  inhabit  Kent  are  by  far  the  most  highly  civilized. 

391.  OnsEKVATiox  AND  TxFEHENrE :  Notf,  in  Exs.  1—3,  that 
tlir;  relatives  qui,  quorum,  and  quae  refer  to  Ambi&ndrum,  partfis, 
1 1 1(1  armIs  respectively;  and  that  they  agree  with  these  substan- 
lives  in  number  and  gender.  The  substantive  to  which  a  relative 
thus  refers  is  called  the  Antecedent. 


114         EXERCISES    ON   THE    RELATIVE   PRONOUN. 

In  ^Yhat  construction  is  qui  (Ex.  1)?  quarum  (Ex.  2)?  qttae 
(Ex.  3)?  Is  the  case  of  the  Relative,  then,  determined  by  that  of 
the  Antecedent? 

Frame  a  rule  for  the  Gender,  Number,  and  Case  of  the  Relative. 

392.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  198 ;  H.  445 ; 
G.  615,  616. 

393.  Observation  :  Note  that,  in  Ex.  4,  the  antecedent  of  qui 
(ei,  those)  is  omitted. 

394.  References  :  A.  &  G.  200,  c ;  H.  445,  6  ;  G.  620,  621. 


'  eicio  (=  ex  + jacio)  is  to  be  pro-  nounced  :  abjicio),  conicio  (pro- 
nounced as  if  it  were  written  ejicio  ;  so  nounced  :  conjiciS),  etc.  For  the  prin- 
also  all  compounds  of  jaci5  witii  mono-  cipal  parts  of  eicio,  see  the  general 
syllabic  prepositions :   as,  abicio  (pro-  vocabulary. 


LESSON     L. 

Illustrative  Exercises  on  the  Relative 
Pronoun. 

395.  exercises. 

I.  1.  Id  quod  ipsi  diebus  vTginti  confecerant,  ille  uno 
die  fecit.  2.  Belgae  proximi  sunt  Germanis,  qui  trans 
Rhenum  incolunt,  quibuscum^  coutinenter  bellum  gerunt. 
3.  In  castris  Helvetiorum  tabulae  repertae  sunt,  quibus  in 
tabulis  ratio  confecta  erat.  4.  Qui-  omnibus  homiuibus 
credit,  saepe  decipitur.  5.  Legionem  cui  Galba  praeerat, 
misit.  6.  Sulla  cum  magno  equitatu  in  castra  venit,  quos^ 
ex  Latio  et  a  sociis  coegerat.  7.  Helvetii  legatos  ad  eum 
mittunt ;  cujus  legationis  Divico  piinceps  fuit.  8.  Ego''  qui 
te  coufirmo,*  ipse  me  non  possum.^ 

II.  1.  Those  will  be  visited  with  punishment^  by  whom 
arms  shall  be  taken. ^       2.  Catiline,  whom  the   consul  has 


EXERCISES   ON   THE   RELATIVE   PRONOUN.         115 

expelled,  is  fleeing.  3.  These  aro  [the  things]  which  I 
demiind.  4.  He  sends®  reenforcements  to  the  support  of ® 
our  men  who  are  in  retreat.^  5.  He  hastened  to  eoilA^ey  his 
army  across.  .  .  .  This'**  movement  made  one  side  of  his  camp 
secure.  6.  The  nature  of  the  site  which  our  men  had  selected 
for  a  camp  was  as  follows."  7.  We  often  despise  those 
with  whom  and  among  whom  we  live.  8.  Here  am  [I]  who 
did^  [the  deed]. 

396.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Convocatis  Aeduorum  principibus,  quorum  magnam 
copiam  in  castris  habebat,  in  his  Lisco,  qui  suiinno  magistratui 
j)raeerat.  graviter  eos  acciisat.  2.  Ultra  eum  locum  quo  in  loco 
Gernmui  consederant,  castra  posuit.  3.  Unus  ex  oo  numero  qui* 
ad  caedem  parati  erant,  Massivam  obtruncat.  4.  Tum  demum 
Liscus,  oratione  Caesaris  adductus,  quod  antea  tacuerat  propouit. 
5,  Navium  quod^^  fuerat  uimm  in  locum  coegeraut;  quibus^* 
amissis,  se  Caesari  dediderunt. 

IT.  1.  He  persuades  Casticus,  whose  father  had  held  sover- 
eign power  among  the  Sequaui  for  many  years.  2.  The  Helvetians 
send  ambassadors  to  Caesar  ...  Of  this"  embassy,  Divico,  who 
liad  been  the  leader  of  the  Helvetians,  was  the  head.  3.  Mean- 
while, by  means  of  that  legion  which  he  had  with  him  and  the 
x.Mi.ix  wlio  had  assembled  from  the  province,  he  extends  a  wall 
Iron  I  Lake  Geneva,  which  flows  into  the  river  Rhone,  to  mount 
Jura,  which  separates  the  tenitory  of  the  Sequani  from  [that  of] 
the  Helvetii. 

»  A.  fc  G.  104,  e;  H.  187,  2;  G.  414.  •  unbrnlttS  with  daUvc. 

Rem.  1. ;  cf.  348  and  349.  •  "  who  are  in  retreat "  =:fleeinff. 

•Account  for    the    omiBBion  of  the  >o  "This  movement"  =  fr//ir/i  ^//im//. 

antecedent.  In  I^Un  the  relative  is  often  iiued  where 

•^  liead:  A.  &  G.  199,  b;    U.  445,  5;  the  Kngliah  idiom  requlroB  a  denion«tra- 

O.  616.  .3,  I.  live. 

«  Note  that  the  verb  of  the  relative  "  "hh  folIowB  "  =  thi*. 

claiiBc  aKree)»  In  i»cr»on  with  the  antcce-  "  nAvlura  qwod  fnerat,  all  their 

dent  (exprenwd  or  unden»too<l).  ships  (lit.,  what  of  MliipH  tj»«'re  had  Uen). 

5  am  able,  can ;   bc.  cOnflrmftre.  "  Translate  :  theiie ;  cf.  foot-note  K). 

«  I'bc  the  plural.  "  See  39ft,  I.,  Bcnt.  7 ;  cf.  fool-note  la 

">  Translate :  Bhall  have  been  taken. 


116  TWO   ACCUSATIVES. 


LESSON     LI. 

Two  AccLTSATiVEs :   Same  Person  or  Thing. 
—  With  Compounds. 

397.  exampi.es. 

1.  [Castici]  patrem  senatus   amicum  appellaverat,  the  senate 

had  called  the  father  of  Casticus  friend. 

2.  [Castici]  pater  a  senatu  ajnicus  appellatus  erat  (i,  3,  4),  the 

father  of  Casticus  had  been  called  friend  hy  the  senate. 

3.  Hunc  [montem]  murus  circumdatus  arcem  efiBcit  (l,  38,  6), 

a  wall  built  round  it  makes  this  mountain  a  citadel. 

4.  Ancum  Marcium   regem   populus  creavit  (Liv.  l,  32,  i),  the 

people  chose  Ajicus  Marcius  king. 

5.  Te  sapientem  et  appellant  et  existimant  (Cic.  TmcI.  2,  6),  you 

they  both  call  and  think  loise. 

398.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note,  in  Exs.  1  and 
3-5,  that  the  verbs  are  followed  by  two  accusatives  denoting  the 
same  person  or  thing.  What  classes  of  verbs  (i.e.,  verbs  of  what 
meaning)  admit  this  double  construction  ?  Frame  a  rule  for  the 
Two  Accusatives  here  illustrated. 

399.  Keferences  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  239,  a;  H. 
373;    G.  334. 

400.  Observation  :  Note,  in  Ex.  1,  that  the  senate  did  not  call 
the  father  of  Casticus,  but  called  him  friend ;  and  that,  therefore, 
the  complete  j)redicate  is  not  appellaverat,  but  amicum  appella- 
verat. As  amicum  forms  an  essential  part  of  the  predicate,  it 
may  be  called  the  Predicate  Accusative  in  distinction  from  patrem, 
which  is  the  Direct  Object.  What  are  the  Predicate  Accusatives  in 
Exs.  3-5?     AVhat  are  the  Direct  Objects? 

401.  Observation  :  Note  that,  in  Ex.  2,  the  passive  construc- 
tion is  illustrated.      W^hat  has  the  Predicate  Accusative  of  the 


TWO   ACCUSATIVES.  117 

Active  Construction  become  in  the  Passive  ?  What  has  the  Direct 
Object  become?     Change  Exs.  3-5  into  the  Passive  Construction. 

402.  References:   H.  373,  1,  2;  G.  197  (second  paragraph). 

403.  EXAMPLES. 

1.    Hiberum  copias  traj§cit  (Liv.  21,  23,  i),  he  threw  his  forces  across 

the  Ebro. 
■J.    Duodecim  milia  equitum  Hiberum  traduxit  (Liv.  21,  23,  l), 

he  led  twelve  thousand  horse  across  the  Ebro. 
3.    Id  animum  advertit  (i,  24,  i),  he  directed  his  attention  to  this. 

404.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  the  verbs  in 
the  foregoing  examples  are  compounds,  being  made  up  of  a  simple 
verb  and  ii,  preposition.  Is  the  simple  verb  in  each  instance  transitive 
or  intransitive  ?  What  case,  then,  would  it  take  if  it  stood  alone  ? 
What  case  would  the  preposition  take  if  it  stood  alone  ?  How,  then, 
are  the  itco  accusatives  to  be  accounted  for  ?  Frame  a  rule  for  the 
Two  Accusatives  here  illustrated. 

405.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  239,  ft;  II. 
376;   G.  330,  Rem.  1. 

406.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Ariovistus  in  consulatu  meo  rex  atque  amicus  a 
scnatu  appellatus  est.  2.  Sua  cunctatione  hostes  nostros 
niTlites  alacriores  ad  pugnandum  eflecerant.  3.  Onmes  co- 
pias Rhenum  tradfixerant.  4.  Hostis  ;ipu<l  infijores  nos- 
tros is  dice) )atur  quern  nunc  peregrinum  dlciimis.  5.  Hac 
ijiitur  mente  Ilellespontum  copias  trajecit.  6.  Caesarem 
fertiorem  faciunt. 

II.  1.  Spurius  Cassius  was  made  master  of  the  horse. 
•2.  In  this  council  he  proclaimed  Cingetorix  a  public  enemy. 

;.  On  !*  veterans,  conduct  a  new  army  and  a  new  leader 
across  the  Ebro  !  4.  The  full  moon  rendered  the  tides  very 
high.  it.  Caesar,  having  been  infonned  by  Titiirius,  led  all 
his  cavalrj'  and  light  armed*  Numidians  across  the  bridge. 


Aglt«,  2d  pL  imper.  of  tigd,  lead.  •  of.  LeMOn  XXXIX.,  foot-note  8. 


118  TWO   ACCUSATIVES. 

LESSON    LIL 
Two  Accusatives  :   Person  and  Thing. 

407.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Racilius  me  sententiam  rogavit  (Cic.  Q.  Fr.  2,  i,  3),  Racilius 

asked  me  my  opinion. 

2.  Is  enim  est  primus   rogatus  sententiam   (Liv.  37,  14),  for  he 

was  asked  his  opinion  first . 

3.  Juventutem  mala  facinora  edocebat  (Sail.  Cat,  16,  i),  the  youth 

he  trained  to  (taught  thoroughly)  acts  of  lawlessness  (evil 
deeds). 

4.  Cicero    per    legatSs    cuncta    edoctus    [est]    (Sail.  Cat.  45,  i), 

Cicero    received    detailed    information    of    (was   thoroughly 
taught)  everything  through  the  envoys. 

408.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note,  in  Exs.  1  and  3, 
that  the  verbs  are  in  the  active  and  are  followed  by  two  accusa- 
tives, one  of  the  person,  the  other  of  the  thing.  '  Note  that,  in  Exs. 
2  and  4,  the  same  verbs  are  used  in  the  passive.  What  does  the 
Accusative  of  the  Person  become  in  the  passive  construction  ?  the 
Accusative  of  the  Thing?  What  classes  of  verbs  (f.e.,  verbs  of 
what  meaning)  admit  this  double  construction?^  Frame  a  rule 
for  the  constructions  here  illustrated. 

409.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  239,  c,  Rem. 
(first  two  lines)  ;  H.  374,  1 ;  G.  333,  Rem.  1. 

410.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Quaerit  ex  perfugis  causam  (7,44,2),  he  asks  the  deserters  for 

an  explanation  (an  explanation  from  the  deserters). 

2.  Muliergs  pacem  ab  Romanis  petierunt  (2,  13,  3),  the  women 

besought  the  Romans  for  peace  (asked  peace  from  the  Romans). 

3.  Ab  Lentulo  postulant  jusjurandum  (Sail.  Cat.  44,  i),  they  de- 

mand of  Lentulus  an  oath. 


ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES.  119 

411.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Do  the  foregoing  verbs 
of  asking  and  demanding  conform  to  the  rule  already  establislicd 
(407  and  408)  ?  IIow  is  the  person  expressed  with  quaero,  peto, 
and  postulo?  Frame  a  rule  for  the  construction  to  be  used  with 
these  verbs. 

412.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  239,  Rem. 
(second  paragraph)  ;  H.  374,  n.  4 ;  G.  333,  2. 

413.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Caesar  sen tentiam  a  consule  rogatus  est.  2.  Cele- 
riter  concilium  dlmittit,'  Liscum  retinet ;  qiiaerit  ex  solo  ea 
quae  in  conventu  dixerat.  3.  Ciceronem  legati  cuncta 
edocuerunt.        4.  Quod  ab  altero  postulant,  in  se  recusant. 

5.  Hos  ego  de  re  publica  sententiam  rogo.       6.   Ad  haec 
quae  interrogatus  es,  responde. 

II.  1.  Cato,  on  being  appealed  to  for^  his  opinion,  de- 
livered the  following  address.  2.  We  must  ask  Caesar 
for  peace.^  3.  Cicero,  thoroughl3-informed-of  everything 
through  the  envoys,  directed  the  praetors  ...  4.  The  Ubii 
earnestly  pressed  Caesar  for  aid.     5.  You  taught  us  this  art. 

6.  Cicero  asked  Silanus  his  opinion    first,  because   he  was 
consul  elect. 

1  The  learner  should    be  careful  to  thing ;   whereas,  of  the  two  accusatives 

distinguish  the  two  accusatives  here  con-  illustrated  in  407,  one  denotes  the  per- 

Hidf-red  from   those  ilhistratod   in   .397.  son,  the  other  the  tiling. 
In    the  examples   under   397    the   two  ^Trmn^XsLlc:  having  been  asked. 

iccusatlves  denote  the  same  person  or  '  cf.  Exs.  in  .317. 

414.  Supplementary  Exercises  on  Lessons  LI.  and  LI  I. 

1.  1.  Liscus  sumnio  niagistratui  praeerat,  queni  vergobretum 
ippellant  Aedul,  qui  creatur  annuiis.  2.  Licet  vobis  in  Ubiorum 
finibufl  considere,  qiionmi  sunt  legati  apud  me  et  a  me  auxilium 
petunt.  3.  Caesar  rogatus  sententiam  a  consuls,  haec  verba 
locutus  est.'  4.  Tres  jam  partes  copi&rum  Ilelvetii  id  flumen 
traduxerant.  6.  Sed  juventut/cm,  quam,  ut  supra  diximus, 
inlexerat,  multis  modls^  mala  facinora  §doc€bat. 


120  IKTERROGATIVE   PKONOUNS. 

II.  1.  Having  armed  the  soldiers  whom  he  thought  suitable 
for  this  enterprise,  he  cam.e  to  the  town.  2.  There-is-a-panic  ^ 
throughout  the  camp/  and  they  ask  of  one  another^  the  cause  of 
the  confusion.  3.  When®  the  Helvetians  had  been  informed^ 
of  his  arrival,  they  sent  ambassadors  to  him.  4.  In  this 
struggle,"  the  Germans  whom  Caesar  had  led  across  the  Rhine 
ignominiously  fled.  5.  Dionysius  taught  Epaminondas  music. 
6.  Under  the  tuition  of  Hannibal  ^  he  had  been  thoroughly-trained- 
in  all  the  arts  of  war. 


1  spoke;  perf.  indie,  of  loquor,  which  '^  cf;  Lesson  XXXV.,  foot-note  25. 
has  a  pass,  form  with  act.  meaning.  "  Use  ubi  with  the  perfect  indicative. 

2  cf.  Lesson  XXIII.,  foot-note  4.  ^  cf.  Lesson  XXVL,  foot-note  5. 

3  trepitlatur :    A.  &  G.  146,  c;   H.  s  Translate:    under    Hannibal    [as] 
301, 1;  G.  199,  Rem.  1.                                      master, 

*  Translate  :   in  the  entire  camp;  cf. 
Lesson  XXXIV.,  foot-note  8. 


-<K>J«<C 


LESSON    LIII. 

Interkogatiye  Pronouns.  —  Interrogative 
Particles:    -ne,  Nonne,  Num. 

415.  Learn  the  declension  of  the  interrogatives :  quis 
(subst.),  who?  quid  (subst.),  what?  and  qui  (adj.), 
which,  what?:  A.  &  G.  104;  H.  188,  I.,  II.;  G.  104  and 
Rem. 

416.  Decline  together :  qui  miles,  what  soldier  ?  quae 
urbs,  what  city  ?  quod  g-enus,  what  class  ? 

417.  exampi.es. 

1.  Quis  te  ex  hac  tanta  frequentia  salutavit?  (Cic.  Cat.  1,1,  U), 

ivho  in  (lit.,  out  of)  this  (so)  gj^eat  concourse  greeted  you  ? 

2.  Quid    tandem    te   impedit?    Mosne   majorum?   (Cic  Cat.  i, 

11,  28),   what,  pray,  hinders    you?      Is   it  the  practice  of  the 
fathers  f 


INTERROGATIVE   PARTICLES.  121 

;>.    Nonne  [vos]  projecit  ille?  (Caes.  B.  C.  2,32,  8),  did  not  he  cast 

l/ou  olf? 
1.    Num  negare  audgs?     Quid  taces?     Convincam,  si  negSs 

(Cic.  Cmt.  1,  4,  8),  do  you  dare  to  deny  it  ?     Why  are  you  silent  ? 

I  tcill  prove  if,  if  you  deny  it. 

418.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note,  in  the  foregoing 
interrogative  sentences,  that  the  question  in  each  case  is  indicated 
not  by  a  change  in  the  order  of  the  words,  but  by  the  introduction 
of  some  interrogative  word.  Note,  further,  that  the  interrogative 
word  is  a  pronoun  in  Ex.  1  (see  Quis),  and  in  the  first  question  of 
Ex.  2  (see  Quid)  ;  whereas,  in  the  second  question  of  Ex.  2  (see 
-ne  in  Mosne),  in  Ex.  3  (see  Nonne),  and  in  the  first  question  of 
Ex.  4  (see  Num),  it  is  an  interrogative  particle.  Does  the  question 
containing  the  appended  interrogative  particle  -ne  (Ex.  2)  suggest 
the  answer  yes,  the  answer  no,  or  does  it  simply  ask  for  informa- 
tion ?     What  answer  does  Nonne  (Ex.  3)  suggest?    Num  (Ex.  4)? 

419.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  210,  a,  c;  II. 
:}51,  1,  Notes  1,  2,  and  3,  also  2;  G.  456,  457,  458. 

420.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Quid  proxima,  quid  superiore  nocte  egisti?  2.  Ubi 
proxima  nocte  fuistl,  quos  convocavTstI  ?  3.  Quam  rem 
publicam  habemus?  4.  In  qua  urbe  vivimus?  5.  Nonne 
sibi  salutem  fuga  petivit?  6.  Num  dubitas  id  imperante 
me  facere  quod  jam  tua  sponte  faciebas?*  7.  Num- 
(|ii:miii('  familia  nostra  quieta  erit?  8.  Quibus*  gaudils* 
(  xsuUabis  !  9.  Cui  est  Apulia  attributa?  10.  Quo  tan- 
dem* animo'  hoc  tibi  ferendum  est?  11.  Potestne*  tibi 
haec  lux,  Catillna,  aut  hujus  caell  spiritus  esse*  jucundus? 
12.  Nonne  etiam  alio  incredibili  scelere  hoc  scelus 
cumulastl?* 

II.  1.  Wiiat  plan'  will  they  adopt?  2.  What  and 
how-great  states  are  in  arms?  3.  In*  what  direction  is 
the  enemy  marching?  4.  WIhuu  «li(l  you  Icnvi?  at  Home,' 
whom  did  you  take'"  with  you?  I  >  \\  li-in  h  is  the  Picene 


122  ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES. 

district  been  assigned?  6.  [When]  betrayed  by"  him, 
were  you  not  preserved  by  Caesar's  generosity?  7.  "Do 
3'ou  see,  soldiers?"  says  he.^^  8.  In-what-way  did  they 
defend  their  towns?  9.  Can  [there]  be^  peace  or  amity 
between ^^  pnrposes  so  opposed?  10.  Do  you  not  seem^''  to 
see  with  your  e^'es  these  [things]  which  you  have  heard  ?  j 

421.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Autronio  nonne  sodales,  nonne  conlegae  sul,  non  veteres 
amici  defuerunt?  2.  Quanta  est  insulae  magnitiido?  quae  aut 
quantae  nationes  incolunt?  quern  usuni  beUi  habent?  qui  sunt 
idoiiei  portus?  3.  Quae  in  concilio  Gallorum  de  Dumnorige  sunt 
dicta?       4.   JSTum  me  fefellit,  Catilina,  dies? 

II.  1.  Shall  I  stand  in  arms^^  against  Caesar,  my  general? 
2.  Did  not  all  these  who  are  foremost  in  the  commonwealth  desert 
Autronius?  3.  Did,  then,  the  shipwreck  of  so-many  leaders  do- 
away-with  the  art  of  steering?  4.  From  what  classes  of  men 
are  those  [contemptible]  ^^  forces  obtained?  5.  From  what  regions 
do  they  come,  and  what  [things]  have  they  learned  there? 


^  tua  sponte  faciebas,  you  were  ^  See  Lesson  XX  VII.,  foot-note  11. 

going  to  do  of  your  own  free  toill.  ^°  "  take  "  =  lead  out. 

2  The  interrogatives  are  used  in  ex-  ^^  per. 

claraations.  12  inquit   (def.),  says  he,  is  placed 

3  cf.  foot-note  4,  Lesson  XXIIL  after  one  or  more  words  of  a  direct  quo- 
■*  tandem, />r«7/  (exclamation).  tation. 

'^  potest,  3d  sing,  of  possum;  esse,  '^  in  with  ablative, 

pres.infin.  of  sum;  potest  esse,  can  6e.  "Translate:    Do  you  not    seem  to 

"  cumulasti  ==  cumulavlsti ;    cf.  yourselves  f  For  seem,  use  the  passive  ol 

foot-note  2,  Lesson  XXXIV.  video. 

7  "  what  plan"  =  what  (subst.)   of  ^^  "  in  arms  "  =  armerf. 

plan  (part,  gen.)  ?  ^^  Which  of  the  demonstratives  must 

8  Translate :  into  what  part?  be  used  here? 


verbs:   subjunctive  mood.  123 


LESSON     LIV. 

Verbs:   Subjunctive  Mood. 

422.  Learn,  without  meanings,  the  inflection  and 
synopsis  of  the  Subjunctive  Tenses  of  sum :  A.  &  G. 
pp.  68,  69 ;  H.  p.  85 ;  G.  p.  50. 

423".  Inflect  (like  sum)  in  the  same  tenses:  absum; 
also  learn  the  synopsis. 

424.  Learn,  without  meanings,  the  inflection  and 
synopsis  of  the  Subjunctive  Tenses,  Active  and  Passive 
(including  the  Periphrastic  Conjugations),  of  amo: 
A.  &  G.  pp.  76,  77,  78;  H.  87,  89, 115 ;  G.  pp.  54-57,  82. 

425.  Inflect  (like  amo)  in  the  foregoing  Tenses  of 
both  Voices :  confirmo,  laudo ;  also  learn  the  synopsis 
of  these  verbs. 

426.  Learn  (as  in  424)  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of 
moiieo  (or  deleo) :  A.  &  G.  p.  80 ;  H.  pp.  91,  93 ;  G. 
pp.  58-61. 

427.  Inflect  (like  nioneo  or  deleo)  :  liabeo,  compled ; 

also  learn  the  synopsis  of  these  verbs. 

428.  Learn  (as  in  424)  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of 
tego  (rego  or  emo)  :  A.  &  G.  p.  82 ;  H.  pp.  95,  97 ; 
G.  pp.  64-67. 

429.  Inflect  (like  tego,  rego,  or  eiiio ) :  dfico,  niitto ; 
also  learn  the  synopsis  of  these  vei:bs. 


124  SUBJUNCTIVE   IN  INDIRECT   QUESTIONS. 

430.  Learn  (as  in  424)  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of 
capio:  A.  &  G.  p.  83;  H.  pp.  106,  108;  G.  pp.  72,  73. 

431.  Inflect  (like  capio)  :  rapio,  jacio ;  also  learn  the 
synopsis  of  these  verbs. 

432.  Learn  (as  in  424)  the  inflection  and  sj^nopsis  of 
audio:  A.  &  G.  p.  86;  H.  pp.  99,  101;  G.  pp.  68-71. 

433.  Inflect  (like  audio)  :  ptinio,  vestio ;  also  learn 
the  synopsis  of  these  verbs. 


:»>Oic 


LESSON    LV. 

Subjunctive  in  Indirect   Questions.  —  Sequence 

OF  Tenses. 

434.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Quis  habet  Etruriam  ?    who  has  Etruria  in  charge  f 

2.  Video   quis   habeat   Etruriam  (Cic  Cat.  2,  3,  6),  /  see  who  has 

Etruria  in  charge. 

3.  Cui  est  Apulia  attributa  ?  to^  lohom  has  Apulia  been  assigned  ? 

4.  Video  cui  sit  Apulia  attributa  (Cic.  Cat.  2,  3,  6),  I  see  to  whom 

Apulia  has  been  assigned. 

435.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  questions 
contained  in  Exs.  1  and  3  invite  a  direct  answer,  and  that  the  verb 
is  in  the  indicative  mood.  Note,  further,  that  in  Exs.  2  and  4 
these  questions  have  been  made  the  direct  object  of  video,  and  that 
they  no  longer  invite  an  answer.  The  questions  of  Exs.  1  and  3  are 
called  Direct  or  Independent:  those  of  Exs.  2  and  4  are  called 
Indirect  or  Dependent.  What  mood  in  the  Indirect  Question  has 
taken  the  place  of  the  indicative  in  the  Direct?  Does  any  change 
of  mood  take  place  in  English  ?  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Mood  to  be 
used  in  Indirect  Questions. 


SEQUENCE  OF   TENSES.  125 

436.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  334 ;  II.  5'29, 
I.;   G.  4G9. 

437.  What  are  the  Primary  or  Principal  Tenses  of  the  verb  ? 
the  Secondary  or  Historical  Tenses?  See  A.  &  G.  285,  1,  2;  H. 
198,  I.,  1,  2,  3,  4,  IL,  1,  2,  3 ;    G.  216. 

438.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Video  quis  habeat  Etruriam  (Cic.  Cat.  2,  3,  6),  I  see  who  has 

Etruria  in  charge. 

2.  Vidgbo  quis  habeat   Etruriam,  /  shall  see  who  has  Etruria 

in  charge. 

3.  VIdero    quis    habeat    Etruriam,  /  shall   have  seen  who  has 

Etruria  in  charge. 

4.  Video    quis    habuerit   Etruriam,  I  see  who  had  (lias  had) 

Etruria  in  charge. 

5.  VidSbo    quis    habuerit   Etruriam,  /  shall  see  who  had  (has 

had)  Etruria  in  charge. 

6.  VIderS  quis  habuerit  Etrflriam,  /  shall  have  seen  icho  had 

(has  had)  Etruria  in  charge. 

7.  VidSbam  quis  habSret  Etruriam,  /  saw  who  had  Etruria  in 

charge. 

8.  VIdl   quis   habSret   Etniriam,    /  saw   who  had   Etruria    in 

charge. 

9.  Vlderam  quis  habSret  Etruriam,  /  had  seen  who  had  Etruria 

in  charge. 

10.  Videbam    quis    habuisset   Etriiriam,   /  saw  who   had   had 

Etruria  in  charge. 

11.  VIdl  quis  habuisset  Etrflriam,  /  saw  who  had  had  Etruria 

in  charge. 

12.  Vlderam  quis  habuisset  Etrflriam,  /  had  seen  who  had  had 

Etruria  in  charge. 

439.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Is  the  verb  of  the  lead- 
ing clause,  in  Exs.  1-6,  in  a  primary  or  a  secondary  tense  f  Answer 
the  same  question  for  the  subjunctive  of  the  dependent  clause  in  the 
same  examples.     Is  the  verb  of  the  leading  clause,  in  Kxs.  7-12, 


126  ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES 

in  a  primary  or  a  secondary  tense  ?  Answer  the  same  question 
for  the  subjunctive  of  the  dependent  clause  in  the  same  examples. 
Does  the  subjunctive  of  a  dependent  clause,  then,  adapt  its  tense 
to  that  of  the  verb  in  the  leading  clause?  Frame  a  general  rule 
for  the  Tense  of  the  Subjunctive  in  Dependent  Clauses. 

440.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  286 ;  H.  490, 
491 ;    G.  510  (first  paragraph). 

441.  Observation  and  Inference  :  N^ote  that  the  action 
denoted  by  the  subjunctive,  in  Exs.  1-3  and  7-9,  is  represented  as 
continued,  or  incomplete,  with  reference  to  the  action  denoted  by  the 
leading  verb.  Which  tense  of  the  subjunctive  is  used  to  express  this 
continuance  or  incompleteness  when  the  leading  verb  is  in  a  pri- 
mary tense  (see  Exs.  1-3)  ?  when  the  leading  verb  is  in  a  secondary 
tense  (see  Exs.  7-9)? 

Note  that  the  action  denoted  by  the  subjunctive,  in  Exs.  4-6 
and  10-12,  is  represented  as  completed  with  i-eference  to  the  action 
denoted  by  the  leading  verb.  Which  tense  of  the  subjunctive  is 
used  to  express  this  completeness  when  the  leading  verb  is  in  a 
primary  tense  (see  Exs.  4-6)  ?  when  the  leading  verb  is  in  a  second- 
ary tense  (see  Exs.  10-12)  ? 

Frame  special  rules  for  the  Tense  of  the  Subjunctive  in  Depen- 
dent Clauses. 

442.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  286,  Rem. ; 
H.  492,  1,  2,  493,  1,  2;    G.  510. 


5>«<0< 


LESSON     LVI. 

Illustrative  Exercises  on  the  Foregoing 
Principles. 

443.  exercises. 

I.  1.  Quid  proxima,  quid  superiore  nocte  egeris,  quis 
nostrum^  ignorat  ?  2.  Exponam  eiiim  vobTs,  Quirites, 
ex  quibus   generibus   hominum   istae-    copiae    coraparentur. 


ON   THE   FOREGOING   PRINCIPLES.  127 

3.  Quid  ea  nocte  egisset,  quid  in  proximam  constituisset, 
edocui.         4.    Quid    hostes    cousilii    capereut,    exspectabat. 

5.  Quae  in  Treverls  geverentur,  ostendit.  6.  Video  quanta 
tempestas  invidiae  nobis  impendekt.  7.  Intellego  quanto 
id  cum  perlculo  fecerim.  8.  Docebat  etiam  quae  seuatus 
consulta,  quotiens,  quamque  honorifica  in  Aeduos  facta 
essent.  9.  Quibus  angustils  ipse  Caesar  a  Venetis  pre- 
matur,  docet. 

II.  1.  Who  among  us^  does  not  know  where  30U  were  last 
night?       2.  He  understood  at  what  risk"*  he  had  done  this. 

3.  Caesar  knew  for'^  what  reason  these  things  were  said. 

4.  I  will  recount  what  cities,  fortified  by  nature,  the  Roman 
people  took  in  war.®  5.  Caesar  inquired  of  the  captives 
wherefore   Ariovistus   did .  not    come    to   an    engagement.' 

6.  Tliey  compel  merchants  to  declare  from  what  districts 
they  come,  and  what  (pi.)  they  have  learned  there.  7.  Nor 
was  it  altogether  clear  in  what  direction  the  enemy  had 
marched.  8.  He  made  known  what  he  disapproved  in  him. 
'J.  He  set  forth  to  the  citizens  what  the  senate  had  decreed 
the-day-before. 

444.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Dumnorigem  ad  se  vocat;  quae  in  eo  reprehendat, 
ostendit.  2.  Neque  quanta  esset  insulae  magnitiido,  neque  qu.ae 
aut  quantae  nationes  incolerent,  neque  quem  usuni  belli  haberent, 
reperiebat.  3.  Et  viatores  etiam  invitos  consistere  cogunt  et  quid 
quisque  eorum  audierit  aut  cdgnoverit,  quaerunt.  4.  Memoravit 
quibus  in  locis  niaximae  hostium  copiae  a  populo  Romano  parva 
nianii  fusae  essent.       5.  VidctS  qufis  in  partes  hostes  iter  faciant. 

II.  1.  At  the  same  time  he-called-his-attention-to  what  had 
been  said  in  his  own  presence"  in  the  council  of  the  Gauls  about 
Dumnorix.  2.  He  had  not-yet  perceived  for  what  reason  they 
were  withdrawing.  3.  Who  among*  us  does  not  know  what 
(pi.)  was  done  last  night,  what  the  night  Iwfore?  4.  The 
consul  pointed  out  from  what  classes  of  men  Catiline's  forces  had 


128  INDEFINITES. 


been  collected.       5.  Ascertain  what^  is  the  nature  of  the  moun- 
tain and  what^  the  ascent  by  a  circuitous  path.^*^ 


1  Why  not  nostri  ?  ^  <<  to  come  to  an  engagement "  =  <o 

2  Contemptuous.  '  contend  in  battle  =  yroeliodecerta,Te. 
8  "  who  among  us  "  =  who  of  us.  *  Trans.:  himself  present  (abl.  abs.). 
*  Trans. :  toith  hoio-great  risk.  »  qualis,  -e,  adjective. 

5  de.  1°  Trans. :  in  circuit. 

6  "  in  war  "  =  by  fighting. 


LESSON     LVII. 
Indefinites. 

445.  Learn  the  declension  of  the  indefinites :  quis,  any 
one ;  qui,  any ;  quiclain,^  a,  a  certain^  some  one ;  qui- 
vis,  any  you  please^  any  one  you  please ;  aliquis,  some^ 
some  one ;  quisque,  every.,  each^  every  one^  each  one : 
A.  &  G.  104,  105,  c,  d  (first  four  lines  and  paradigm),  e 
(first  three  lines) ;  H.  190,  1,  2,  1),  2),  Notes  1  and  2 ; 
G.  105,  1,  2,  5,  6. 

446.  Decline  together:  si  quis,  if  any  one;  si  qua 
res,  if  anything ;  spes  aliqua,  some  hope ;  quidam  ^ 
homo,  a  man;  quodcumque ^  bellum,  whatever  war ; 
nobilissimus  quisque,  all  the    nobility ;^  quaevis  vis,* 

any  force  whatever. 

447.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Naves  tdtae  {throughout)  factae  erant  ex  robore 
ad  quamvis  vim*  et  contumeliam  perferendam.  2.  Nam 
omnes  in  qiiibus  aliquid  dignitatis  fuit,  eo  convenerant. 
3.  Ubi  ciiique  locus  silvestris  spera  salutis  aliquam  offerebat, 
consederat.  4.  Haec  castra  silvara  quaodam^  contingebant. 
5.  Errant  si  quicquam''  ab  his  praesidii  sperant.  6.  Quae- 
cumque^  bella  gerentiir  sine  uUo  periculo  tuo  conficientur. 
7.    Obsides   nobilissimi  cujusque^  liberos   poscit   et   in  eos 


INDEFINITES.  129 


omnia  exempla  cruciatusque  edit,  si  qua  res  noii  ad  volunta- 
tera  ejus  facta  est. 

II.     1.  They  are  conscious^  of  [havino^  done]  some  wrong. 

2.  It-is-hetter  for  us  to-submit-to'^  an}'  'fortune    whatever. 

3.  He  hears  these  [tidings]  from  some  (quidam)  deserters 
belonging- to-the-town.  4.  Nor  do  they  have  an}'^  clothing 
except  skins.  5.  Unless  some  help®  comes  from^*'  Caesar, 
the    same  thing  will   have  to  be   done  by^^  all  the  Gauls. 

6.  Caesar  summons^-  the  foremost  men  of  each  community. 

7.  Whoever  shall  be  in  authority  over^^  the  province,  shall 
defend  the  Aedui.  8.  And  so  they  dare  to  attack"  any 
number  whatever. 

448.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Alicujus  iiijuriae  sibi  conscius  est.  2.  Idoiieum  quen- 
dam  hominem  delegit,  Galium,  ex  ils  quos  auxilil  causa  secum 
habebat.       3.  Neque  eorum  moribus  turpius  quicquam^  habetur. 

4.  At  Caesar,  principibus  cuj usque  clvitatis  ad  se  evocatis,  magnam 
partem  Galliae  in  officio  tenuit. 

II.  1.  By  [holding  out]  great  rewards,  he  prevailed  upon 
one  (quidam)  of  ^^  the  Gallic  horsemen.  2.  I  shall  send  to  you 
some  one  of  ^^  my  [followers].  3.  And  so  they  dare,  however  few 
[tlK'N  may  be],  to  attack"  any  number  whatever  of  horsemen. 
4.  Then;  is  timber  of  every  description  except  beech  and  fir. 
ij.  If  any  crime  has  >>een  committed,  these-same-persons  ^'^  deter- 
mine the  rewards  and  the  penalties. 


>  n  Is  used  form  before  d,e.flr.,quen-  "Translate:    they  are  conscious  to 

dam    (ace.    sing.)    and  qnffrandam  themselves. 

(geo.  pi.).  ^  patT,  pres.    infln.  pass,  with  act. 

»  A.  &  G.  105,  a.  meaning. 

»LU.,  every  noblest  fmnn] ;  decline  'Translate:  anything  of  clothing ; 

in  singular  only ;  note  that  qulsque  fol-  aee  foot-note  5. 

lows  the  superlative.  •  "  some  help  "  =  something  of  help. 

*  For  declension  of  via,  see  A.  ft  G.  "^  Translate :  shall  be  in  Caennr. 

61;  H.  66;  G.  76,  D.  "  What  construction  must  he  used? 

'  qnlMiaam,    anyone,    has    qnic-  "  to  summon  =  ad  »5  »vocftre. 

qnam  or  qnldquatn,  anything,  in  the  *>  Use  obtiti(>n  with  accusaUve. 

nominative  and  accusative  neuter  wingu-  '*  to  attack,  ndTrc  ad. 

lur ;  it  lacks  the  feminine  singular  and  the  "  "  of"  =from. 

entire  plural.    For  use  of  quifiqaam,  >«Idem,  nom.  pi.  maac. 
see  A.  ft  G.  202,  c;  H.  467;  O.  304. 


130         datives:   possession  and  service, 

LESSON    LVIII. 
Dative  oe  Possession.  —  Dative  of  Service. 

449.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  His    erat   inter   se    de   principatu    contentio    (7, 39, 2),   these 

had  a  struggle  with  each  other  for  precedence   (lit.,  there  was 
to  these  a  struggle,  etc.). 

2.  At  CatonI  studium  modestiae,  decoris  erat  (Sail.  Cat.  54,  5), 

Cato,   on  the   other  hand,   had  a  preference  for  sobriety  and 
dignity  of  behavior  (lit.,  there  was  to  Cato  a  preference,  etc.). 

3.  Est  igitur  homini  cum  deo  similitudo  (Cic.  Le^r  i,  8,  25),  man 

has,  then,  a  likeness  to  God  (lit.,  there  is  to  man  a  likeness, 
etc.). 

450.  Observation  and  Inference  :  With  what  case  is  the 
verb  sum  construed  in  the  foregoing  examples  ?  By  what  English 
verb  is  it  translated?  How,  then,  may  Possession  be  expressed  in 
Latin  ?     Frame  a  rule  for  the  construction  here  illustrated. 

451.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  231 ;  H.  387 ; 
G.  349. 

452.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Caesar  equitatumi  suis  auxilio  misit  (4,37,2),  Caesar  sent  tJie 

cavalry  to  the  assistance  of  his  7nen  (to  his  for  assistance). 

2.  Tulingi,  qui  novissimis  praesidi5  erant  (l,  25,  6),  the  Tidingi, 

who  served  as  a  guard  to  the  rear  (were  to  the  rear  for  pro- 
tection). 

3.  Quibus  corpus  voluptati,  anima  oneri  fuit  (Sail.  Cat.  2,  8),  to 

these  the  body  [served]  for  pleasure,  [and]  thought  zvas  a  bore 
(the  soul  was  for  a  burden). 

4.  Eglsdem  copias  praesidio   navibus   reliquit  (5,  ii,  7),   he  left 

the  same  forces  to  guard  the  ships  (to  the  ships   for  protec- 
tion). 


datives:   possession  and  service.         131 

453.  Observation  axd  Inference  :  AVith  how  many  datives 
are  the  verbs  in  the  foregoing  examples  construed?  What  do 
these  datives  respectively  denote?  Note  that  the  transitive  verbs 
(see  misit,  Ex.  1,  and  reHquit,  Ex.  4)  take,  besides  the  dative,  an 
accusative  aLso.     Frame  a  rule  embodying  your  observations. 

454.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  233 ;  11.  390,  I., 
U.;  G.  3;5(). 

455.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Quid  in  mea  Gallia  Caesaii  negotii  est?  2.  Miiltis 
corpus  voliiptati,  anima  oneri  est.  3.  Legatiim  minoribus 
castns  praesidio  reliquerat.  4.  Familiaritas  mihi  cum  eo  est. 
5.  Q.  Caepionl  fortuna  belli  ciimini,  invidia  populi  calamitati 
fuit.  6.  In  hac  Insula  est  fons  aquae  dulcis  cui  nomen 
Arethusa  est.        7.  Tertiam  legionem  nostiis  subsidio  misit. 

TI.  1.  Traders  have  no  access  to  them.  2.  The  friend- 
ship of  the  Roman  people  is  a  protection  to  me.  3.  Two 
legions  served  as  a  guard  to  the  baggage.  4.  Our  diminu- 
tive stature  excites  the  contempt^  of  the  Gauls.  5.  No 
one  could  maintain  his  position-  on  the  wall.  6.  He  sent 
the  third  line  to  the  relief  of  our  men  [who  were]  struggling 
atjainst  odds."* 

456.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  At  nobis  est  domi"'  iiu)i»i;i.  ions  u.s  aliinum.  2.  Milu 
autem  mirum  vidctur  quid  in  luea  Gallia  aut  Caesari  aut  onininb 
populo  Rdmano  negotii  sit.*^  3.  Mllitcs  sibi  ipsi  ad  pugnam  eraut 
impedimento.       4.   Ea  res  magn5  usui  nostrls  fuit. 

II.  1.  These  [matters]  are  my  business.*  2.  He  reminded 
many,  to  whom  this  had  been  a  source  of  booty,  of  the  victory'  of 
Sulla.  3.  The  associates  of  Catiline  had  all  sorts  of  miseries 
in  abundance,  but  no*  favorable  condition  or*  prospect. 


>  TnuM. :  i»  to  the  Gauls  for  contempt.  »  Account  for  mood  and  tense. 

«  cf.  LeMon  XLIV.,  foot-note  13.  «  Tran«. :  are  to  me  for  a  care. 

*  Preaent  participle  of  labArS.  '  U«e  the  genitive. 

♦  Locative  form,  at  home  ;  for  declen-  •  "  uU  norUs  of  "  =  all. 

•ion,  tee :  A.  &  O.  70,  /;  H.  119,  1 ;  O.  »  "  no . .  .  or  "  =  neUher  any...  nor. 
67.  Rem.  2. 


132  INFINITIVE   WITH   SUBJECT   ACCUSATIVE. 


LESSON     LIX. 

The  Infinitive  with  Subject  Accusative  as 
Object.  —  Tense  of  the  Infinitive. 

457.  Learn,  with  meanings,  the  Infinitives  of  sum: 
A.  &G.  p.  69;  H.  p.  85;  G.  p.  51. 

458.  Learn,  with  meanings,  the  Infinitives,  Active  and 
Passive,  of  amo :  A.  &  G.  pp.  77,  79 ;  H.  pp.  87,  89 ; 
G.  pp.  55,  56.  Form  the  Infinitives  of  confirino  and 
laudo. 

459.  Learn  (as  in  458)  the  Infinitives  of  moneo  (or 
deleo):  A.  &  G.  p.  81;  H.  pp.  91,  93;  G.  pp.  59,  61. 
Form  the  Infinitives  of  liabeo  and  compleo. 

460.  Learn  (as  in  458)  the  Infinitives  of  teg-o  (rego 
or  emo)  :  A.  &  G.  p.  83 ;  H.  pp.  95,  97 ;  G.  pp.  Q5,  67. 
Form  the  Infinitives  of  duco  and  mitto. 

461.  Learn  (as  in  458)  the  Infinitives  of  capio :  A.  & 
G.  p.  83 ;  H.  pp.  107,  108 ;  G.  pp.  72,  73.  Form  the 
Infinitives  of  rapio  and  jacio. 

462.  Learn  (as  in  458)  the  Infinitives  of  audio :  A.  & 
G.  p.  87  ;  H.  pp.  99,  101 ;  G.  69,  71.  Form  the  Infini- 
tives of  punio  and  vestio. 

463.  exampi.es. 

1.    Nostros  non  esse  inferiores  intellexit  (2,  8,  3),  he  knew  that 
our  men  were  not  inferior  (lit.,  our  men  not  to  be  inferior). 


TENSE   OF   THE   INFINITIVE.  133 

'2.    Neque  homines  temperatures^    existimabat  {\,1,A),  nor  did 

kej^jjik  that  the  men  icould  refrsjjj^  (lit-,  the  men  to  be  about 

to  refrain). 
:>,    Divico    respondit   ita   Helvetios    institutos    esse    (i,  u,  7), 

Divico  replied  that  the  Helvetians  had  been  so  trained  (lit.,  the 

Helvetians  to  have  been  so  trained). 
4.    Caesar   Dumnorigem    dSsignSri   sentiSbat   (i,  18,  i),    Caesar 

perceived   that   Dumnorix   icas   meant  (lit.,   Dumnorix  to  be 

meant). 

464.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that,  in  each  of 
the  foregoing  examples,  -the  leading  verb  has,  for  its  object,  a 
clause  whose  verb  is  in  the  infinitive  and  whose  subject  is  in  the 
accusative.  Note,  further,  that  intellexit  is  a  verb  of  knowing, 
e^stimtbat  a  verb  of  thinking,  respondit  a  verb  of  telling,  and 
sentigbat  a  verb  of  perceiving.  What  classes  of  verbs,  then,  take 
the  Infinitive  with  Subject  Accusative  as  Object?  Frame  a  rule 
for  this  construction. 

465.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  272  ;  H.  535, 
I.  (read  also  1,  2,  3)  ;   G.  527. 

466.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  the  present 
infinitives  ease  (Ex.  1)  and  design&rl  (Ex.  4)  are  translated  by 
the  past  tense;  and  that  they  denote,  therefore,  the  same  time 
as  the  verbs  (intell6xit  and  sentigbat)  on  which  they  depend. 
In  other  words,  these  present  infinitives  represent  the  time  of 
the  action  not  as  present  absolutely,  but  as  present  relatively  to 
the  time  denoted  by  the  principal  verb.  How  does  the  future 
infinitive  temper&turSs  (Ex.  2)  represent  the  time  of  the  action? 
Answer  the  same  question  for  the  perfect  infinitive  InatitdtSs  esse 
(Ex.  3).     Frame  a  rule  for  the  use  of  the  Infinitive  Teu.ses. 

467.  Keferences  for  Verification:  A.  &G.  288;  H.  537; 
G.  529,  530. 

*  sc  eaae;  the  auxiliary  of  the  fut.  intiu.  act.  la  often  omitted. 


134  ILLUSTRATIVE  EXERCISES. 


LESSON    LX. 

Illustrative  Exercises  on  the  Foregoing 

Constructions. 

468.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1 .  Dixit  pejus  victoribus  Sequanis  qiiam  Aeduis  victTs 
accidisse.  2.  Legatum  sese  magno  cum  periculo  ad  eum 
missurum^  existimabat.  3.  Reperiebat  initium  fugae  fac- 
tum- a  Dumnorige.  4.  Ex  perfugTs  quibusdam  oppidanis 
audit  .Saburram  Uticae  appropinquare.  5.  Divitiacus  re- 
spondit  scire  se  ilia  esse  vera.  6.  Summum  in  cruciatum 
se  venturos^  videbaut. 

II.  1.  Caesar  remembered^  that  the  army  had  l)een  beaten 
by  the  Helvetians  and  sent  under  the  yoke.  2.  They  said 
that  the  Aedui  had  lost  all  their  nobilitj',  all  their  senate, 
[and]  all  their  cavaliy.  3.  He  said  that  our  plans  were 
reported  to  the  enemy.  4.  Caesar  learned  that  by  these 
means  (things)  Dumnorix  was  increasing  his  private  re- 
sources. 5.  Caesar  answered  that  he  would  make  peace 
with  them.  6.  He  knew  that  it  would  be  [attended]  with 
great  danger  to  the  province.'' 

469.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Reperiebat  etiam  in  quaerendo  initium  fugae  factum  a 
Dumnorige  atque  ejus  equitibus ;  eorum  fuga  reliquum  esse  equita- 
tum  perterritum.  2.  Se  suis  copiis  suoque  exercitu  illls  regna^ 
conciliaturum  confirraat.  3.  Negavit  aut  conferendum  esse  Gal- 
licum  cum  Germandrum  agro,  ant  hanc  consuetudinein  victus  cum 
ilia  comparandam. 

IT.  1.  They  knew  that  he  had  done  in  one  day  what  they^'  had 
accomplished  with-the-utmost-difficulty  in  twenty  days.  2.  They 
supposed  that  they  should  either  persuade  the  Allobroges  or  con- 


COMPLEMENTARY  INFINITIVE.  135 

strain  them  by  force.       3.  He  said  that  he  had  fled  from  the  state 
and  come  to  the  senate  to  solicit  ^  aid. 


1  cf.  Lesson  LIX.,  foot-note  1.  ercign  power  in  two  states  is  thought  of; 

2  6C.  esse.  use  the  singular  in  translation. 

3  *'  reraerabcred  "  =  held  hy  memory.  c  Use  the  proper  form  of  ipse. 
*  Use  the  genitive.  "  cf.  380,  Ex.  2. 

5  The  plural  is  used  here  because  sov- 


>J<Xc 


LESSON    LXI. 

Complementary  Infinitive.  —  Infinitive  as 
Subject. 

470.  EXAMPLES. 

1.    Neque  fugere  destitSrunt  (i,  53,  i),  nor  did  they  cease  to  flee. 
'J.    Helvetii  nostros  lacessere  coeperunt  (1,15,3),  the  Helvetians 

began  to  attack  our  men. 
'>.    .  .  .  quod  accidere  solSbat  (6, 15,  i),  which  was  tcont  to  happen. 

471.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  infinitives 
fugere  (Ex.  1),  lacessere  (Ex.  2),  and  accidere  (Ex.  3),  are 
tcithout  subject  accusative.  Xote,  fnrtlier,  tliat  tlie  verbs  on  which 
these  infinitives  depend  (dSstitSrunt,  coepSrunt,  sol6bat),  are 
vf-rlis  of  incomplete  meaning.  As  the  infinit iv(^  in  tliese  cases  is 
nd.h'd  to  complete  the  meaning  of  the  verb  on  which  it  depends, 

1 !  I'd  the  Complementary  Inflnitive.  After  what  class  of  verbs, 
liuMi,  is  the  Complementary  Infinitive  used?  Frame  a  rule  for 
this  con.struction. 

472.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  271  with  note ; 
\l. ')?,?,,  I.,  1,2;  G.  424. 

473.  EXAMri.ES. 

1.  Mea  facta  mihi  dicere  licet  (Saii.  Jug.  85,  24),  /  have  the  right 

to  speak  of  my  oten  deeds  (to  speak  is  lawful  for  me) . 

2.  [Mih!]  n6n  placuit  retic6re  (Sail.  Jug.  V),  2«),  /  am  resolved  not 

to  remain  silent  (to  remain  silent  has  not  seemed  good  to  mo). 


136  INFINITIVE  AS  SUBJECT. 

3.  Te  providere  decet  (Sail.  Jiig.  lo,  7),  it  is  proper  for  you  w  see  to 

it  (for. you  to  see  to  it  is  becoming). 

4.  Pulchrum  est  bene  facere  rei  ptiblicae  (Sail.  Cat.  3,  i),  to  serve 

the  commonioealth  by  deeds  (to  do  well  for  the  commonwealth) 
is  honorable. 

474.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  verbs  licet 
(Ex.  1),  placuit  (Ex.  2),  and  decet  (Ex.  3),  are  impersonal ;  and 
that  they  have  ^.s,  subject  an  infinitive,  either  without  subject  accusa- 
tive (see  dicere,  Ex.  1,  and  reticere,  Ex.  2),  or  with  subject  accu- 
sative (see  te  providere,  Ex.  3).  [N'ote  also  that  the  verb  est 
(Ex.  4)  has  an  infinitive  (facere)  as  subject.  With  what  classes  of 
verbs,  then,  is  the  Infinitive  used  as  Subject  ?  Frame  a  rule  for 
this  construction. 

475.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  270,  a;  H. 
538,  1 ;    G.  423. 

476.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  LTberi  eorum  in  servitutem  abduci  uon  debent.^ 
2.  His  rebus  coerceii  milites  solent.  3.  Noii  oportet^ 
me  a  popiil5  Romano  in  meo  jure  impedm.  4.  Nobis  est 
in    auimo    sine    uUo   maleficio    per    proviuciam    iter   facere. 

5.  Nobis  praestat  quamvis  fortunam  a  populo  Romano  pati^ 
quam  a  Gallis  per  cruciatum  interfici.  6.  Constituerunt 
jumentorum  quam^  maximum  nmnerum  coemere.  7.  In- 
iquum  est  de  stipendio  recusare. 

II.  1.  It-was-generally-understood  that  Caesar  would 
first  carry  on  war  in  Venetia.  2.  Still,  the  majority  were 
in  favor  of  defending^  the  camp.  3.  They  decided  to 
esttiblish  friendship  with  the  neighboring  states.  4.  The 
Helvetians  began ^  to  maintain  their  ground  more  boldly.^ 
b.  Priority  of  time  ought  not  in  every  instance  to  be  re- 
garded.^ 6.  We  are  at  liberty^  to  do  this.  7.  Their 
lands  ought ^  not  to  be  laid  waste. 


DEPONENT   VERBS.  137 

477.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Ariovistus  respoiidit  aiuicitiam  popull  Romanl  sib!  prae- 
sidio,  non  detrlnieuto  esse  oportere.  2.  Ilelvetii  audacius*^  sub- 
sistere  et  proelio  nostros  lacessere  coeperunt.  3.  Si  antiquissiinuin 
quodque  tempus^^  spectari  oportet,  populi  Romaiii  justissimuin  est 
in  Gallia  iraperium. 

II.  1.  It  is  the  intention  of"  the  Helvetia,ns  to  march  through 
the  country  of  the  Sequani  and  Aedui.  2.  It  is  reported  to  Caesar 
that  the  Helvetians  intend  to  march  through  the  country  of  the 
Sequani  and  Aedui.  .3.  If  the  decision  of  the  senate  has  a  claim 
to  be  respected,!"^  Gaul  ought  ^  to  be  free. 


J  debeS  is  personal ;  oportet  is  im-  ^  Translate ;  it  is  not  right  (opor- 
personal.  Both  express  moral  obligation,  tet)  [for]  each  earliest  time  to  be  re- 
ar a  necessilj^  founded  on  duty.  garded.     For  order,  cf.  Lesson  LVII., 

2  See  foot-note  7,  Lesson  lViI.  foot-note  3. 

»  cf .  foot-note  5,  Lesson  XXXII.  *  Trans. :  it  is  permitted  to  us. 

*  Trans. :  it  seemed goo<l  (placuit)  to  "  "Use  debeo. 

the  greater  part  to  defend.  *°  See  sent.  5  in  the  preceding  exercise. 

5  coeperunt.  **  Imitate  476,  I.,  sent.  4. 

«  audScius,  more  boldly.  is  Translate :  if  it  is  proper  [for]  thz 


decision  of  the  senate  to  be  respected. 


>j*:c 


LESSON    LXIL 

Deponent  Verbs.  —  Ablative  with  Utor, 
Fruor,  ETC. 

478.  EXAMPLES. 

1 .  Tabula  plct^  mirarl  (Sail.  Cat.  11,  6),  to  admire  paintings, 

2.  Hostem  ver6rl  {l,dO,6),  to/ear  the  enemi/. 

'•].   HostSs  sequitur  {\,  22,  b)^  he  pursues  the  enemy. 

4.  Oppido  potitur  (7,  ll,  8),  he  gets  possession  of  the  town. 

5.  Ad    VeaontiSnem   moratur  fi,  39,  l),  he  tarries  (i.e.,  detains 

himself)  at  Vesoulio. 

479.  Observation  :  Note,  in  the  foregoing  examples,  that  the 
verbs  have  a  passive  form,  but  an  active  (Exs.  1-4)  or  rejlexive 


138  ABLATIVE   \yiTH   Utor,   ETC. 

(Ex.  5)  meaning.     Such  verbs  are  called  Deponent  (from  de-pono, 
lay  aside)  because  they  have  laid  aside  their  passive  meaning. 

480.  Referej^'Ces  :  A.  &  G.  135;  H.  231;  G.  211. 

481.  Learn  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of  one  deponent 
vexb  under  each  conjugation:  A.  &  G.  135,  a^e\  H. 
231,  1,  3,  232  (see  note) ;  G.  pp.  74-81. 

482.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Materia  titebatur  (4,  3],  2),  lie  used  the  timber. 

2.  Vita  qua  fruimur  brevis   est  (Sail.  Cat.  i,  3),  tJie  life  which  ice 

enjoy  is  short. 

3.  .  .  .  quorum  magna  multitude    servorum  munere  fungitur 

(Xep.  Paus.  3,  6),  large   numbers  of  lohom  discharge  the  duty  of 
slaves. 

4.  Numidae    lacte    et   carne   vescebantur    (Sail.  Jug.  89,  7),   tlie 

Numidians  subsisted  on  milk  and  meat. 

5.  Caesar  oppido  potitur  (7,  li,  8),    Caesar   obtains  possession   of 

the  town. 

483.  Observation  and  Inference:  With  what  case,  in  the 
foregoing  examples,  are  the  following  verbs  construed :  utebatur 
(Ex.  1),  fruimur  (Ex.  2),  fungitur  (Ex.  3),  vescebantur  (Ex.  4), 
potitur  (Ex.  5)  ?  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  of  Substantives  used 
with  these  verbs: 

484.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  ^49;  H.  421, 
I. ;  G.  405. 

485.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Lingua  Gallica  niulta  jam  Ariovistus  longinqua 
consuetudine^  utebatur.  2.  Equites  officio  functi  renuotiant 
paucos  in  aedificiis  esse  iiiveiitos.  3.  Lacte,  cased,  caroc" 
vescor.  4.  Tutius  esse  arbitrabantur,  commeatu  iiitercluso, 
sine  ullo  vulnere  victoria  potiri.  5.  Quae  agat,^  quibuscum 
loquatur,^  scio.       6.  Is  mihi  vivere  atque  frui  anima  videtur, 


ILLUSTRATIVE  EXERCISES.  139 

qui  praeclari  facinoris  aut  artis  bonae  ffiinam  quaerit. 
7.  PMrtieudum*  sib!  exercitum  pulavit.  8.  Verciiigetorix 
ex  UK  (   siios  conspieatus  ex  oppido  egreditur. 

II.  1 .  Our  meu  obtained  possession  of  the  baggage  and 
camp.  2.  Wondering^  what  was^  the  cause  of  this  be- 
havior, he  inquired  of  them  personally.  3.  They  share® 
with  their  leaders  all  advantages  in  life.  4.  The  [territories 
of  the]  Belgians  begin  at  the  extreme  confines  of  Gaul  [and] 
extend  towards  the  north-east.'  5.  It  is  very  easy  to 
obtain^   control    of    all   Gaul.  6.    Adopting*    the    same 

ix)licy,  they  burn  their  towns  and  villages,  and  set  out  to- 
gether with  the  Helvetians.  7.  And  I  do  not  know  whether® 
tlii>  i>    to  be  wondered  at. 

486.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

1.  1.  Est  genus  quoddam  hominum,  quod  Hildtae  vocatur, 
quonim  magna  multitudo  agros  Lacedaemoniorum  colit  servorum- 
que  munere  fungitur.  2.  Roniaiios  pulsos^*^  superatosque,'^  castris 
impedimentisque  eorum  hostes  potltosi''  renuntiaverunt.  3.  In 
suis  finibus  decertabunt  et  domesticis  copiis  rei  frunientaiiae 
utentur. 

T.  1.  One  of  those  who  stood  next"  stepped  over^^  this  [man] 
as  he  lay  prostrate  ^^  and  discharged  ^^  the  same  office.  2.  The 
s()l.]i<rs  will  subsist  chiefly  on  milk,  cheese,  and  -.iiiic  5.  ilow 
Ion-.  I'lay,  Catiline,  will  you  abuse  our  patience? 


»  cf.  LcsBon  XX 11 1.,  foot-note  8.  •  Use  potior. 

»  cars,  camU,  i.,  flesh,  meat.  "  ExpreM  whether  by  appending  -ne 

•  Account  for  mood  and  ten»c.  to  the  gcnindlve. 
«  A.  &  G.  135,  d;  H.  231,  2;  w.  es*e.  «*  ic.  ewe. 

3  x;»e  perf.  part.  "  Trans  :  one  from  tltevearrsf. 

•  Trans. :   enjotj  together  vfith  their  "  "  stepped  over  and  dinchurged  "  = 
leaders.  haviuff  ateppeil  over,  di$chnryed. 

T  Trkna. :  north  and  rising  sun.  »  Trana.:  thU  [manj  lying. 


140       subjunctives:   hortatory,  optative. 


LESSON    LXIIL 

Independent  Uses  of  the  Subjunctive:    Horta- 
tory, Optative,  Dubitative. 

Hortatory  Subjunctive. 

487.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Persequamur  eorum  mortem  (7,  38,  8),  let  us  avenge  their  death. 

2.  Discedant  in  Italia  omnes  ab  armis  (Caes.  B.  C.  l,  9,  5),  let  all 

througJwut  Italy  lay  dozen  their  arms  (withdraw  from  arms). 

3.  Quaesierit  sane  (Cic.  Mil.  17,  46),  suppose,  if  you  will  (sane),  that 

he  did  make  inquii^y. 

488.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Kote  that  the  subjunc- 
tive persequamur  (Ex.  1)  expresses  exhortation,  that  discedant 
(Ex.  2)  expresses  command,  and  that  quaesierit  (Ex.  3)  expresses 
concession.  Are  the  clauses  containing  these  subjunctives  depend- 
ent or  independent?  Frame  a  rule  for  these  and  similar  Sub- 
junctives. 

489.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  266;  H.  483, 
484,  II.,  III.,  IV. ;   G.  256,  1,  3,  257. 

Optative   Subjunctive. 

490.  exampi.es. 

1.  Stet   liaec   urbs   praeclara  (Cic.  3fi7. 34, 93),  may  this  illustrious 

city  abide  ! 

2.  Utinam  P.  Clodius  viveret  (Cic.  3ft7.  38, 103),  would  that  PuUius 

Clodius  were  alive  ! 

3.  Utinam.  ille  omnes  secum  copias  suas  eduxisset  (Cic  Cat. 

2,  2,4),  woidd  that  he  had  taken  with  him  all  his  forces! 

491.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  subjunc- 
tives in  the  foregoing  examples  express  loish.  Are  the  clauses 
containing  them  dependent  or  independent  f  In  what  tense  is  the 
subjunctive  in  Ex.  1?  Does  the  wish  in  this  example  relate  to 
present,  past,  or  future  time  1      Is  the  wish  conceived  of  as  possible 


DIJBITATIVE   STTBJTJNCTIVE.  141 

or  impossible  oi fulfillment'?  In  wliat  tense  is  the  subjunctive  in  Ex. 
2?  To  what  time  does  it  relate?  Does  it  represent  the  wish  as 
falfiUol  or  unfulfilled f  Answer  the  last  three  questions  for  the 
subjunctive  in  Ex.  3.  What  particle  accompanies  the  subjunc- 
tive in  Exs.  2  and  3  ?  Frame  rules  for  Mood  and  Tense  in  Express- 
ions of  Wishing. 

492.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  267,  h ;  H. 
484,  I.,  483,  1,  2;   G.  253,  254. 

DuBiTATivE  Subjunctive. 

493.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Eloquar  an  sileam  (Verg.  Aen.  3,  39),  sliall  I  speak  out,  or  hold  my 

peace  ? 

2.  Hunc  ego  non  admirer  (Cic.  Arch.  8,  18),  can  I  help  admiring 

(should  I  not  admire)  this  man  ? 

3.  Nam  quid  d§  Cyro  nuntiaret  (Cic  Mil.  18, 48),  pi'ay,  what  need 

had  he  to  bring  news  of  Cyrus  f 

494.  OpsERVATiON  AND  INFERENCE  :  Xote  (1)  that  the  sub- 
junctives in  Ex.  1  are  in  a  question  expressing  doubt,  (2)  that  the 
subjunctive  in  Ex.  2  is  in  a  question  expressing  indignation,  (3)  that 
the  subjunctive  in  Ex.  3  is  in  a  question  expressing  impossibility. 
Are  the  questions  containing  these  subjunctives  dependent  or  inde- 
pendent f     Frame  a  rule  for  these  and  similar  Subjunctives. 

495.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &G.  268;  H.  484, 
v.,  486,  II.;  G.  258,  251. 


LESSON    LXIV. 

Illustrative  Exercises  on  the  Hortatory,  Opta- 
tive,   AND  DUBITATIVE  SUBJUNCTIVES. 

496.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Discedat  uterque  ab  armis  exercitusque  dlinittat. 
2.  Valeant,  valeant,  elves  mel  ;  -int  iiicolurnes,  siiit  fl6- 
rentes,  sint  beatl;    stet  haec  urbs  pianhini  iniinqueL^ggtria 


142  ILLUSTEATIYE   EXERCISES. 

carissima !  3.  Nam  quid  ea  memorem,  quae,  nisi  eis  qui 
viderc,  nemini  credibilia  sunt?  4.  Tranquilla  re  publica 
mei  elves  perfruantur  !  5.  Proficiscantur,  ne^  patiantur 
desTderio-  sul  Catilmam  miserum  tabescere.  6.  Hunc  ego 
nou  diligam,  uou  admirer  ?  iion  omni  ratione  defendendum 
putem?  7.  Utinam  exstiirent  ilia  earmina  !  8.  Mihi  salva 
re  publica  vobiscum   perfrui  liceat !  9.    Hoc   utinam    a 

piiucipio  tibi  placuisset ! 

II.  1 .  Let  Marius  have  eternal  glory ;  ^  let  Pompey  be 
preferred  to  all.  2.  Would  that  my  fellow  citizens  had 
been  uninjured,  had  been  prosperous,  had  been  happy  ! 
3.  But  who  could  suppose  that  the  Teucri  would  come^  to 
the  shores  of  Hesperia  ?  4.  May  I  but  (modo)  accom- 
plish ni}'  endeavors  !  5.  Wh}'  should  I  speak  of  Gabhiius? 
6.  If  they  remain  in  the  city,  let  them  look  for  what^  they 
deserve.  7.  If  they  cannot^  stand,  let  them  fall.  8.  Who 
could  hesitate  to  release  himself  from  fear,^  and  the  com- 
monwealth from  peril?'' 

497.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Utinam  P.  Clodius  non  modo  viveret,  sed  etiam  prae- 
tor, consul,  dictator  esset  potius  ^  quam  hoc  spectaculum  viderem  ! 
2.  Sit  Sclpio  clarus  ille,  cujus  virtute  Hannibal  ex  Italia  decedere 
coactus  est ;  habeatur  vir  egregius  PauUus  ille;  cujus  curruni  rex 
potentissinius  et  nobilissiiims  Perses  honestavit.  3.  Cur  de  vestra 
virtute  aut  de  mea  diligentia  desperetis  ? 

II.  1.  Therefore  let  the  reprobates  go;  let  them  separate 
themselves  from  the  good.  2.  Would  that  this  which  I  am  say- 
ing were  not^  true!^  3.  Why  should  I  allow  soldiers  to  be 
wounded  who  have  done  their  best  to  serve  me?^° 


1  no  is  the  regular  negative  with  the  ^  Ablative  without  preposition, 
hortatory  and  optative  subjunctives.                     s  rather. 

2  cf.  Lesson  XXIII.,  foot-note  8.  ^  Translate :  would  that  I  were  not 

3  Translate :  he  of  eternal  f/lory.  saying  this  truly. 

*  In  what  mood?    See  4G3,  Ex.  2.  ^o  "  who  have  .  .  .  me  "  =  having  de- 

B  '?  what "  =:  those  [things]  which.  served  best  (optime)  from  (de)  me. 
B  non  possunt. 


adverbs:  formation  and  comparison. 


143 


LESSON    LXV. 
Adverbs:    Formation  and  Comparison. 


498.                                              EXAMPLES. 

Positive. 

Adjectives. 

Adverbs. 

1. 

Justus  (st.  ju3to-) ; 

juste,  justly. 

2. 

liber  (St.  liber 0-)  ; 

IVaexe,  freely. 

3. 

pulcher  (st.  pulchro-) ; 

pulchre,  beautifully. 

4. 

acer  (st.  5cri-) ; 

Scriter,  sharply. 

5. 

fortis  (st.  forti-)  ; 

fortiter,  bravely. 

6. 

audax  (st.  audaci-) ; 

audacter  (audSciter),  boldly. 

7. 

sapiena  (st.  sapient-)  ; 

sapienter,  icUely. 

Comparative. 

8. 

]astior,yu.s/cr; 

justius,  more  justly. 

9. 

WjerioT,  freer ; 

llberius,  more  freely. 

10. 

pulchrior,  more  beautiful; 

pulchrius,  more  beautifully. 

11. 

acrlor,  sharper; 

ftcrius,  more  .sharply. 

12. 

fortior,  braver ; 

fortius,  more  bravely. 

13. 

audScior,  bolder, 

audaciua,  more  boldly. 

14. 

sapientior,  wu(er; 

sapientiUB,  more  wisely. 

Superlative. 

lo.  j\iati8simus(st.jSsti8simo-);      jilstissimS,  most  justly 
10,  liberrimus  (st.  liberrimo-)  ; 

17.  pulcherrimuB  (st.  pulcher- 

rimo-) ; 

18.  acerrimus  (st.  acerrimo-)  ; 
10.  fortis8imus(8t.  fortissimo-); 

20.  audacissimuB  (st.  audacis- 

simo-) ; 

21.  sapientissixnuB  (st.  sapien 

tissimo-) ; 


ITberrimg,  most  freely. 
pulcherrime,  most  beautifully. 

acerrimS,  most  sharply. 
fortissimS,  most  bravely. 
audacissimS,  most  boldly. 

sapientissimS,  most  wisely. 


144     adverbs:  formation  and  comparison. 

499.  Observation  and  Inference  :  iS'ote  that  the  adverbs 
formed  from  adjectives  of  the  second  ixwd  first  declensions  (Exs.  1-3, 
positive,  and  Exs.  15-21,  superlative)  end  in  -e ;  and  that  these 
adverbs  may  be  formed  from  the  stem  of  the  adjective  by  changing 
the  final  stem  vowel  to  -e.^ 

!N"ote,  further,  that  adverbs  formed  from  the  positive  of  adjectives 
of  the  third  declension  (see  Exs.  4—7)  may  be  obtained  by  adding 
the  suffix  -ter  to  the  stem  of  the  adjective." 

Note,  finally,  that  the  comparative  of  an  adverb  formed  from  an 
adjective  (see  Exs.  8-14)  is  the  neuter  singular  accusative  of  the 
comparative  of  the  adjective  used  adverbially. 

Frame  rules  for  forming  the  Positive,  Comparative,  and  Super- 
lative of  Adverbs  from  the  corresponding  Adjectives. 

500.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  148,  a,  h,  d', 
H.  304,  II.,  2,  IV.,  306 ;  G.  90,  1,  2,  4. 

501.  Form  adverbs  from  the  following  adjectives  and 
compare  them  ;  indi^jwi^,  umvorthy  ;  studiosus,  ea^er; 
miser,  ivretclied ;  celer,  quick.,  sivift ;  gravis,  heavy  ; 
brevis,  brief ;  veliemens,  violent ; .  prddens,  sagacious  ; 
felix,  happy. 

502.  Account  for  the  form  of  the  following  adverbs : 
facile,  easily ;  multuni,  much;  plurimum,  very  much., 
exceedingly  ;  postremum,  finally  ;  crebro,  frequently  ; 
paulo,  hy  a  little.,  a  little ;  una,  in  company.,  together ; 
qua,  where:  A.  &  G.  148,  d,  c,  H.  304,  L,  11. ;  G. 
90,  3,  4. 

503.  Compare  :  diu,  long  (in  time)  ;  saepe,  often  ; 
bene,  ivell ;   male,  ill:  A.  &  G.  92;  H.  306,2,  4;  G.  91. 

504.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Celeriter  coucilimxi  dimittit,  Liscum  retinet ;  qiiae- 
rit  ex  solo  ea  quae  in  conventu  dixerat ;  dicit  liberiiis  atque 
audacius.       2.  Persequamur  eorum  mortem  qui  indigiiissime 


ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES,  145 

interiGriiiit.^  3.  Belgae  a  ciiltu  atqiic  liriiiifiiiitalo  [)ir)\  iiiciae 
longissime  absunt,  minimeque  ad  eos  mercatores  saepo  com- 
ineant.  4.  Omnes  acerrime  fortissimeque  piignabant. 
5.  Omnia  quae  absunt  vehementius  hominum  nientes  per- 
turbant. 

II.  1.  The}'  were  able^  to  use  their  swords  more  easil}'. 
2.  Galba  was-not-disposed^  to  try  fortune  further.^  3.  Hav- 
ing assembled  the  leaders  of  the  Aedui,  he  took  them  severely 
to  task.  4.  The}'  knew  that  he  had  done  in  a  single  daj- 
what"  they  had  accomplished  with  the  utmost  difficulty  in 
twent}'  days.  5.  The-battle-was-carried-on®  with  the  great- 
est (Micrg}-.  6.  The  enemy  broke  through  the  midst  [of 
tliein]  with  the  greatest  boldness.  7.  The  army  must  be 
more  widel}'  distributed. 

505.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Caesar  amicissime  de  vobis  et  illi  gravissime  judicave- 
nint.  2.  Legati  dixerunt  Aeduos  omni  tempore  de  populo  Ro- 
mano bene  meritos  esse.  3.  Equites  cupidius  novissimum  agmcn 
insecuti  sunt.  4.  Publico  maximani  putant  esse  laudem  quam 
latissinie  a  suis  finibus  vacare  agros. 

If.  1.  Darts  could*  not  be  thrown  very  easily^  from  the  lower 
posit  i(,n,  and  [those]  cast  by  the  Gauls  fell  with  greater  force.^" 
2.    Dumnorix  was  especially  popular  with"  the  common  people. 


>  Adverbs  in  £  were  originally  abia-  «  Comparative  ofgacpe. 

tivc  forms.  ^  "  what "  =  that  tchich. 

'But  stems  in  -nt-  drop  -t-  before  •pnRrnill>3tur. 

-ter.  "  natlH  coin  mod r?. 

»  I'crf.indlf.Sd  pi.  of  interc5,/>eri«A.  '<»  Translate :  more  heavily. 

♦  l>ot«'miit.  "  "  popular  with  "  =  acceptable  to. 

'-  nOlSbat. 


146         ablative:   separation  and  want. 


LESSON    LXVI. 
Ablative:   Sepaeation  and  Want. 

506.  EXAMPJLES. 

1.  [Marius]  bis  Italiam  obsidione  liberavit  (Cic.  Cat.  4,  lo,  21), 

Mar  ins  twice  relieved  Italy  from  siege. 

2.  Vos  Sulpicium  vita  privastis   (Cic.  PML  9,  4,  8),  [it  is]  you 

[ayIio]  have  deprived  Sulpicius  of  life. 

3.  Eo  errore  careo  (Cic.  Lael.  3, 10),  I  am  free  from  that  error. 

4.  Sed  non  egeo  niedicina  (Cic.  Lael.  3, 10),  but  I  need  no  medicine. 

5.  Iter   ab  Arare    Helvetii   averterant  (i,  16, 3),  the  Helvetians 

had  turned  their  line  of  march  away  from  the  Avar. 

6.  Proelio  abstinebat  (i,  22,  3),  he  held  off  from  battle. 

7.  Hannibal  ex   Italia  decedere  coactus  est  (Cic.  C«f.  4,  io,'2i). 

Hannibal  was  forced  to  ivithdraw  from  Italy. 

8.  Helvetii  hoc  conata  destiterunt  (l.  8,  4),  the  Helvetians  de- 

sisted from  this  attempt. 

9.  Egredere  ex  urbe  (Cic.  Cai.  i,  8, 20),  depart  from  the  city. 

10.    Hostes  proelio  excedebant  (3,4,3),  the  enemy  withdrew  from 
the  fight. 

507.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  each  of  the 
foregoing  illustrations  contains  a  verb  expressing  sej^aration,  and 
that  this  verb  is  construed  with  the  ablative. 

Is  the  ablative  in  Exs.  1-4,  used  loith  or  without  a  preposition? 
With  what  classes  of  verbs,  then,  does  the  Ablative  of  Separation 
omit  the  preposition  ? 

With  what  prepositions  are  the  verbs  of  separation  in  Exs. 
5-10  compounded?  Note  that  the  ablatives  construed  with  these 
compound  verbs  in  Exs.  5,  7,  and  9  have  a  preposition,  Avhereas 
the  ablatives  in  Exs.  G,  8,  and  10  have  no  preposition.  What  expla- 
nation of  this  difference  can  you  suggest? 

Frame  rules  for  the  use  or  the  omission  of  the  Preposition  with 
the  Ablative  of  Separation. 

508.  Heferences  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  243,  a,  6;  H. 
414, 1.,  413,  n.  3;  G.  388  (both  paragraphs). 


ABLATmE:    SEPAEATION   AND   WANT.  147 


509.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Gubernatore  opus  est  (Liv.  24,  S),  there  is  need  of  a  pilot. 

2.  Auctoritate  tua  nobis  opus  est  iCic.Fam.%  25,3),  we  have  need 

(there  is  to  us  need)  of  your  authority. 

3.  Facto  opus  est  (Sail.  Cat.  i,  6),  there  is  need  of  action. 

4.  Maturate  opus  est  (Liv.  8, 13,  i"),  there  is  need  of  hastening. 

510.  Observation  and  Inference  :  By  what  case  is  the  per- 
son or  thing  needed  expressed  with  opus  in  the  foregoing  examples 
(see  gubernatore,  auctoritate,  facto,  and  maturato)  ?  By  what 
case  is  the  person  needing  expressed  (see  nobis  in  Ex.  2)  ?  Note 
that  the  thing  needed  is  expressed  in  Exs.  3  and  4  by  the  perfect 
passive  participle  (see  facto  and  maturato) .  What  constructions, 
then,  an-  used  with  opus? 

511.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  243,  e;  H. 
414,  IV.,  n.  2,  n.  3;  G.  390. 

512.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Flumen  Rhodanus  provinciam  nostram  ab  Helvetiis 
dividit.  2.  Egredeve  ex  urbe,  CatilTna,  libera  rem  publicam 
metu.  3.  Iluic  tradita  iirbs  est,  nuda  praesidio.^  4.  Ma- 
gistnitibus  igitur  opus  est,  sine  quorum  prudentia  esse  clvitas 
noil  potest.  5.  Facto,  non  consulto,  in  tfdT  perTculo  opus 
est.  n.  IlelvetiT,  ea  spe  dejoctl,  hoc  conatfi  destitcrunt. 
7.  (  oiii])lures  dies  friimento  mlliirs  cmk  nt.-  8.  Una  cen- 
turia  laclii  est  immunis  militia.'     1».   Iliinc  :1  tuis  aris  arcebis. 

II.  1 .  The  chanoteers,  moanwliik',  griuluall}'  withdrew  from 
the  battle.  2.  We  shall  live  without  anxiety  and  fear,  and 
^hall  free  mind  and  body  from  trouble.  3.  The  orator  has 
need  of  a  mind  [tiiat  is]  free'  from  envy  and  all  vices. 
4.  They  threatened  Caesar  with  the  sword  [as  lie  was] 
coming  out  from  the  senate.  5.  It  is  a  great  undertaking 
and  requires  no  (n6n)  slight  practice.  G.  There  is  no  need 
of  deliberation.*''  

I  A.  ft  O.  248,  d  ;  H.  414,  m,;   G.  •  cf.  Ivowioti  XXI.,  fo<.t-noto  5. 

■Ai  (end).  •  of.  •ent.  6,  preceding  ozerciae* 


148  ABLATIVES:     SOURCE  AND   CAUSE. 

LESSON    LXVII. 
Ablatives;   Source  and  Cause. 

Ablative  of  Source. 

513.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Piso  amplissimo  genere  natus   (4,  12,  4),  Piso,  born  of  a  very 

illustrious  family. 

2.  Ea  familia  ortum  (Sail.  Cat.  31,  7),  descended  from  such  a  family. 

3.  Is  Ascanius,  quacumque  matre  geiiitus  (Liv.  1, 3, 3),  this  Asca- 

nius,  of  whatever  mother  born  .  .  . 

514.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  perfect 
pai^ticiples  in  the  foregoing  illustrations  express  birth  or  origin. 
How  is  source  denoted  in  connection  with  these  participles  ? 
Frame  a  rule  for  this  construction. 

515.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  244,  a;  H. 
415,  IL;    G.  395. 

Ablative  of  Cause. 

516.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Caesar  beneficiis  magnus  habebatur  (Sail.  Cat.  54,  2),   Caesar 

was  considered  great  because  of  his  benefactions. 

2.  Ipsa  vacuitate  omnis  molestiae  gaudemus  (Cic.  jp'm.  1, 11,  37), 

we  take  pleasure  in  the  mere  absence  of  all  annoyance. 

517.  Observation  and  Inference:  AVhat  do  the  ablatives 
in  the  foregoing  examples  express?  Frame  a  rule  for  these  and 
similar  Ablatives. 

518.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  245;  H.  41C; 
G.  407. 

519.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Mithridaten^  regio  genere  ortum,  regem  constituit. 
2.    Helvetii  sua  victoria  Insolenter  gloriabantur.       3.  Alter 


ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES.  149 

est  Cotus,  antiquissima  familiii  natns  atqne  ipse  homo  sum- 
mae  potentiae.  4.  Earura  rerum  memoria  maguam  sib! 
auctoritatem  in  re  militaii  sumebant.  5.  Reperiebat  pleros- 
qiie  Belgas  esse  ortos  ab^  Germaiiis.  6.  Gubernatoris  ars 
utilitatc  laudatur. 

II.  1.  Catiline  made  a  boast  of  his  vices.  2.  Lj'co- 
mcdes,  descended  from  a  royal  race,  laid  claim  to  this  priestly 
dignity.  3.  He  had  said  this  at  the  bidding  of  his  master. 
4.  Lucius  Catiline,  [who  was]  born  of  a  noble  family,  was 
of  great  vigor  both  of  mind  and  of  bod}'.  5.  Cato  was 
commended  for  his  steadfastness.  6.  This  happened  be- 
cause of  the  inexperience  of  the  enemy,  and  the  valor  of  the 
soldiers. 

1  Greek  accusative  of  Mithrid&tSs,  *  A.  &  G.  244,  a.  Rem.;  H.  415,  II., 

-Is,  M.,  Mithridates.  note;  G.  395  (end). 

520.    Supplementary  Exercises  on  Lessons  LXVI.  and  LXVII. 

I.  1.  Par.s  castrorum  nudata  defensoribus  preini  videbatur. 
2.  Ex  essedis  desiliunt  et  pedibus  proeliantur.  3.  Quid^  mihl 
aut  vita  aat  civitate  opus  est,i  quam  beneficio  Caesaris  habere 
videbor?  4.  Omnium  rerum  natura  cognita  levamur  supersti- 
tione,  liberamur  mortis  metu.       5.  Tantummodo  incepto  opus  est. 

TI.  1.  Among  these  was  Piso,  an  Aquitanian,  born  of  a  very 
illustrious  family.  2.  Why  should  anybody  suppose-  that  this 
[man]  will  withdraw  from  hi.s  allegiance?  3.  When  a  violent 
tempest  arises,'  then  there  is  need  of  a  man  and  a  pilot.  4.  Cati- 
line withdrew  from  the  city  because  of  his  fear  of  the  consul. 
T).  Labienus,  having  seized  the  mountain,  was  waiting  for  our  men 
.'ind  holding  off  from  battle. 


>  Qnld  (adT.  ace.)  mihl  opa»  est,  *  What  mood  ?    See  403,  Ex.  3. 

what  need  have  If  »  Uae  the  perfect 


150  IRBEGLTiAR    VERB:     Possum. 


LESSON     LiXVIII. 

Irregular  Verb  :    Possum.  —  Impersonal  Use  of 
Intransitive  Verbs  in  the  Passive. 

521.  Learn  the  composition,  inflection,  and  synopsis 
of  possum,  he  able,  can :  A.  &  G.  120,  h ;  H.  290,  II., 
notes  1,  2,  1),  2),  3) ;  G.  115. 

522.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Acriter    pugnatum    est  (i,  50,  2),  the  Jiglit  was  vigorously  niain- 

tained. 

2.  Diets  paretur   (Liv.  9,  32,  4),  the  order  is  obeyed  (obedience    is 

rendered  to  the  order). 

3.  Huic  rSi  subventum  est  a  nobis  (Cic.  Att.  i,  17,  9),  /  supported 

this  proposition  (to  this  thing  support  was  given  by  us). 

4.  Hue    concurritur  (7,  84,  2),   they  make  for  this  point  in  a  body 

(a  general  rush  is  made). 

523.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  the  verbs  in 
the  foregoing  illustrations  are  intransitive,  i.e.,  they  do  not  take  a 
direct  object  in  the  active  voice.  How  are  they  used  in  the  passive  ? 
What,  then,  is  the  gender  of  the  participle  in  the  compound  tenses 
of  the  passive  (see  Exs.  1  and  3  ;  cf .  also  317,  Exs.  3  and  4)  ?  In 
the  case  of  intransitive  verbs  that  govern  the  dative  {e.g.,  pareo, 
obey,  subvenio,  support),  is  this  dative  changed  in  the  passive,  or  is 
it  retained  (see  Exs.  2  and  3)  ?  Frame  a  rule  for  the  use  of  Intran- 
sitive Verbs  in  the  Passive. 

524.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  146,  c;  H. 
301,  1 ;    G.  199,  Rem.  1,  208. 

525.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  To  tins  Galliae^  plurimum  Helvetii  possunt.  2.  Sed 
Caesar,  ubi  ad  eum  ventum  est,  haec  verba  locutus  est. 
3.    Quam  maximis   potest  itineribus  in  Galliam  ulteriorem 


INTRANSITIVES   IN  THE  PASSIVE.  151 

contendit.  4.  Labienus,  ut  erat  el  [)r:K^\  [itnin  fi  (  nv - 
sare,  proelio  abstinebat.  5.  His  persiiiidcre  iioii  poterant. 
G.  His  persuader!  iion  poterat.  7.  Neqiie  hostibiis  nocetur. 
-S.  Mihi  profecto  poterit  ignosci.  9.  Nobis  parum  crede- 
batur.  10.  Intelleges  quid  invicti  Germaui  virtutc  possint.- 
1 1 .  Qiiid  liostis  virtute  posset,-  periclitabatur. 

II.  1 .  He  demands  of  the  whole  province  the  largest  pos- 
-ible^  number  of  soldiers.  2.  He  says  that  he  cannot^ 
grant  any  one  a  passage  through  the  province.  3.  He 
had  veiy  little  influence^  owing  to  his  youth.  4.  I  am 
believed.  5.  Why  am  I  envied  ?  6.  I  am  convinced 
that  he  will  not  reject  m}-  friendship.  7.  The  ships  of  the 
enemy  could  not  be  injured.''  8.  He  shows  what  the  disci- 
pline and  resources  of  the  Roman  people  have  been  able  [to 
effect].  9.  Those  with  whom  they  had  come  up^  made  a 
stand. 

526.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Pugnatiir  lino  tempore  omnibus  locls;  quae  minime  visa 
pars  firm  a  est,  hiic  concurritur.  2.  Caesar  intellexit  neque  hosti- 
um  fugam  reprimi  neque  iis  noceri  posse.  3.  Sese  ne  vultum* 
quidem  Germanorum  dicebant  ferre^  potuisse.  4.  Id  oppidum  ex 
itinere  oppugnare  conatus,  propter  miiri  altitiidinem  expiignare  non 
]iotnit. 

IF.     1.    lie  inquired  of  them  what  commnnities  were  in  arnus, 

;i!m1  vli;it  was  their  strength^'' in  \v;tr.        "J.    For  they  had  learned 

hat  the  enemy's  ships  could  not  be  damaged"  by  the  beak.      3.  A 

rush  was  made  to-that-point ^-^  from  the  nearest  redoubts,  and  the 

light  was  maintained  desperately  by  the  enemy. 


»  A.  &  O.  216,  rt,  2;  H.  397, 3;  0. 371.  •  Note  that  with  n»  .  . .  quidem  the 

•  Accounl  for  mood  and  tonao.  emphatic  word   la  placed    between    n8 

•  cf.  aont.  .0  of  the  preceding  exercise.  and  qaidem. 

♦"lie.  «ay«  tlial  he  cannot"  =  he  »  Present  InflnlUvc  of  fer5. 

ffrnies  that  he  can.  '"  "  what  wan  their  strengtti  "  =  trhat 

»  Translate :  was  able  very  Utile.  they  rouUl. 

«  cf.  sent.  6,  preceding  exercise.  "  cf.  preceding  exercise,  sent.  2. 

T  Translate  :    Tho»e  to  whom  it  had  "  •©. 

'■'■en  come. 


152  IRKEGULAR  VERBS:    Volo,  Nolo,  Millo. 


LESSON    LXIX. 

Irregular  Verbs  :    Volo,  Nolo,  Malo.  —  Subjunc- 
tive IN  Final  'Clauses  (Clauses  of  Purpose). 

527.  Learn  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of  volo,  wish^ 
he  ivilling  ;  nolo,  he  uiitvilling  ;  malo,  wish  rather  :  A. 
&  G.  138,  1,  2,  3 ;    H.  293  with  note  2 ;    G.  189. 

528.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Nonnulli,    ut   susplcionem    vitarent,    remanebant  (i,  39, 3), 

some  stayed  to  escape  (that  they  might  escape)  suspicion. 

2.  Ne   exire   posset,  valvas    obstruxerunt   (Xep.  Paus.  5, 2),  they 

barricaded  the  doors  that  he  might  not  get  out. 

3.  Virgultis  conlectis,  quibus  f ossas  compleant,  pergunt  (3, 18, 8), 

liaving  gathered  hrushivood  with  which  to  Jill  (that  with  it  they 
may  fill)  the  trenches,  they  proceed. 

4.  Praesidia  disponit,  quo  facilius  [Helvetios]  prohibere  pos- 

sit  (1,  8,  2),  he  establishes  garrisons  at  intervals,  that  (thereby) 
he  may  the  more  easily  keep  off  the  Helvetians. 

529.  Observation  and  Inference  :  I^ote  that  the  dependent 
clauses  in  the  foregoing  examples  express  purpose.  Clauses  express- 
ing purpose  are  called  Final  Clauses.  What  mood  is  used  in  final 
clauses?  Is  the  final  clause  in  Ex.  1  affirmative  or  negative  ?  What 
particle  introduces  it?  Answer  the  same  questions  for  the  final 
clause  in  Ex.  2.  Note  that  the  final  clause  in  Ex.  3  is  introduced 
by  the  relative  pronoun  quibus,  and  that  quibus  is  equivalent  in 
meaning  to  ut  eis.  Note  that  the  final  clause  in  Ex.  4  contains  a 
comparative  (facilius)  ;  by  what  word  is  this  final  clause  intro- 
duced? Frame  rules  (1)  for  the  Mood  and  (2)  for  the  Introduc- 
tory Word  to  be  used  in  Final  Clauses. 

530.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  317,  6;  H. 
497,  I.,  II.,  1  (first  sentence),  2  (first  sentence) ;  G.  543,  1  (first 
sentence),  2,  545,  1,  2,  3. 

Note  :  The  sequence  of  tenses  in  dependent  subjunctive  clauses  has  already  been 
illustrated  and  explained  (see  Lesson  LV.). 


FINAL  CLAUSES.  153 


531.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  SI  pace  uti  vultis,  iulqiuim  est  de  stTpendio  recusare. 
2.  Caesar  omnium  ex  conspectu  removit  eqiios,  ut  spem  fugae 
tolleret.  3.  Noli  existimare  hunc  esse  exercitum.  4.  Ne 
commeiltu  prohiberetur,  ultra  eum  locum  castrls  idoneum 
locum  delegit.  5.  Praesto  erat  ille,  qui  fugientis  exciperet. 
G.  Ab  his  quaerebat  cur  bellum  quam  pacem  maluissent. 
7.  Quo  barbaros  facilius  repellerent,  classes  aedificarunt^ 
exercitusque  compararuut.^ 

II.  1.  What  do  you  mean  ?^  2.  Cato  chooses  rather 
to  submit  than  to  fight.  3.  On  (in)  making  inquiry,  he 
learned  for  (dg)  what  reasons  Ariovistus  was  unwilling  to 
treat  with  Caesar.  4.  They  sent^  envoys  to  Dumnorix, 
ihut  Mt  his  intercession^  they  might  obtain*  their  request 
from  the  Sequani.  5.  lie  was  at  hand  to  effect  a  junction^ 
with  the  leaders  in-the-city.  6.  He  endeavored  to  keep  the 
forces  of  the  enemy  apart,  that  it  might  not  be  necessary  to 
fight^  with  so  great  a  multitude  at  once.  7.  In  order  to 
retard'  Caesar's  attack  more  effectually,  he  barricaded^  the 
uates. 

532.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1 .  Equitatum  omnem  praem  i  1 1  i  t .  ( j  1 1  i '  videant  *  quas  in  partes 
hostes  iter  faciant.**  2.  Noluit  cniui  1(>(  uin  vacare.  3.  Quae 
vellet  ostendit.       4.    Omnia  permisceri  niiivultis  quam  exercitGs 

liniittere.  5.  Omnis  alarios  in  conspectu  ho.stiuin  coustituit,  ut 
kI  speciem  uteretur.  6.  Quale  praeniium  Miltiadi  sit  tributum 
(Ifjcebo,  quo  facilius  intellegi  possit  quae  onmium  civitatum  sit 
iiatura.  7.  Ille  etiam  grave  tum  vulnus  accepit,  ne  quid  dc 
-ummfl  re  publica  dcniiuueretur. 

II.  1.  Do  not  force  these  [men]  to  do  without  your  aid.®  2.  He 
wishes  to  discuss ^o  with  you  matters  of  the  highest  interest  to 
[you]  V)oth."  3.  He  ordered  them  to  open  the  maniples,  that 
they  might  more  easily  use  their  swords.  4.  Caesar  ]>laces  in 
command  of  the  legion  a  lieutenant,  that  the  mdividual  soldiers  ^ 


154  lEREGULAE   VERBS:    Fero,   E6. 

may  have  him  as  a  witness  of  their  valor.  5.  He  explained  why 
Cato  had  chosen  rather  to  submit  than  to  fight.  C.  They  sent^ 
envoys  to  him  to  say^  that  it  was  their  intention  ^^  to  march  with- 
out [connnitting  any]  depredation.  7.  He  barricaded  ^  the  gates 
that  the  soldiers  might  not  break  ^  into  the  town. 


1  cf.  Lesson  XXXIV.,  foot-note  2.  8  cf.  Lesson  L.,  foot-note  3. 

2  "  What  do  you  mean? "  =  what  do  ^  Translate :   Be  umoilling  (cf.  531, 
you  wish  for  yourself  f  I.,  sent.  3)  to  rob  these  of  your  aid. 

3  Use  tlie  historical  present;  see :  A.  &  ^o  agere  d<5. 

G.  276,  d;  II,  4G7,  III.;  G.  220.  n" matters  of   the    highest    interest 

4  Translate:  he  [being]  intercessor.  to  you  both"  =  the  greatest  thinr/s  of 
'^For  tense,  see:  A.  &  G.  287,  e;  H.  each. 

495,  II.;  G.  511,  Rem.  1.  12  "the  individual  soldiers"  =  each 

c  "  to  effect  a  junction  "  =  ivho  should  one. 
unite  himself.  ^3  "  that  it  was  their  intention  "  =  that 

''  Use  conflTgo  impersonally  in  the  it  teas  to  themselves  in  mind, 
passive  periphrastic  conjugation. 


LESSON    LXX. 

Ireegulae  Verbs  :   Fero,  Eo.  —  Complementary 
FiKAL  Clauses. 

533.  Learn  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of  fero,  hear, 
and  eo,  go:  A.  &  G.  139,  141;  H.  292,  2,  295;  G. 
186,  185. 

534.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Persuadent  Rauricis  uti  una  cum  ils  proficiscaatur  (1,5,4), 

they  persuade  the  Raurici  to  go  with  them. 

2.  Ariovistus  postulavit  ne  quem  peditem  adduceret  (1,42,4), 

Ariovistus  demanded  that  he  should  not  hrinrj  a  single  foot-soldier. 
'6.   Veritus  ut  impetum  sustinere  posset,  litteras  Caesari  re- 

mittit  (5,47,4),  fearing  that  he  might  not  he  able  to  sustain  the 

attack,  he  sent  hack  a  dispatch  to  Caesar. 
4.   Ne  DivitiacI  animura  offenderet,  verebatur  (1,19,2),  he  feared 

that  he  might  wound  the  feelings  of  Divitiacus. 


COMPLEMENTARY  FINAL   CLAUSES.  156 

535.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  final  clauses 
iu  the  foregoing  examples  are  the  direct  objects  of  the  verbs  on 
which  they  depend,  and  that  they  therefore  express  purpose  some- 
what less  obviously  than  those  of  the  preceding  lesson.  As  they 
complete  the  meaning  of  the  verbs  whose  objects  they  are,  they  are 
called  Cojnplementary  Final  Clauses.  Note,  further,  that  the  verbs 
on  which  they  depend  (see  persuadent,  1,  postulavit,  2,  veritus,  3, 
verebatur,  4)  denote  an  action  directed  towards  the  future.  What 
class  ofverhsy  then,  do  Complementary  Final  Clauses  follow?  Wliat 
Mood  do  they  require?  Frame  a  rule  for  Complementary  Final 
Clauses. 

536.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  331;  H.  498, 
I.,  II.,  III.;    G.  540. 

537.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that,  in  Exg.  3  and 
4,  the  complementary  final  clause  follows  a  verb  of  fearing  (veri- 
tus, Ex.  3,  ver6b5tur,  Ex.  4).  How  is  ut  (Ex.  3)  translated  V  Is 
this  its  usual  meaning?  How  is  n6  (Ex.  4)  translated?  Is  this 
its  usual  meaning?  Frame  a  rule  for  the  use  of  the  Particle  after 
Expressions  of  Fearing. 

538.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  331,/;  H. 
498,  III.,  note  1;  G.  552^. 

539.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Per  mihi  auxiliurn.  2.  Servitutera  perforre  ma- 
lunt.  3.  In  tiibulls  noniiiuitim  ratio  coufecta  erat  qui 
numerus  domo*  exisset*  eorum,  qui  arma  ferre  possent. 
4.  NeiitrT  transouiull  initium  faciunt.  5.  His  mandavit 
ut  quae  dlceret  Ariovistus  cognoscerent  et  ad  se  rcforrent. 
C.  Mulieres  rnllites  imploraf)ant  ne  se  In  servitutcm  Romanis 
traderent.  7.  Timebant  ne  ab  hoste  circumvenlrentur. 
8.  Rem'  fmmentariam,  ut  satis  commodS  8up|)ortari  ix)sset, 
timebant.  9.  NonnullT  Caesan  nuntiarant*  non  propter 
timorem  signa  laturos  mllites.  10.  Ego  enim  ab  ineunte 
aetate  incensus  sum  studio  utriusque  vestrum. 

II.  1 .  At  one  time  *  they  waged  war  against  [others] ,  at 


156  ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES. 

another^  the}'  repelled  [it  when]  waged  against  [them- 
selves]. 2.  One  must  often  incur  enmity^  for  the  public 
welfare.  3.  He  went  away  at  the  beginning  of  summer.^ 
4.  He  warns  him  to  aA^oid''  all  grounds  of  suspicion.  5.  They 
feared  that  our  army  might  be  led  against^  them.  6.  Take 
care  to  attach  to  yourself  the  aid^  of  all  [classes].  7.  He 
'persuades  this  [man]  to  go  over  to  the  enemy.  8.  Caesar 
thought  that  he  ought  to  take  special  precautions  ^°  lest  this 
should  happen.  9.  "  Lay  the  matter  before  the  senate," 
you  say  :  I  shall  not.^^      10.  I  must  return.      11.  Go  hence  ! 

540.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  E-omani  con  versa  signa  bipartlto  intulerunt.  2.  Is 
Amulimn  regem  interemisse  fertm*.  3.  Respondit  in  eam  partem 
ituros  atque  ibi  fiituros  Helvetios.  4.  Sic  eat  quaecumque  Ro- 
mana  lugebit  hostem  !  ^"^  5.  Allobrogibus  imperavit  lit  Helvetiis 
frumenti  copiam  facerent.  6.  Eo  consilio  domos^  suas  Helvetii  reli- 
querimt,  uti  toti  GalHae  bellum  inferrent  imperioque  potireiitur.^^ 
7.  Caesar  postulavit  ne  Helvetios  fruniento  neve  alia  re  juvarent. 

II.  1.  AYould  that  the  soldiers  had  passed  through  without 
[committing  any]  depredation  !  2.  I  do  not  know  through  whose 
territory  they  have  gone.  3.  They  betook  themselves  to  the  town. 
4.  They  suffer  no  wine^*  to  be  imported.  5.  It  is  your  [duty]  to 
see  that  they  do  not  injure  me.  6.  They  demanded  of  Ariovistus 
that  he  should  select  some  place  for  a  conference.  7.  There-was- 
reason-to-fear  1^  that  they  might  seem  to  have  been  cruel. 


1  For  declension,  see:  A.  &  Gr.  70,/;  7  in  this  and  similar  cases  occurring 
H,  119.  1 ;   G.  67,  Rem.  2.  later,  the  English  infinitive  is  to  be  trans- 

2  A.  &  G.  128,  a;  H.  235;   G.  151, 1.  lated  by  \\t  with  the  subjunctive. 

3  Kem     frumentariam,     ut  .  .  .  *  adduce  ad. 
posset  =  Ut    res    f  rumentaria  ...  ®  Use  the  plural. 

posset.     The  construction  used  in  the  lo  Use  the  passive  impersonally, 

text  gives  special  emphasis  to  rem  f  ru-  ^^  Trans. :  I  shall  not  lay  the  matter. 

iuent3.riain.  ^-  The  exclamation  of  Iloratius  as  he 

*  aliS.s  .  .  .  alias,  at  one  time  .  .  .  at  slew  his  sister :  Liv.  1,  26,  4. 

another.  ^^  Note  that  this  final  clause  is  in  ap- 

5  •'  One  must  often  incur  enmity"  :=  position  with  eo  consilio. 
enmities  must  often  he  incurred.  ^^  "  no  wine  "  =  nothing  of  wine. 

6  Trans. :  summer  beginning.  ^  Passive  periphrastic. 


Fio. ABLATIVE   OF   COMPARISON.  157 


LESSON    LXXI. 

Irregular  Verb:  Fio. — Ablative  of  Comparison. 
—  Ablative  of  Difference. 

541.  Learn  the  inflection  and  synopsis  of  fio,  he  made^ 
become  :   A.  &  G.  142  ;    H.  294;    G.  188. 

542.  EXAMPLES. 

r  a.  Quis  est  enim  quam  ego  mitior  ?      1 
-      j  [  for  who  is  milder 

^'   i  b.  Quis  est  enim  me  mitior?  (Cic  Cat.i,  f      .j       jf 

[  6,11),       •  ^         lan     . 

r  a.  Docet  se  nihil  amplius  scire  quam  ']  he  declares  that  he 

<2.   J  Iggatos  (Sail.  Cn<.  47, 1),  I      Inows  no  more 

[  h.    Docet  sg  nihil  ampUus  scire  l§g5tis,  j       '''«"  '^'«  envoys. 

3.  Liice  sunt  cl&riora   n5bis   tua  consilia  (Cic.  Cat.  i,  3, 6),  your 

schemes  are  clearer  to  us  than  the  light. 

4.  Celerius  omni  opinione  (2,  3,  l),  more  quickly  than  any  one  had 

thought  possible  (than  all  opinion). 

543.  Observation  and  Inferex(  i ;:  Xoto,  in  Ex.  1,  a,  that 
quam  is  expressed  with  the  comparative  mitior.  and  that  ego  is  in 
the  uninimiiire;  whereas,  in  Ex.  1.  /^  quam  is  omitted,  and  the 
nominaticr.  ego  has  been  changed  to  the  alilatirc  m6.  Compare  Ex. 
2,  a  with  Ex.  2,  b;  how  has  the  omis.sion  of  quam  affected  the 
accusative  Ifigatds  ?  Note,  further,  that  quam  is  omitted  after  the 
comparative  in  Exs.  3  and  4;  in  what  case  an?  Iflce  (Ex.  3)  and 
opIniSne  (Ex.  4)  ?  By  what  Case,  then,  is  the  Comparative  fol- 
lowed when  quam  is  omitted?    Frame  a  rule  for  this  construction. 

544.  Kefekences  fok  Veripication  :  A.  &G.  247;  11.417; 
G.  399. 

545.  EXAMPLES. 

1.    Hibernia    dImidiO    minor  [est]   quam   Britannia    (f»,  13.  2), 
Ireland  is  smaller  by  half  than  Britain. 


158  ABLATIVE   OF   DIFFERENCE. 

2.  [Patria]  mihi  vita  mea  multo  est  carior  (Cic.  Cat.  i,  ii,  27),  my 

country  is  far  (by  much)  dearer  to  me  than  my  life. 

3.  Paucis  ante  diebus  (l,  18,  lO),  a  few  days  hefore  (before  by  a 

few  days). 

4.  Quo   minus    petebat   gloriam,    eo   magis    ilia    sequebatur 

(Sail.  Cat.  54,  5),  the  less  he  paid  court  to  glory,  the  more  she  fol- 
lowed [him]  (lit.,  by  what  less,  by  that  more). 

546.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note,  in  Ex.  1,  that  the 
ablative  dimidio  tells  by  how  much  Ireland  is  smaller  than  Britain  ; 
in  other  words,  it  expresses  the  degree  of  difference  denoted  by  the 
comparative  minor.  Point  out  the  words  in  the  remaining  exam- 
ples which  express  degree  of  difference.  In  what  case  are  they  ? 
By  what  case,  then,  is  Degree  of  Difference  denoted  after  Compar- 
ative expressions?     Frame  a  rule  for  this  construction. 

547.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  250;  H.  423; 
G.  400. 

548.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  De  Caesaris  adventu  Helvetii  certiores.  fiunt. 
2.  Quid  fieri  velit,  edocet.  3.  Proelium  adversum  panels 
ante  diebus  erat  factum.  4.  Semproniae  cariora  omnia 
quam^  pudicitia  fuit.-  o.  Celerius  opinione  exercitum  ad- 
ducit.  6.  Nemo  Romanorum  fuit  eloquentior^  Cicerone. 
7.  Multo  ego  vigilo  acrius  ad  salutem  quam  tu  ad  perni- 
ciem  rei  publicae.  8.  Quare  in  hostes  impetus  non  fieret, 
nondum  perspexerat.  9.  Quanto  vos  attentius  ea  agetis, 
tanto  illis  animus  infirmior  erit.  10.  Festluaudo  plus 
timoris  quam  peiiculi  effecerant. 

II.  1.  This  was  at  that  time  easily  done.  2.  Would 
that  an  attack  on"*  the  enemy  were  in  progress.  3.  He 
holds  all  his  [friends]  dear;  me  indeed^  [beholds]  dearer 
than  himself.^  4.  These  are  under  (in)  arms  the  year 
after,  those  remain  at  home.^  5.  The  greater  the  fault 
is,  the  severer  is  the  mortification.        6.   There-was-in  this 


DEFECTIVE  VERBS:    Odi,  Coepi,  Memini.       159 

man  no  less  vanity  than  recklessness.^  7.  He  showed  what 
he  wished  to  have  doue.^  8.  He  accomplished  less  than 
he  had  anticipated.^^        9.  That  is  much  more  to  be  feared. 

549.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Crebri  ad  eum  rumores  adferebantur,  litterisque  item 
Labieni  certior  fiebat.  2.  In  conspectum  hostiuni  celerius  opl- 
nione  eorum  exercitum  adducit.  3.  Earum  rerum  a  nostris  flet 
nihil.  4.  Belli  spolia  magnifica  magis  quam^  oiTitio  mea  vos 
hortantur.  5.  Cariuae  aliquauto  plaiiiores  sunt  quam  nostrariim 
navium.       6.   Quo  delictum  majus  est,  eo  poena  est  tardier. 

II.  1.  These  [reports]  which  are  talked  of  aYe  less  [important] 
than  is  generally  supposed."  2.  [Those]  who  had  advanced  a 
little  too  far  for  the  purpose  of  seeking  [materials  for]  an  embank- 
ment,^- had  13  to  be  sent  for.  3.  The  immortal  gods  seemed  to 
foreshadow  these  things  which  are  now  taking  place.  4.  The 
safety  of  my  fellow  citizens  has  always  been  dearer  to  me  than  my 
own  life.^       5.  He  has  not  yet  learned  what  is  in  progress. 


'  Rewrite  this  sent,  omitting  quam.  "  Use  the  reflexive  sp  with  ipse. 

*  f  uit  here  follows  the  number  of  the  ^  at  home,  doniT. 
nearer  subsUntive  piidicitia  rather  tlian  «  Express  in  two  waj-s. 
tliat  of  the  more  remote  omnia.  ®  cf.  .'548,  I.,  sent.  2. 

3  Rewrite thlsBcnt.introducinjrquam.  >«  less  than  his  own  expectation. 

*  in  with  accusative.  "  Translate :  le$8  than  opinion. 
'•  qnidem  ;  it  follows  the  word  w  hich  '-  cf.  .386,  I.,  sent.  1. 

it  emphasizes.  '^  cf.  examples  in  317. 


LESSON     LXXII. 

Defective  Verbs  :   Odi,  CoepI,  Meinini.  —  Verbs 
OF  Memory. 

550.  Learn  the  inflection  and  synopsis,  with  meanings, 
of  coepi,  /  began  ;  odi,  /  hate  ;  meinini,  /  remember : 
A.  &G.  143,  a,  6,  c?,  note;   H.  297,  I.,  2;   G.  190,  5. 


160  VERBS    OF   MEMORY. 

551.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Vivorum  memini  (Cic.  Fin.  5,  l,  3),  /  keep  tlie  living  in  mind. 

2.  Memini,  neque  unquam  obliviscar  noctis  illius  (Cic  Plane. 

42, 101),  I  remember,  nor  shall  I  ever  forget  that  night. 

3.  Alii,  reminiscentes  veteris  famae  (Nep.  Plwc.  4,  l),  others,  re- 

calling his  early  fame. 

4.  Recorder   non   L.   Brutum   sed   legiones   nostras  (Cic.  Cat. 

Maj.  20,  74),  I  call  to  mind  not  Lucius  Brutus,  hut  our  legions. 

5.  Omnia  meminerunt  (Cic.  Cat.  Maj. 1,21),  they  remember  everything. 

6.  Num  ilia  oblitus  est  (Cic.  ^c.  2,33,106),  did  he  forget  those  things? 

7.  Ea  reminiscere  (Cic  Fam.  4,  5,  5),  recall  these  things. 

8.  Id    saepe    sum    recordatus    (Cic  Att.  8, 12, 5),    /  have  often  re- 

called it. 

552.  Observatiox  and  Inference  :  By  what  cases  may  verbs 
of  remembering  and  forgetting  be  followed  (see  foregoing  examples)  ? 
What  seems  to  be  the  regular  construction  with  recorder  (see 
Exs.  4  and  8)  ?  What  case  regularly  follows  verbs  of  remembering 
and  forgetting  when  the  thing  remembered  or  forgotten  is  expressed 
by  a  neuter  adjective  or  pronoun  (see  Exs.  5-8)  ?  What  seems  to  be 
the  construction  after  memini,  obliviscor,  and  reminiscor  when 
the  object  remembered  is  not  expressed  by  a  neuter  adjective  or  pro- 
noun (see  Exs.  1-3)  ?     Frame  rules  embodying  these  observations. 

553.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  219  and  Rem. 
(last  sentence)  ;  H.  406,  11. ,  407,  note  1 ;  G.  375,  Rem.  2. 

554.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Semper  in  civitate  quibus^  opes  nullae  sunt  vetera 
odere,  nova  exoptant.  2.  Helvetil  proelio  nostros  laeessere 
coeperunt.  3.  Memento  mei.  4.  Reminiscere  veteris 
incommod!  popull  Romani.  5.  Plerique  mortales,  sceleris 
obliti,  de  poena  disserunt.  6.  Eas  res  reniinisc!  et  re- 
cordari  videntur.        7.  In  murum  lapides  jaci  coepti  sunt.^ 

8.  Intellegebat  omnes  homines  condicionem  servitutis  odisse. 

9.  Quam  mnlta  meminerunt  angnres !       10.  Probaturus  sum 
v5bis  defensionem  meam  si  id  memineritis,  quod  oblivisci 


ILLUSTRATIVE  EXERCISES.  161 

non  potestis.      11.  Mens  mea  pueritiae  memorium  recordatur 
filtimam.       12.  Constantiae  tuae  memini. 

II.  1.  I  entreat  you  to  remember  these  things.  2.  It  is 
not  becoming  cither^  to  exercise  partiality  or^  to  cherish 
hatred.  3.  They  began  to  follow  and  attack  our  men  in 
(a)  the  rear.  4.  A  great  quantity  of  dust  began ^  to  be 
seen.  5.  Remember  (pi.)  us.  G.  I  cannot  forget  the  old 
indignity.  7.  Recall  to  mind  the  ancient  valor  of  the  Hel- 
vetians. 8.  When  I  reliect  on  all  the  stages  of  your  life, 
I  do  not  see  at  what  period  jou  learned  those  things. 
9.  He  favors  the  Helvetians,  [but]  hates  Caesar.  10.  Turn 
your  thoughts  from^  slaughter  and  conflagi-ations.  11.  He 
forgets  nothing  but^  injuries.  12.  He  recalled  the  bitter 
experience  of  an  earlier  time.  13.  I  call  to  mind*  not  the 
two  Decii,  not  the  two  Scipios,  —  but  our  own  legions. 

555.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Eundem  Achillain,"  cujus  supra  meminimus,  omnibus 
copiis  praefecit.  2.  Atque  ego,  qui  onmia  officio  nietior,  recordor 
tamen  tua  cdnsilia.  3.  Cum  aliquo  dolore  flagitiorum^  suorum 
recordabitur.  4.  Plerique  mortales  postrema  meniinere,  et  in 
hominibus  impiis  sceleris  eorum  obliti  de  poena  disserunt,  si  ea 
paulo  severior  fuit.       5.  Parum  odisse  nialos  cives  vidctur. 

n.  1.  I  forget  for-the-momen.t' your  injuries,  Clodia.  2.  The, 
mind  remembers  the  past,  sees  the  present,  foresees  the  future. 

3.  He  exhorted  the  Aeduans  to  forget  disputes  and  disagreement. 

4.  Tliey  began  by  putting  to  death***  all  the  worst"  without  trial. 


>  ct.  .393  and  304.  ">  For   declension,  «ee  AenSRH  (or 

*  A.  &G.  143,  a  (second  line);  H.  297,  LeAnMIlii) :  A.  8t  O.  37;  H.  60;  0.72. 
1 ;  0. 190,  5  (end).  '  In  this  the  usual  construction  with 

*  Trans. :  it  it  becoming  neither . . .  recordor  ? 
nor.  9  jam. 

*  "  turn  your  tboagbts  from  "  s=for-  '"  Trans. :    They  at  Jlrat  began  to  put 
get.  to  death. 

»  "  nothing  but "  =  nothing  unle$$.  »  "  all  the  worst "  =  each  worst ;  of. 


recordor.  Lesson  LVII.,  foot-note  3. 


162  CONSECUTIVE   CLAUSES. 


LESSON     LXXIII. 

Subjunctive  in  Consecutive  Clauses  (Clauses 
OF  Result). 

556.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Ita  me  gessi   ut  omnes  conservaremini  (Cic.  Cat.  3,  lo,  25),  / 

so  conducted  my  administrcilion  tliat  you  were  all  saved. 

2.  Ita  repente  procurrerunt  ut  spatium  non  daretur  (i,  52,  3), 

they  ran  forward  so  suddenly  that  no  time  icas  cdloiced. 

3.  Quis  est  tam  lynceus  qui  in  tantis  tenebris  nihil  offendat 

(Cic.  Fam.  9,  2,  2),  who  is  so  sharjj-sighted  as  not  to  stumhle  amid 
such  darkness  (that  he  would  not  stumble,  etc.). 

4.  Quae  res,  commeatus  ut  ad  eum   portari  possent,  efEcie- 

bat  (2,  5,  5),  this  movement  rendered  it  possible  for  supplies  to  be 
brought  to  him  (brought  it  about  that  supplies  could,  etc.). 

5.  Eadem  nocte  accidit   ut    esset   luna   plena  (4, 29,  i),  on   the 

same  night  it  chanced  that  it  iv  as  full  moon. 

557.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  dependent 
clauses  in  Exs.  1-3  express  consequence  or  result.  Such 'clauses 
are  called  Consecutive  Clauses,  or  Clauses  of  Result.  What  mood 
is  used  in  consecutive  clauses  ?  Is  the  consecutive  clause  in  Ex. 
1  affirmative  or  negative  f  What  particle  introduces  it  ?  Answer 
the  same  questions  for  the  consecutive  clause  in  Ex.  2.  Is  the 
negative  particle  of  the  consecutive  clause  the  same  as  that  of 
the  fncd  clause  (see  528,  Ex.  2)?  Note  that  the  consecutive  clause 
in  Ex.  3  is  introduced  by  the  relative  pronoun  (qui),  and  that  qui 
is  here  equivalent  in  meaning  to  ut  is.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Mood 
and  the  Introductory  Word  to  be  used  in  Consecutive  Clauses. 

558.  References    for   Verification  :    A.   &  G.   319  and  a 

(first  sentence)  ;  H.  500,  I.,  II. ;  G.  554. 

559.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  consecu- 
tive clause  of  Ex.  4  is  the  direct  object  of  the  verb  (efficiebat)  on 
which  it  depends,  and  that  the  latter  is  a  verb  denoting  the  a<:com- 


CONSECUTIVE   CLAUSES.  163 

pUshment  of  an  effort.  What  claifn  of  verbs,  then,  do  Object 
Clauses  of  Result  follow  ?  ^^'hat  Mood  do  they  require  ?  Frame 
a  rule  for  Object  Clauses  of  Result. 

560.  References  for  A'KuiricATiON :  A.  &  G.  332;  H.  501, 
II.,  1 ;  G.  557. 

561.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Xote  that  the  consecu- 
tive clause  of  Ex.  5  is  the  subject  of  the  impersonal  verb  accidit. 
With  what  class  of  verbs,  then,  are  Subject  Clauses  of  Result  found? 
What  Mood  do  they  require  ?  Frame  a  rule  for  Subject  Clauses  of 
Result. 

562.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &G.  332, a;  H.  501, 
I.,  1 ;  G.  558. 

563.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Quis  potest  esse  tarn  aversus  a  vero  qui  neget  haec 
omnia  quae  videraus  ?  2.  Tantus  timor  exefcitum  occuim- 
vit  ut  omnium  mentes  animosque  perturbaret.  3.  FTebat  ut 
minus  facile  flnitimis  bellum  inferre  posseut.  4.  Non  tam 
impentus  sum  reinim  ut  non  sciam  Aeduos  Romauis  auxilium 
non  tulisse.  5.  Verborum  obscuritas  facit  ut  non  intollega- 
tur  res.        6.   Fortuna  vestra  facit  ut  irae  meae  temperem. 

7.  Illae  tamen  omnes  dissensiones  erant  ejusmodi^  quae  non 
ad  delendam,  sed  commutandam  rem  publicam  pertinerent. 

8.  Aliquot  de  causis  acciderat  ut  Gall!  belli  renovandi 
consilium  caperent.  9.  Tanta  reram  commutatio  est  facta 
ut  nostri  proelium  redintegrarent. 

II.  1.  Sal)inu8  gave  ground  for  so-strong-a^  suspicion  of 
his  cowardice  that  the  enemy  dared  to  come  up  even^  to  the 
rampart  of  the  camp.  2.  Nor  am  I  so  iron-hoartcd  as  not 
to  be  affected.*  3.  Ariovistus  had  assumed  such  arrogance 
that  he  seemed  insufferable."^  4.  The-result-will-be*  that 
the  enemy  will  escape  danger  l)y  their  swiftness.  5.  The 
obscurity  of  the  subject'  causes  the  language  not  to  be  under- 
stood.*      6.  So  stealthily  did  they  glance  at  one  another* 


164  CLAUSES  WITH  Quomlnus. 

that  the}'  seemed  to  betray  themselves  by-their-own-actions.^° 
7.  The  Aediiaiis  have  deserved  so  [well]  of  (de)  the  Roman 
people  that  their  towns  ought  not  to  be  assaulted. 

564.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Ejusmodi^  sunt  tempestates  consecutae  uti  sub  pellibus 
milites  contineri  iion  possent.  2.  Nemo  enhn  est  tarn  senex  qui 
se  annum  non  putet  posse  vivere.  3.  Hostes  tantam  vu-tutem 
praestiterunt  ut  ex  jacentium  corporibus  pugnarent. 

II.  1.  And  it  so  happened  that  out  of  so  large 2  a  nmnber  not 
a  single  ship^^  was  missing. ^"^  2.  We  are  not  persons  of  such  in- 
credulity that^^  nothing  seems  to  us^^  true.  3.  And  so,  although 
twelve  ships  had  been  lost,^*  he  rendered  it  possible  for  the  voyage 
to  be  made  ^^  well  enough  with  the  rest. 


1  of  such  a  kind,  such:  A.  &  G.  215,  »  Translate:  among  themselves. 

a;  H.  396,  v.,  n.  1;  Gr,  364.  10  Use  ipse  in  app.  with  the  subject. 

2  tantus.           •  ^^  "  not  a  sing]e  ship  "  =  710  ship  at  all. 
s  jam.  12  "  -y^ras  missing"  ;=  icas  missed. 

4  Translate:  that  I  am  7iot  affected.  is  <<  pgi-gong  of  guch  incredulity  that 

5  Translate :  did  not  seem  sufferable.  to  us  "  ^  those  to  ivhom. 

6  cf.  563,  I.,  sent.  3.  "  Ablative  absolute. 

7  Use  res  in  plural.  35  Translate :  caused  that  it  could  be 

8  Translate  :  causes  that  the  language  sailed  ;  use  navigo  impersonally  in  the 
is  not  understood.  passive. 


LESSON    LXXIV. 

Subjunctive  in  Clauses  Introduced  by 
Quominus  AND  Quin. 

565.  EXAMPI>ES. 

1.  Te   infirmitas  valetudinis  tuae  tenuit  quo  minus  venires 

(Cic.  Fam.  7, 1, 1),  the  feebleness  of  your  health  kept  you  from 
coming  (so  that  thereby  [quo  =  ut  eo]  you  came  less). 

2.  Neque  illis  superbia  obstabat  quo  minus  aliena  instituta 

imitarentur  (Sail.  Cat.  51,  37),  neither  did  pride  prevent  them 
from  imitating  foreign  institutions. 


CONSECUTIVE  CLAUSES  WITH   Quin.  165 

566.  Observation  axd  INFERE^XE  :  Xote  thai  the  depend- 
ent clauses  in  the  foregoing  examples  arc  introduced  by  quo  minus. 
"What  mood  do  they  take  (see  venires,  Ex.  1,  and  imitarentur, 
Ex.  2)  V  Xote  also  that  the  verbs  on  which  these  clauses  depend 
(tenuit.  Ex.  1,  iind  obstabat,  Ex.  2)  are  verbs  of  hinderinf/ .  Frame 
a  rule  for  the  Mood  to  be  used  in  clauses  like  the  foregoing. 

567.  Referexces  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  319,  c;  H. 
505,  II.,  1;    G.  549. 

568.  EXAMPLES. 

1 .  Nemo  est  tain  f ortis  quIn  rii  novitate  perturbStur  (O,  39,  3), 

no  one  is  so  brave  as  not  to  he  disconcerted  by  the  unexpected- 
ness of  the  situation. 

2.  Quis  est  quin  contendat  (Sail.  Jut/.  4,  7),  trho  is  there  who  does 

not  contend? 

3.  RetiuSri    n5n    potuerant   quin   tela    conicerent    (i,  47, 2),   it 

had  not  been  possible  to  restrain  them  from  throicinrj  darts  (lit., 
thi'V  had  not  been  able  to  be  r(\sti-ain('d,  etc.). 

4.  Non  dubit&bat  quin  summissiores  essent  futurae  (8,31,2), 

he  had  no  doubt  that  they  would  he  more  submissive. 

5.  Nullum     tempiis     intermis6runt    quin    16g5t6s    mitterent 

{'),  55, 1),  they  let  no  occasion  j)nss  without  sendiny  (imbussftdors. 
(J.    Facere  non  possum  quin   cottidifi   ad   t6   mittam  (Cic.  Att. 
12,  27,  2),  /  cannot  help  writiny  to  you  every  day. 

569.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  the  consecu- 
tive clauses  in  tlie  foregoinii;:  tycainples  are  introduce*!  by  quin,  and 
that  the  leading  clau.se  in  each  exaini»le  contain.s  a  negative  expres- 
sion. Xote,  further,  that  the  neyative  expression  of  the  leading 
clause  is:  a  general  negative  (n6m6)  in  Ex.  1  ;  an  interrogative  im- 
plying a  negative  in  Ex.  2  (quia  est  ^  nSmS  est) ;  a  negative 
expression  of  hindering  (retinSxl  n6n  potuerant)  in  Ex.  3;  a 
negative  expression  of  doubting  (n6n  dubitSbat)  in  Ex.4;  and 
a  negative  ex])reM8ion  of  omitting  or  refraining  (nClllum  .  .  .  inter- 
mlsSrunt  and  facere  nfin  possum)  in  Exs.  5  and  0.  Frame  a 
rule,  or  rules,  for  the  use  of  quin  with  the  Subjunctive  in  Con- 
secutive Clauses. 


166  ILLUSTRATIVE  EXERCISES. 

570.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  319,  d ;  H. 
504 ;  G.  550,  551. 

571.  EXERCISES. 

I..    1.   Nemo  est  qmn  ubivis  qiiam  ibi  iibi  est  esse  malit. 

2.  Sed  custodiis  quo^  id  sine  peiiciilo  minus  ^  faceremns 
impediebamur.  3.  N5n  est  dnbium  quin  totius  Galliac^ 
plurimiim  Helvetii  possint.  4.  Non  possunt  milites  con- 
tineri  quin  in  urbem  irrumpant  nrbemque  deleant.  5.  Ne- 
que    abest    suspicio    qnin    ipse    sibi    mortem    consciverit. 

6.  Quis    est    quin    cernat    quanta    vis    sit    in    sensibus  ? 

7.  Prohiberi  non  possumus  quo  minus  cottidie  aquam  pe- 
tamus.  8.  Non  dubito  quin  probaturus  sim  A^obis  de- 
fensionem  meam.  9.  Ego  nihil  praetermisi  quin  Pompejum 
a  Caesaris  conjunctione  avocarem.  10.  Naves  vento  tene- 
bantur  quo  minus  in  eundem  portum  venire  possent. 

II.  1.  The  enemy  endeavored  to  hinder  our  men  from 
fleeing  for  refuge  to  their  camp.  2.  We  have  not^  been  able 
to  deter  even^  the  Suessiones  from  conspiring  with  the  Bel- 
gians. 3.  We  do  not  doubt  that  he  will  inflict  the  severest 
punishment  on  all  the"  hostages.  4.  Nothing  is  so  difficult 
that  it  cannot  be  found  out  b}'  searching.  5.  There  is  no 
doubt ^  that  the  Romans  will  deprive  the  Aeduans  of  freedom.^ 

6.  Nor  did  he  refuse  to  submit  to  the  penalty  of  the  law. 

7.  I  cannot  help^  declaring  to  3'ou  my  opinion.  8.  Who 
then  can  doubt '^  that  [true]  wealth  consists  in  virtue? 

572.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Quis  est  omnium  quin  divitiis  et  sumptibus,  non  probi- 
tate  neque  industria  cum  majoribus  suis  contendat?  2.  Tutu 
vero   dubitandum    non    existimavit   quin   ad    eos   proficisceretur. 

3.  Itaque  deterritus  non  est  quo  minus,  prima  acie  pro  vallo  in- 
striicta,  reliqua  pars  oxercitiis  opus  faceret. 

II.  1.  Rest  assured^  that  the  Romans  will  wrest  liberty  from 
the  Aeduans.       2.  Parmenio  wished  to  deter  him  from  drinking 


RELATIVE  CLAUSES   OF   CHARACTERISTIC.        167 

the  drug.  l].-  Xor  do  we  refuse  to  remain®  forever  under  your 
sway.  4.  No  one  might  i''  withdraw  from  the  line  of  march 
without  being  cut  off  by  Caesar's  cavahy. 


'  quo  may  be  separated  from  minus  *  See  568,  Ex.  6. 

by  the  intervention  of  other  words.  ■?  What  mood ?  See  493,  Ex.  3. 

-  See  foot-note  1,  Lesson  LX\T:ir.  8  Translate :  bennwilling  to  doubt. 

3  See  Lesson  LXVIIL,  foot-note  8.  »  "  remain  "  =  be. 

*  of.  571, 1.,  sent.  3.  w  jfullT  licebat. 

'<  Translate :  wretsi/reedomfrom  (lit., 
to)  the  Aeduans  (dat.). 


LESSON     LXXV. 

Subjunctive  in  Relative  Clauses  of 
Characteristic. 

573.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Secutae  sunt  tempestStSs  quae  nostros  in  castrls  conti- 

nSrent  ii,u,A),  there  ensued  storms  which  (of  sucli  severity 
that  they)  kept  our  wen  in  camp. 

2.  Hoc  qui  postulSret  reperiSbStur  ngmo  (Caes.  B.  C.  3,  20,4),  no 

one  was  found  who  (.so  unreasonable  that  he)  demanded  this. 
'3.    Fugre  qui  crSderent  (Sal.  Cat.  17,  7),  there  were  some  who  believed. 
4.    Rem  idoneam  dg  qu5  quaerStur,  et  homings  dignSs  qui- 

buscum  disser«ltur  putant  (Cic.  Ac.  2,  6, 18),  thei/  consider  the 

subject  suitable  to  be  inquired  intOy  and  the  men  worthy  ofbeimj 

argued  with. 

574.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Noto  tliat  the  relative 
clau.se.s  of  result  in  the  forejroincj  oxample8  expres.s  some  chnrnrfer- 
istic  of  the  ant<;cedent.  Thus  the  relative  clause  quae  . . .  conting- 
rent  (Ex.  1)  descril)cs  the  severity  of  the  storms  by  saying  that 
they  kept  the  men  in  camp.  Note,  further,  that  tlie  relativq  clause 
of  characteristic  follows  a  r/eneral  negative  (nfimS)  in  Ex.  2,  an 
indefinite  (omitted)  antecedent  in  Ex.  3,  an  antecedent  limited  by 
id5neam  in  Ex.  4,  and  an  antecedent  limited  by  dlgn5s  in  Ex.  4. 
In  what  mood  is  the  verb  of  a  Relative  Clause  of  Characteristic? 


168         RELATIVE   CLAUSES    OF   CHARACTERISTIC. 

With   what  Antecedents   are    Relative    Clauses    of   Characteristic 
especially  used?     Frame  a  rule  embodying  these  observations. 

575.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  320,  a,/;  H. 
503,  I.,  II.,  2 ;   G.  633,  634. 

576.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Erant  omnino  itinera  duo  qiiibus  itineribus  domo^ 
exire  possent.  2.  Erant  eo  tempore  qui  existimarent 
indicium  illud  a  P.  Autronio  machinatum.^  3.  Indigni  vos 
estis  qui  in  meo  exercitu  ordines  ducatis.  4.  Voluptas  est 
sola*^  quae  nos  vocet  ad  se.  5.  Neque  is  sum  qui  mortis 
perTculo  terrear.  6.  Reperti  sunt  milites  qui  scuta  manibus 
revellerent  et  desuper  vulnerarent.  7.  Hunc  Caesar  ido- 
neum  judicaverat  quem  cum  mandatis  mitteret. 

II.  1.  Storms  followed  which  prevented  the  enemy  from 
fighting.  2.  [There]  are  [persons]  here  who  urge  you  to 
revolt '^  from  us.  3.  He  deems  Procillus  a  suitable  [person] 
to  send^  to  Ariovistus.  4.  He  seems  to  be  worthy  to  com- 
mand. 5.  Nor  has  any  one  been  found^  up  to  this  time 
who  refused^  to  die.  6.  There  were  [some]  who  said  that 
Catiline  had  passed  round  blood  in  sacrificial  dishes. 

577.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Qui  se  iiltro  morti  offerant  facilius  reperiuntur  quam  qui 
dolorem  patienter  ferant.  2.  Morini  INIenapiique  supererant  qui 
in  armis  essent  neque  ad  eum  legates  de  pace  misissent.  3.  Quis 
servus  libertate"  dignus  fuit  cui  nostra  saliis  cara  non  esset? 

II.  1.  [He]  who  quietly  obeys  seems  to  be  worthy  to  com- 
mand. 2.  In  the  camp  of  Pompey  it  was  possible  to  see  many 
things  which  betokened  confident  expectation  of  victory.  3.  Nor 
is  there  any  one  who  asserts  that  he  has  penetrated  to  the  begin- 
ning of  that  forest.  4.  There  are  [those]  who  say  that  Catiline 
has  been  driven  into  exile  by  me. 


1  See  foot-note  1,  Lesson  LXX.  "  cf.  sent.  7,  foregoing  exercise. 

2  se.  esse.  o  a.  &  G.  287,  a;  U.  495,  1;  G.  511, 
s  A.  &G.  320,  6;  H.  503,  II.,  1.  Rem.  2. 

*  Translate ;  tcrffe  that  you  revolt.  ^  cf.  Lesson  XXXII. ,  foot-note  3. 


VEllBS    OF    l-EEJLlN(r.  169 

LESSON    LXXVI. 
Constructions  Used  with  Verbs  of  Feeling. 

578.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Miseremini  sociorum  (Cic  Verr.  2,  l,2&,  12),  pitt/ [our'\  allies. 

2.  Miserescite  regis  (Verg.  Aen.  8,  573),  take  pity  on  the  king. 

3.  Commuue  periculum  miserabantur  (l,  39,  4),  they  bewailed  the 

common  danger. 

579.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  miseremini 
(Ex.  1)  and  miser§scite  (Ex.  2)  are  intransitive,  and  mean  '■feel 
l>it\  ':  what  case  follows  them?  Note,  on  the  other  hand,  that 
miserabantur  i.s  transitive  and  means  '  express  pity  for,'  *  lament,' 
*  bewail ' ;  what  case  follows  it  ?  Frame  a  rule  for  the  construction 
to  l)t'  used  with  these  verbs? 

580.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  221,  a;  II. 
400,  I. ;  G.  37G  (first  line). 

581.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Tul  m6  miseret,  mei  piget  (Kun.  aj..!  i. .  Dir.  i,si,66),  I  pity  theCf 

I  loathe  mi/srlf  (']{  pities  me  of  tliet',  it  loathes  me  of  myself). 

2.  Taedet  omnino  eos  vitae  (Cic.  Att.  5, 16,  2),  they  are  utterly  weary 

nf  lifr  (it  wearirs  them  of  life). 

0.  Me  meorum  factorum  nunquam  paeuitgbit    <  i. .  <<i(.\,  m.  jo^ 

/  si, nil  never  regret  viy  acts  (it  will  n(!ver  re|H*nt  me  of  my  acts). 

1.  Pudet  m6  n6n  tul  quidem,  aed  ChryaippI  (Cic />»r.  2, 15, 35), 

/  am  not  ashamed  of  you  indeed^  but  of  Chrysippus. 

582.  Ob.servatiox  and  Inferencf.  :  Note  that  miseret 
(Ex.  1),  piget  (Ex.  1),  taedet  (Ex.  2),  paenitBbit  (Ex.  3),  and 
pudet  (P2x.  4)  are  impersonal  verbs  of  feeling  or  emotion.  By  what 
case  is  the  person  experiencing  the  feeling  expres-scid  ?     (See  m6,  Ex. 

1,  eOa,  Ex.  2,  m6,  Ex.  3,  m6,  Ex.  1.)      By  what  ca.se  is  the  object 
exciting  the  feeling  expre.s.sed?     (Sc(>  tul  and  mel,  Ex.  1,  vltae,  E?:. 

2,  factorum   Ex.  3,  tul  and  ChrysippT.  V.\.  \  \      Fr.itiu'  ;i  ml!-  for 
ill.'.  >n8  to  be  used  with  til"  i<  liii|M'r-uii:iI  . 


170  CONSTRUCTIONS  WITH  Interest. 

583.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  221,  h\  H. 
409,  III. ;  G.  376. 

584.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Quid  illius  interest  ubi  sis  {C'lc.  Att.io,  A,  IQ),  what  matters  it  to 

him  where  yon  are  ? 

2.  Docet    quanto    opere    communis    salutis    intersit    manus 

hostium  distineri  (2,  5,2),  he  shows  how  important  it  is  for  the 
geneird  safetij  that  the  forces  of  the  enemy  he  kept  apart. 

3.  Mea  magni  interest  te  ut  videam  (Cic.  Att.  ii,  22,  2),  it  is  of 

great  importance  to  me  to  see  you. 

4.  Tua  maxime  interest  te  valere   (Cic.  Fam.  I6,  4,  4),  it  is  of  the 

greatest  importance  to  you  that  you  keep  your  health. 

585.  Observation  and  Inference  :  IS^ote  that  with  the  m- 
pei'sonal  interest  the  person  or  thing  affected  is  expressed  by  the 
genitive  in  Exs.  1  and  2  (see  illius,  Ex.  1,  and  salutis,  Ex.  2). 
Xote,  however,  that  in  Exs.  3  and  4  the  person  interested  is  ex- 
pressed not  by  the  genitive  of  the  personal  pronoun,  as  might  have 
been  expected,  but  by  the  ablative  feminine  of  the  possessive  (see 
mea,  Ex.  3,  and  tua,  Ex.  4).  Frame  a  rule  for  the  constructions 
to  be  used  with  the  Impersonal  interest,  to  express  the  Person  or 
Thing  Affected. 

586.  Refcrences  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  222,  a;  H. 
408,  I.,  1,  2 ;    G.  381  (both  paragraphs). 

587.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Me  meorum  eonsiliorum  niinquam  paenitebil. 
2.  Misereor  vestri.  3.  Miseret  te  aliorura,  tuT  te  nee  mis- 
eret  nee  pudet.^  4.  Sunt  homines  qiios  Tnfamiae  suae  neqne 
piideat  neque  taedeat.  5.  Magnl^  interest  Ciceronis,  vel 
mea  potius,  vel  mehercule  utriusqiie.  6.  Quis  est  hodie 
cujus  intersit  istam  legem  manere  ?  7.  Magni-  interest  tiui 
et  mea.  8.  Allobroges  Umbrenum  orabant  ut  sul  miserere- 
tur.  9.  Miserantur  communem  Galliae  fortunam.  10.  De 
summis  saepe  rebus  consilia  ineunt,  quorum  eos  in  vestlgio 


ILLUSTUATIVE   EXERCISES.  171 

paenitere  necesse  est.       11.  Me  civitatis  morum  piget  tae- 
dctque. 

II.  1.  You  are  neither  sorry  for  nor  ashamed  of  yourself. 
2.  It  concerns  the  general  safety  for  me  to  have  a  conference 
with  Ariovistus.  3.  The  women  bewailed  tlieir  little  children. 
4.  I  have  not  been  dissatisfied  with  my  soldiers,  nor  you 
with  your  leader.  5.  It  is  highly^  important  to  me  for  us 
to  be  together.  6.  They  are  neither  ashamed  of  their 
infamy  nor  wear}'  [of  it].  7.  It  is  of  more^  importance 
to  them  than  to  me.  8.  He  demands  that  they  have  com- 
passion on  him.^       9.  Can  any  one  pity  us  ? 

588.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Non  tam  mea  quani  rei  publicae  interest  uti  salvus  sim. 
2.  Plerique  eorum  qui  ante  me  sententias  dlxere,  casuin  rei  piil)li- 
cae  niiserati  sunt.  3.  Eoruiu  nos  magis  miseret  qui  nostram 
misericordiam  non  requirunt,  quam  qui  illani  efflagitant.  4.  Hiijus 
post  mortem,  populum  judicii  sui  paenitebat. 

IT.  1.  It  matters  very  little*  to  me.  2.  Caesar  used  to  say 
tliat  it  was  not  so  important  for  himself^  as  for  the  state  that  he 
should  be  preserved.  3.  Do  you  not  feel  that  you  dishonor ^  this 
temple,  the  city,^  life,^  light »?  4.  I  pity  the  misfortunes  of 
Jugurtha.       5.  Every  one  is  dissatisfied  with  hi.<}  own  lot. 


>  For  the  arrangement  of  the  wordu  '  inlnimS. 

in  thl«  Rontence,  see  references  under  •  Proper  form  of  r.uu*. 

Le»»on  XXI.,  foot-note  21.  ^  '*  Do  you  not  feel  that  you  dishonor 

'  A.  &  G.  252,  a;   H.  408,  III.;  O.  this  temple?"  =  does  it  not  ahame  you 

382, 1.  of  this  temple  t 

'  masls*  'Repeat   "not"  with   each  substan- 

*  A.  fc  G.  196,  a;  H.  448, 1 ;  G.  521.  Uve. 


172  CONDITIONAL    SENTENCES: 


LESSON    LXXVII. 

Conditional  Sentences:   Present  and  Past 
Suppositions. 

Present  and  Past  Suppositions,  Protasis  Indeterminate. 

589.  EXAMPIvES. 

1.  Si  me  consulis,  suadeo  (Cic  Cat.  i,  5, 13),  if  you  ask  my  advice, 

I  recommend  [it]. 

2.  Si  quisquam   fuit   unquam    remotus    ab   inani  laude,  ego 

profecto  is  sum  (Cic.  Fam.  15,  4, 13),  if  there  ever  ivas  any  one 
indifferent  to  empty  applause,  I  assuredly  am  the  man. 

3.  Sin  autem  servire  meae   gloriae  mavis,  egredere  (Cic  Cat. 

1,  9,  23),  if  however,  you  prefer  to  minister  to  my  glory,  depart. 

4.  Si  stare  non  possunt,  corruant  (Cic.  Cat.  2,  lo,  21),  if  they  can- 

not stand,  let  them  fall. 

590.  Explanation  of  Terms  :  Sentences  like  the  foregoing, 
containing  a  clause  introduced  by  si,  if,  or  one  of  its  compounds 
(see  sin,  Ex.  3),  are  called  Conditional  Sentences.  The  clause  ex- 
pressing the  condition  (si  .  .  .  consulis,  Ex.  1,  si  .  .  .  laude,  Ex.  2, 
sin  .  .  .  mavis,  Ex.  3,  si  .  .  .  possunt,  Ex.  4)  is  called  the  Protasis ; 
the  clause  expressing  the  conclusion  (suadeo,  Ex.  1,  ego  .  .  .  sum, 
Ex.  2,  egredere,  Ex.  3,  corruant,  Ex.  4)  is  called  the  Apodosis. 

591.  Observation  and  Inference  :  IVote  that  the  Protasis 
in  the  foregoing  examples  simply  states  a  supposed  case,  without 
implying  either  that  it  is  true  or  that  it  is  false.  Thus,  si  me 
consulis,  if  you  ask  my  advice  (Ex.  1),  does  not  imply  that  the  per- 
son addressed  either  does  or  does  not  ask  the  advice  of  the  speaker. 
Note,  further,  that  the  Protasis  expresses  a  present  supposition  in 
Exs.  1,  3,  and  4;  and  a  past  supposition  in  Ex.  2.  In  what  7nood 
is  the  verb  of  the  Protasis  in  each  of  these  examples  (see  con- 
sulis, Ex.  1;  fuit,  Ex.  2;  mavis,  Ex.  3;  possunt,  Ex.  4)?  Is 
there  a  like  uiiiforinity  as  to  mood  in  the  verbs  of  the  Apodosis 
(see  suadeo,  Ex.  1 ;  sum,  Ex.  2 ;  egredere,  Ex.  3 ;  corruant,  Ex. 
4)  ?  Erame  a  rule  for  the  use  of  Moods  in  Conditional  Sentences 
like  the  foregoing. 


PRESENT   AND   PAST   SUPPOSITIONS.  173 

592.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  306;  II.  508 
and  1 ;  G.  597. 

Present  and  Past  Suppositions,  Protasis  False. 

593.  examples. 

1.  Servl  mei  bi  me  metuerent,  domum  meam  relinqueudam 

putarem  (Cic.  Cat.  l,  7,  17),  if  my  slaves  feared  me,  I  should 
think  that  I  ought  to  leave  house  and  home. 

2.  [Vitam]  SI  eripuisset,  multas  animi  atque  corporis  poen&s 

ademicset  (Cic  Cat.  a,  a,  8),  if  he  had  taken  airay  life,  he  would 
have  relieved  [them]  of  many  torments  of  mind  and  body. 

3.  Magis   id  dicerSs,  si  adfuissSs   (Cic.  Lae/.  7,  25),  ?/om  would  say 

so  all  the  more,  if  you  had  been  there. 

4.  Si   interfectus    esset,    quid    dicerent    (Cic.  Cat.  2,  7, 15),   what 

would  they  say,  if  he  had  been  put  to  death  ? 

594.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  Protasis 
in  each  of  the  foregoing  examples  states  the  supposed  case  in  such 
a  way  as  to  imply  its  falsity.  Thus,  servi  mei  si  mS  metuerent, 
if  my  slaves  feared  me  (Ex.  1),  implies  that  tlie  speaker's  slaves  do 
not  fear  him ;  and  si . . .  adfuissSs,  if  t/ou  had  been  there  (Ex.  3), 
implies  that  the  person  addressed  was  not  there. 

Xot^,  further,  that  the  Protasis  expresses  a  present  supposition 
in  Ex.  1,  and  a  pa.^t  supposition  in  Exs.  2,  3,  and  4 ;  also,  that 
the  verb  of  the  Apodosis  refers  to  present  time  in  J2xs.  1,  3,  and  4, 
and  to  imst  time  in  Ex.  2. 

\\  h.it  mood  is  used  in  both  Protasis  and  Apodosis  in  these 
(xaiii).l.  -?  What  tense  is  used  for  pf  >,  ni  lime?  for  pojit  time? 
Frame  a  rule  for  the  use  of  Mood  and  Tense  in  Conditional  Sen- 
tences like  the  foregoing. 

595.  References  fob  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  308 ;  H.  510 
and  n.  1 ;  G.  599. 

596.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  SI  itenim  expcrlri  voliuit.  ego  itorum  pnnTtus  sum 
deccrtfire.  2.  ST  CatilTna  in  urbe  remanslHset,  nniuiuain  nos 
nin  publicam  Ubeiassemus.        3.  Parcite  dlgnitilti  Lcntuli  si 


174  ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES. 

ipse  famae  suae  uiiquam  pepercit.  4.  Si  quid  mihi  a  Cae- 
"^  sare  opus  esset,  ego  ad  eiim  venissem.  5.  Id  ego  si  verbo 
adsequi  possem,  istos  ipsos  eicerem.  6.  Si  et  in  urbe  et 
in  efidem  mente  permanent,  ea  quae  merentur  exspectent. 
7.  Mihi  SI  liaec  condicio  consulatiis  data  est,  feram  non  s5lnm 
fortiter  verum  etiam  libenter.  8.  SI  in  hunc  animadver- 
i-     tissem,  crudeliter  fecissem. 

II.  1.  If  they  wish  to  enjo}^  peace,  it  is  unfair  [for  them] 
to  refuse  [to  pay]  ^  the  tribute.  2.  Bring  back  the  men  if 
3'ou  wish  to  be  free  from  suspicion  in-my-eyes.^  3.  If  there 
were  room  for  error,  I  should  readily  permit  [it].  4.  If  he 
had  been  conscious^  of  [having  done]  any  wrong,  it  would 
not  have  been  difficult  [for  him]  to  be  on  his  guard,  o.  Par- 
don the  3'oung^  Cethegus^  if  he  has  not  a  second  time  made 
war  on  his  country.  6.  Still,  if  it  is  your  pleasure,  let  it 
be  voted.  7.  Nor  would  you,  if  you  were  an  Athenian, 
ever  have  been  illustrious.  8.  Would ^  he,^  then,  if  he  had 
lived  to  be  a  hundred  3^ears''  old,  regret^  his  old  age  ? 

597.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Iluic  facinori  si  paucos  putatis  adfines  esse,  vehementer 
erratis.  2.  Si  quid  ille  me  vult,  ilium  ad  me  venire  oportet.  3.  Si 
h5c  idem  huic  adulescenti  optimo  P.  Sestio  dixissem,  jam  mihi 
senatus  vim  et  maniis  intulisset.  4.  Si  id  culpa  senectiitis  acci- 
deret,  eadem  mihi  iisii  venirent. 

II.  1.  If  you  cannot  die  contentedly,  do  you  hesitate  to  con- 
sign your  life  to  flight  and  solitude?  2.  If  your  parents  hated 
you,  you  would,  as  I  think,  withdraw  to  some  place  out  of  their 
sight.^  3.  If  Catiline  had  come  off  conqueror,  doubtless  great 
bloodshed  and  disaster  would  have  overwhelmed  the  country. 


1  recusare  de.  "  "What  inter,  particle?  cf.  417,  Ex.  4. 

2  mihi.  c  cf.  581,  Ex.  3. 

3  Translate :  conscious  to  himself.  ''  had  lived  to  the  hundredth  year. 
*  Translate :  the  youth  of  Cethegus.  8  ab  eorum  ocuUs. 


FUTURE   SUPPOSITIONS.  175 

LESSON    LXXVIII. 
Conditional  Sentences:   Future  Suppositions. 

598.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Nuiiquam  labere  si  te   audies  (Cic.  Fam.  2,  7,  i),  i/ou  will  never 

€>'r  if  you  (shall) /o//o«?  your  own  convictions  (hear  yourself). 

2.  Si  iste  flnus  tollStur,  periculum  residebit  (Cic.  Cat.  i,  13, 31), 

if  he  alone  (shall)  he  removed,  the  danrjer  will  remain. 

3.  Vix  feram  sermones  hominum  si  id  feceris  (Cic.  Cat.  i,  9,  23), 

it  will  he  hard  for  me  to  endure  men's  cri/lrisnts  if  you  do  (shall 
have  done)  this. 

599.  Observation-  and  Inference:  Note  that  the  Protasis 
in  each  of  tlie  foregoing  examples  states  a  supposed  future  case 
with  vividness,  though  without  implying  eitlier  that  it  will  or  that 
it  will  not  be  fulfilled.  AVhat  ?nood  and  what  tenses  are  used  in 
both  Protasis  and  Apodosis  in  this  form  of  conditional  sentence? 
Note  that,  in  Ex.  3,  the  action  expressed  by  the  verb  of  the 
Protasis  (fSceris)  is  represented  as  completed  at  the  time  denoted 
by  the  verb  of  the  Apodosis  (feram)  ;  what  fense  is  used  to  express 
this  coiiipleteness?  Note,  further,  tliat  \]\f  verbs  of  the  Protasis 
in  til''  foregoing  examples  are  rendenMl  liy  the  present  tense  in  the 
Kii.;li>h  translation;  in  such  cas<  -,  \\lii(h  language  is  the  more 
exact,  the  Latin  or  the  Engli.shV  Frunie  a  rule  for  the  use  of 
Mood  and  Tenses  in  Conditional  Sentences  like  the  foregoing. 

600.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  307  (to  the 
semicolon),  «,  c  (omit  what  follows  the  comma  in  the  third  line)  ; 
H.  5()8and2;  G.  597. 

601.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  SI  quis  deus  mihi  largi&tur  ut  repuerSscam,  valdfi  recfl- 
sem  (Cic.  Cat.  Maj.  23,  83),  if  some  gofl  should  frerhj  f/ranf  me 
thf  vririlt  Of  of  becoming  a  child  again,  I  should  stnuth/  re- 
fu. 


176  FUTURE   SUPPOSITIONS. 

2.  Ego    SI    Scipiouis    desiderio    me    mover!   negem,  mentiar 

(Cic.  Lael.  3, 10),  if  1  should  say  that  I  am  not  affected  with  grief 
at  the  loss  of  Scipio,  I  should  speak  falsely. 

3.  Si  gladium  quis  apud  te  sana  mente    deposuerit,  repetat 

insaniens,  reddere  peccatum  sit  (Cic.  0^.3,25,94),  if  a  man 
should  deposit  (should  have  deposited)  with  you  a  sword 
[when]  in  his  right  mind,  and  should  ask  it  hack  again  [when] 
insane,  it  luould  he  wrong  to  restore  it. 

602.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  Protasis 
in  the  foregoing  examples  states  the  supposed  future  case  with  less 
vividness  than  in  the  examples  of  598,  and  thereby  represents 
the  fulfillment  of  the  supposed  case  as  somewhat  less  probable. 
What  mood  and  what  tenses  are  used  in  both  Protasis  and  Apodosis 
in  this  form  of  conditional  sentence?  Note  that,  in  Ex.  3,  the 
action  expressed  by  the  verb  of  the  first  Protasis  (deposuerit) 
is  represented  as  co7npleted  at  the  time  denoted  by  the  verb  of  the 
Apodosis  (sit)  ;  what  tense  is  used  to  express  this  completeness  ? 
Frame  a  rule  for  the  use  of  Mood  and  Tenses  in  Conditional 
Sentences  like  the  foregoing. 

603.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  307,  &,  c ;  H. 
509  and  n.  1 ;  G.  598. 

604.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Nisi  decedes,  ego  te  pro  hoste  habebo.  2.  Si 
discesseris,  magno  ego  te  praemio  remunerabor.  3.  Haec 
SI  tecum  patria  loquatur,  nonne  impetrare  debeat?  4.  Si 
quis  deus  te  interroget,  quid  respondeas?  5.  Si  poteri- 
mus,  castellum  expugnabimus ;  si  minus  potuerimus,  agios 
Remorum  populabimur.  6.  Si  vim  facere  couabimini, 
prohibebo.  7.  Si  te  interfecero,  multis  ego  nobilibus  gra- 
tum  faciam. 

II.  1.  If  we  can/  we  shall  destroy  the  bridge  ;  if  we  can- 
not,^ we  shall  cut  off  the  Romans  from  supplies.  2.  I  could 
not  go  away  if  I  should  wish  [to].  3.  If  you  give  satis- 
faction to  the  Aeduaus  for  (de)  the  injuries  [you  have  done 


ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES.  177 

them],  I  shall  make  peace  with  you.  4.  Ought  not-  the 
country  to  obtain  her  request,  even  if  she  should  not  be 
aI>K-  to  apply  force?  5.  If  tliis  (pi.)  is  reported''  to  Ario- 
vistus,  he  will  inflict  punishment  on  (de)  the  hostages. 
G.  Ifyou  do^  tliis,  there  will  be  lasting  friendship  between 
you  and  the  Roman  people.* 

605.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Etiam  si  honiinum  studia  deficiaut,  di^  ipsi  immortales 
cogant  tanta  vitia  superari.  2.  Si  se  ejecerit,  secumque  suos 
eduxerit,  exstinguetur  atque  delebitiir  sth'ps  ac  semen  maloruni 
omnium.  3.  Si  quis  pater  familias,^  llberis  siiis  a  servo  interfectls, 
supplicimn  de  servo  non  sumpserit,  utrum  ^  is  clemens  an  crude- 
lissimus  esse  videatmr?  4.  Nisi  decedcs  atque  exercitum  deduces 
ex  his  regiouibus,  ego  te  non  pro  amico  sed  hoste  habcbo. 
5.  Pietate  adversus  deos  sublata,^  fides  etiam  et  justitia  tollatur. 

II.  1.  If  they  should  remain  in  Rome,*  they  would  be  rescued 
by  a  hired  mob.  2.  If  this  takes  place  it  will  be  [attended] 
with  great  danger  to  the  province.!^  3.  If  any  [punishment]  of 
undue  severity  is  inflicted  upon  him'i  by  Caesar,  no  one  will  sui)- 
pose  that  it  was  not  done  at^-  ray  desire. 


*  cf.  sent.  5,  preceding  exercise.  " 'I'raiis.     hy    a    condltlonni    clause. 

*  cf.  604,  sent.  3.  F.\l):inil  t!ir  alil.  abs.  Jnto  the  ordinary 
'  cf.  sent.  2,  preceding  exercise.  form  of  protasis. 

♦Translate:    to   the    Roman  people  »  cf.  Lesson  XXVII.,  foot-uotc  11. 

yrith  yoit.  '"  I'ho  the  genitive. 

«  Bee  373,  foot-note  3.  "Translate:   if  anything  too-severe 

«  A.  &  G .  36, 6 ;  II.  49, 1 ;  0. 27,  Rem.  1.  sludl  have  luippened  to  him  from  Caesar, 

f  Omit  in  translation.  "  Use  ablative  of  cause. 


178  CONCESSIVE   CLAUSES. 

LESSON    LXXIX. 
Concessive  Clauses.  —  Clauses  of  Proviso. 

606.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Quamquam  premebantur,  tamen  omnia  fortissimo  sustine- 

bant   animo  (S,  42, 3),  although   they  were  hard  pressed,  still 
they  endured  everything  with  the  bravest  spirit. 

2.  Senectus,    quamvis   non   sit   gravis,  tamen    aufert   viridi- 

tatem  (Cic  Lael.  3,  il),  old  age,   though   it  he   not  hurdensonie, 
yet  takes  away  one^s  vigor. 

3.  Etsi  maturae  sunt  hiemes,  tamen  contendit  (4,  20,  i),  although 

the  winters  set  in  early,  he  hastened  notwithstanding. 

4.  Nonne  impetrare  debeat,  etiamsi  vim  adhibere  non  possit 

(Cic.  Cat.  1,  8, 19),  ought  she  not  to  obtain  her  request,  even  though 
she  should  not  be  able  to  employ  force  ? 

607.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  the  clauses 
in  the  foregoing  examples  introduced  by  quamquam  (Ex.  1), 
quamvis  (Ex.  2),  etsi  (Ex.  3),  and  etiamsi  (Ex.  4)  express 
something  granted  or  conceded.  For  this  reason  they  are  called 
Concessive  Clauses.  Note  that  the  Concessive  Clause  introduced 
by  quamquam  (Ex.  1),  unlike  that  introduced  by  quamvis  (Ex. 
2),  concedes  an  admitted  fact,  and  therefore  takes  the  indicative 
mood  (see  premebantur).  What  mood  does  the  Concessive  Clause 
introduced  by  quamvis  take  (see  sit,  Ex.  2)?  Note  that  etsi 
(Ex.  3)  and  etiamsi  (Ex.  4)  are  compounds  of  si,  and  that,  like  si, 
they  take  the  indicative  or  subjunctive  as  already  explained  (Lessons 
LXXVIL-VIIL).  Frame  rules  for  the  Mood  of  the  verb  in  Con- 
cessive Clauses. 

608.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  313,  a,  c,  e\ 
H.  515,  I.,  II.,  III. ;  G.  605,  1-3,  606,  607,  608. 

609.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Dum  locus  pxignandi  daretur,  singulas  binis  navibus 
obiciebant  (Caes.  B.  C.  1, 58, 4),  provided  an  opportunity  of 
fighting  presented  itself,  they  matched  one  ship  against  two. 


CLAUSES   OF   PROVISO.  179 

• 

2.    Manent     ingenia     aenibus,     modo     permaneat     industria 

(Cic.  Cat.  Maj.  7,  22),  the  old  retdin  their  mental  powers  (powers 
remain  to  the  old),  if  only  industry  hold  out. 
''\.    Magno  mS  metu  liberabis,  dum  modo  inter  me  atque  t§ 
murus  intersit  (Cic  Co<.  l,  5,  lO),  you  will  free  me  from  yreut 
fear,  if  only  there  he  a  ivall  between  you  and  me. 

610.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  clauses  in 
the  foregoing  examples  intVoduced  by  dum  (Ex.  1),  modo  (Ex.  2), 
and  dum  modo  (Ex.  3)  express  a  proviso  or  condition;  what  7nood 
do  they  take  (see  daretur,  Ex.  1,  permaneat,  Ex.  2,  and  intersit, 
Ex.  3)  ?  Frame  a  ride  for  the  Mood  to  be  used  in  clauses  like  the 
foregoing. 

611.  References  for  YrnirirATioN:  A.  &  O.  iMi-,  H.  5l:j, 
I. ;  G.  575. 

612.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Sed  est  tanti^  dura  modo  ista  rei  publicae  perTculIs 
sejuiitratur  calamitas.  2.  Quamqiiani  crebru  audiebat 
LabicMiuni  ab  iiiimicTs  suis  sollicitarl,  tamen  non  credidit. 
.">.  Etiamsl  CatilTna  perierit,  in  re  pfd)lica  seminariiim  Cati- 
ITnariim  erit.  4.  Non  igitur  potestas  est  conservandae  rel 
j)ublicae,  quamvis  ea  prematur  perTculIs.  5.  Neque,  dum 
sibi  regnum  pararet,  quicquam  pens!  habebat.'*  0.  Ilia, 
qiiamquam  fcrenda  non  fueriuit,  tamen  tulT.  7.  Homines, 
«iuaravis  in  turbidis  rebus  sint,  tamen  interdum  animis  re- 
laxantur."** 

II.  1.  Even  though  he  receives  the  injury,  ho  yet  seems 
to  commit  [it].  2.  You  at  any  rate  assented  to*  my  depart- 
ure, provided  I  should  be  at  Rome*  on  the  first^  of  January. 

'..  The  Romans,  although  they  were  weary  of  marching^ 
md  fighting,^  yet  eagerly"  advanced  to  meet  [him].  4.  And 
yet*  that  flattery,  pernicious  though"'  it  be,  can  nevertheless 
injiire  no  one  but"  him  who  is  pleased  by  it.  5.  He  spared 
neither  expeuse  nor  his  own  honor,  if  only  he  might  make 
them  faithful  to  himself. 


180  SPECIAL   CONSTRUCTIONS. 

613,  Supplementary    Exercises. 

I.  1.  Sed  quamquain  haec  talia  sunt,  tamen  obviam  ire  iiiimicis 
mels  animus  me  subigit.  2.  Ista  Veritas  etiamsl  jiicunda^^  non 
est,  mihi  tamen  grata ^=^  est.  3.  Nihil  tam  difficile  est  quod  non 
cupidissime  facturi  simus,  dum  ea  res  civitate'm  aere  alieno  liberet. 
4.  Quamvis  non  fueris  suasor  et  impulsor  profectionis  meae,  appro- 
bator  certe  fuisti. 

II.  1.  Life  is  short,  though  it  extend  beyond  a  thousand  years. 
2.  But  Sulla,  although  he  held  the  same  opinion,^^  nevertheless 
protected  the  Moor  from  injury.  3.  They  will  shrink  from  no 
peril,  provided  the  province  be  restored  to  Caesar  through  their 
efforts." 


1  est  tantl,  it  is  worth  such  a  price:  »  A.  &  G.  313,  f ;  H.  515,  n.  2 ;  Gr.  607, 

A.  &  G.  252,  a;  H.  404,  n.  1;  G.  379.  Rem.  2. 

-  Neque  quicquain  pens!  habe-  "  cf.  606,  Ex.  2. 

bat,  iior  did  he  have  any  scruple.  "  "  no  one  but"  =  no  one  unless. 

3  aniniTs  relaxantur,  unbend.  ^2  jucundus,   agreeable,  because  to 

*  you  were  apj)rover  of.  one's  taste ;   gratus,  welcome,  because 

5  cf.  foot-note  11,  Lesson  XXVII.  valuable  in  itself. 

<^  "fivst"  =  Kalends.  ^^  to  hold  the  same  opinion,  cadem 

^  Ablative.  exTstiinare. 

8  intentus  (adj.)  in  agreement  with  "  Translate  :  through  themselves. 
subject. 


LESSON     LXXX. 

Special  Constructions:   Genitive  with  Verbs 

OF  Condemning,  etc.  —  Egeo  and  Indig-eo. 

Dative  with  Eripio,  etc. 

614.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Principes    civitatis   insimulati    [sunt]    proditioiiis    (7, 38, 2), 

the  foremost  men  in  the  state  have  been  charged  loith  treachery. 

2.  Proditionis    damnatus    est    (Nep.  Th.  8, 2),   he   was    condemned 

for  treason. 


SPECIAL  CONSTRUCTIONS.  181 

0.  Video  te  absolutum  esse  improbit&tis  (Oc  Verr.  2,  1,  28,  72), 

/  see  that  you  were  acquitted  of  wroncj  doing. 

615.  Dbservatiox  and  Inference  :  Note  that  insimul^ti 
sunt  (Ex.  1),  damnatus  est  (Ex.  2),  and  absolutum  esse  (Ex.  3) 
are  verbs  of  accusing,  condemning,  and  acquitting  resj3ectively.  By 
wliat  case  is  the  charge  expressed  with  these  verbs  (see  proditi- 
onis,  Ex.  1,  proditionis,  Ex.  2,  improbit&tis,  Ex.  3)  ?  Frame  a 
rule  for  the  construction  to  be  used  with  these  and  similar  verbs. 

616.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &G.  220;  H.  409, 
IT.  and  n.  2 ;  G.  377. 

617.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Nn  attigit  nisi   arma,    quorum   indigSbat  (Nep.  Thr.  2, 6),   he 

touched  nothing  but  arms,  and  of  these  he  stood  in  need, 

2.  [Eos],  quibus    rSbus   indiguSrunt,    adjiivit   (Nep.  Att.  9, 3),  he 

aided  them  with  those  things  of  which  they  stood  in  need. 
'■'>.    Neque   consill  neque   audaciae  eguere   (Sail.  Ca^  51, 37),   they 

lacked  neither  caution  nor  boldness. 
I.    Alterum   alterius   auxilio   eget  (Sail.  Co/.  1, 7),  each  (of  these 

two  things)  needs  the  aid  of  the  other. 

618.  Observation  and  Inference  :  It  has  already  been  shown 
tliat  verbs  denoting  want  regularly  take  the  ablative  (I^esson  LXVI.). 
With  what  cases  is  indigeS  construed  in  the  foregoing  examples 
(>»•»•  quorum,  Ex.  1,  and  rfibus,  Ex.  2)?  What  caftcs  may  be  used 
witli  egeo  (see  consill  and  audaciae,  Ex.  3,  and  auxilid,  Ex.  4)? 
i'raiue  a  special  rule  for  these  two  verbs. 

619.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  223;  11.410, 
\'.,  1 :  G.  389,  Rem.  2. 

620.  EXAMPLES. 

1 .  Id  mihi  til  abstullstf  ((.ic  Mv.  in  CaecU.  6, 19),  you  have  robbed 
me  of  that  (liave  taken  that  away  to  my  hurt). 

J.  Haec  ill!  dfitraheuda  auzilia  exbtimftbat  (6,  b,6),  he  thought 
that  these  allies  ought  to  be  detached  from  him  (withdrawn  to 
his  injury). 


\  ^M         oar        ^ K  .  yl 


182  ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES. 

3.   Mihi  timorem  eripe  {Cic.  Cat.  1,7,  is),  fi-ee  me  from  fear  (take 
away  fear  as  a  favor  to  me). 

621.  Observation  and  Inference  :  It  has  already  been  shown 
that  verbs  of  separation  usually  take  the  ablative  (Lesson  LXVI.). 
Xote,  however,  that,  in  the  foregoing  examples,  abstulisti  (Ex.  1), 
detrahenda  (Ex.  2),  and  eripe  (Ex.  3)  are  construed  with  the 
dative  (see :  mihi,  Ex.  1,  illi,  Ex.  2,  and  mihl,  Ex.  3).  Xote,  further, 
tliat  the  dative  in  these  examples  designates  the  person,  and  that 
the  action  expressed  by  the  verb  of  separation  is  viewed  as  some- 
thing done  to  or  for  the  person  affected.  Frame  a  rule  for  this  use 
of  the  Dative. 

622.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  229 ;  H.  386, 
2;    G.  346  (end). 

623.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1 .  Nonnullos  ambitus  Pompeja  lege  damnatos  in  inte- 
grum restituit.  2.  Tuasue  injurias  persequar  ipse  auxili 
egens?  3.  Populi  Roman!  beneficium  mihi  per  contumeliam 
ab  inimicis  extorquetur.  4.  SI  ille  non  fuisset,^  Agesilaus 
Asiam  regi  erii)uisset.  5.  Accusatus  capitis  absolvitur, 
multatur  tamen  pectin ia.  6.  Si  quis  opis  ejus  indigebat, 
habebat  quod  statim  daret. 

II.  1.  Unless  you  return,^  we  shall  condemn  you  to 
death.  2.  No  one  of  (ex)  the  common  people  lacked  aid 
against  [an  enemy]  more  powerful  [than  himself].  3.  You 
have  been  deprived  of  life  before  your  time.^  4.  He  seized 
a  shield  from  a"^  soldier  in  the  rear.''  5.  And,  by  Hercules, 
Sulla,  before  I  knew  you,^  I  needed  no  one.^  G.  What 
[punishment]  is  too  severe  for^  men  convicted  of  so  heinous 
a  crime? 

624.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Sin  autem  vitam  mihi  fors  ademerit,  hi  omnia  tibi  pro  me 
persolvent.  2.  Summae  iniquitatis  condemnari  debeo  nisivestram 
Vitam  raea  saliite  habeo  cariorem.  3.  Ptolomaeum  alienarum 
opum  indigentem  receperat.  4.  Multi  praeterea  capitis  damnati 
exsulesque  convenerant. 


TEMPORAL  CLAUSES   WITH   Postquaui,   ETC.      183 

II.  1.  All  are  at  liberty®  to  lay  down  their  arms^*^  without 
risk  of  injury  except  [those]  condemned®  for  capital  oifences. 
'2.  This  man's  army  should  have  been  taken  from  him.^^  3.  This 
town  lacked  nothing  [that  was]  serviceable. ^^ 


'  If  it  had  not  been  for  him.  '•  In  the  genitive  and  ablative,  niillus 

-  cf.  598,  Ex8.  1  and  2.  (not  iieiito)  must  be  used  for  no  one. 
3  Translate :  Life  hasbeen  takenaway  *  I'se  in  with  accusjitive. 

from  you  hefore-your-time  (imnifttu-  "•'  Translate  :  it  is  permitted  to  all  ex- 

ras).  cept  to  [those]  condemned. 

*  Use  the  proper  form  of  unus.  '°  Translate :  to  irithdrato  from  arms. 

••  ab  ii(>vi8(»imTs.  ''  Translate  :    From  this  man   [his] 

•s  Translate :  before  you  known.  army  was  to  be  taken  (pass,  periphr.). 

12  Translate :  no  serviceable  thing. 


»>»ic 


LESSON    LXXXI. 

Temporal  Clauses  :  Postquain,  Ubi,  ut,  Siinui 
Atqiie;    Cum  (Temporal). 

625.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Postquam   copiSs  venire  vidit,  flumen  ezercitum   trSdii- 

cere  maturSvit   (2,  5,  4),  ichen  he  satr  th<i(  the  forces  irm'  n<l- 
vancing,  he  hastened  to  convey  his  army  acroas  the  rirer. 

2.  Ubi  se  par&tos  esse  arbitrati  sunt,  oppida  incendunt  (i,  5, 2), 

%chen  they  thour/ht  that  they  rrere  ready,  they  burnt  the  toiruK. 
:{.    Sed   PompSjiis,   ut   equitStum   suum   pulsum  vIdit,  s6  in 

castra  equo  contulit  (Cac.-.  /;.  r.  :;. -ji, :.).  hut  I'oiiijn'y,  when 

h<  had  seen  his  cuvidry  routed,  .yturrrd  into  nimj). 
I.    Simul    atque    slgna    nostra   vldSrunt,   portSs    aperu6runt 

(('MB.  B.  C.  1,18,2),  as  soon  as  they  beheld  our  standards,  they 

opened  their  gates. 

626.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  the  temporal 
clauses  in  the  foregoing  examples  refer  to  a  dejinite  point  of  past 
time,  and  that  they  are  introdticed  by  postquam  (Ex.  1),  ubi  (Ex. 
2),  ut  (Ex.  3),  and  simul  atque  (Ex.  4),  resi>ectively.  In  what 
mood  ;i!)(l  tense  an-  tlie  vorb.s  of  these  temporal  clauses  (see :  vIdit, 
Ex.  1,  arbitratf  sunt,  Ex.  2,  vIdit,  Ex.  3,  and  vldfirunt.  Ex.  4)? 
Xote,  further,  that  the  verb  of  tl».    i.  iii|...ral  clause  may  be  trans- 


184  Cum  IN  NARRATION. 

lated  by  the  pluperfect  (see  had  seen,  Ex.  3).  Frame  a  rule  for  the 
Mood  and  Tense  of  the  Verb  in  Temporal  Clauses  like  the  fore- 
going. 

627.  exampi.es. 

1.  Cum  civitas  armis  jus  suum  exsequi  conaretur,  Orgetorix 

mortuus  est   (i,  4,  3),  lolten  the  state  undertook  to  maintain  its 
authority  by  force  of  arms,  Orgetorix  died. 

2.  Haec  cum  flens  a  Caesare  peteret,  Caesar  ejus  dextram 

prendit   (l,  20,  5),  as  he  in  tears  was  urging  these  requests  on 
Caesar,  Caesar  grasped  his  hand. 

3.  Diu  cum  esset  pugnatum,  castris  nostri  potiti  sunt  (i,  26, 4), 

after  a  long  juggle  (when  the  battle  had  been  fought  a  long 
time),  our  men  got  possession  of  the  camp. 

4.  Cum  triduum  iter  f ecisset,  inveniebat  ex  captivis  ...  (2, 16,  i), 

after  marching  three  days,  he  learned  from  prisoners  .  .  . 

628.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  temporal 
clauses  in  the  foregoing  examples,  like  those  of  625,  refer  to  past 
time,  but  that  they  are  introduced  by  cum.  Note,  further,  that  in 
the  present  examples  the  attention  of  the  writer  is  fixed  on  the 
main  action,  and  that  thje  temporal  clause  merely  marks  in  an  inci- 
dental way  the  time  of  its  occurrence.  What  mood  and  what  tenses 
are  used  in  the  foregoing  temporal  clauses  (see  conaretur,  Ex.  1, 
peteret,  Ex.  2,  esset  pugnatum,  Ex.  3,  and  fecisset,  Ex.  4)? 
Which  of  these  tenses  denotes  the  same  time  as  the  leading  verb  ? 
which  time  prior  f  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Mood  and  Tense  to  be 
used  with  cum  in  Temporal  Clauses  of  Narration. 

629.  References  for  Verification  of  Rules  framed  under 
626  and  628:  A.  &  G.  323,  324,  325;  H.  518,  n.  1,  521,  IL,  2;  G. 
563,  586. 

630.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Quorum  de  natura  inoribusque  Caesar  cum  quaere- 
ret,  sic  reperiebat.  2.  Ubi  legati  ad  eum  reverterunt,  negat^ 
se  posse  iter  uUi  per  provinciam  dare.  3.  Quo  cum  Catilina 
venisset,  quis  eum  senator  appellavit  ?  4.  Caesar,  postquam 
in   Treveros  venit,  duabus  de  causis  Rhenum  translre  con- 


ILLUSTRATIVE  EXERCISES.  185 

stitiiit.  5.  Cum  haesitaret,  cum  tt  lu'retur,  quaesivT  quid^ 
dubitaret  proficisci.  6.  Quo  ut  veiitum  est,  Alexandrlni 
trepidantes  in  oranes  partes  castrorum  discurrere  coeperuut. 
7.  Quo  cum  venisset,''  cognoscit^  missum  in  Hispaniam  a 
Pompejo  VTbullium  Rufum.  8.  Simul  atque  oppidan!  In 
spem  auxilil  venerunt,  clamore  sublato,  arma  capere,  portas 
claudere,  murum  complere  coeperunt. 

II.  1.  When  (ubi)  the  Helvetians  had  been  informed*  of 
his  arrival,  they  sent  ambassadors  to  him.  2.  Having  noted* 
these  [facts],  he  called  an  assembly*  [and]  severely  up- 
braided them.  3.  Caesar  on  perceiving^  this  withdrew  his 
forces  to  the  nearest  hill.  4.  When  (cum)  these  [ships] 
were  drawing  near  to  Britain,  and  were  in  sight®  from  the 
camp,  a  storm  suddenly  arose.  5.  As  soon  as  they  had 
recovered*  from  flight,  they  sent  envoys  for  (dS)  peace. 
('».  Having  said''  these  things,  he  swore  that  he  would  not 
return  to  camp  exicept  (nisi)  [as]  victor.  7.  On  returning^ 
tlience,    he    followed   tlie   camp  of   Gajus   Claudius    Nero. 

631.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I,  1.  Ubi  8e  diutius  due!  intellexit,  convocatis  edrum  prlncipi- 
bus,  f^aviter  eos  accusat.^  2.  Cum  advesperasceret,  occulte  ad 
{jontem  Mulvium  pervcncnmt.  3.  Quod  postiiuam  barbari  fieri 
animadverterunt,  fuga  salutem  petere  contendennit.  4.  Caesari 
cum  id  nuntiatum  asset,*  niaturat^  ab  iirlie  proficisci. 

II.  1.  When  he  inquired  what  ( oiimiunities  were  in  arms,  he 
learned  as  follows.  2.  When  Cae.sar  arrived  there  (e6),  he  de- 
manded hostages,  arms,  [and]  slaves.  »3.  On  liis  departure  for 
Italy,  Caesar  dispatched  Servius  Galba  with  the  twelfth  legion  to 
(in)  the  Nantuates.  4.  In  this  community  two  were  contending 
with  each  other *^  for  (d8)  supremacy;  of  whom  one,"  as  soon 
.OS  intelligence-wa&-received^^  of  Caesar's  arrival,  came  to  hini. 


>  H««  rofs.  LeMon  LXIX.,  foot.not«  3.  ^  Use  po*t4|uain. 

5  why  (adv.  ace.).  •  "  were  in  Hi«ht "  =  were  seen. 

*  Bee  refa.  Leaaon  T^XIX.,  foot-noU;  5.  *  Uae  ut  with  teni|H)rnl  rlauac. 

*  For  teaae,  ef.  625,  Ex.  3.  ><>  Tranalatc :  between  themaelve$. 

*  Uae  earn  wiUi  temporal  clauao.  "  alter. 

«  Ablative  abaohite.  "  V»e  oJlurtiSaca  Imporaonally. 


186  Cum   WITH   THE   INDICATIVE. 

LESSON    LXXXII. 
Cum  WITH  THE  Indicative  in  Temporal  Clauses. 

632.  EXAMPIiES. 

1.  Cum  Caesar  in  Galliam  venit,  alterius  factionis  principes 

erant  Aedui  (6, 12,  i),  at  the  time  when  Caesar  came  into  Gaul, 
the  Aedui  were  at  the  head  of  one  party. 

2.  Turn  cum  ex  urbe   Catilinami   eiciebam.  .  .  .  putabam  .  .  . 

(Cic.  Cat.  3,  2,  3),  at  the  time  when  I  was  striving  to  drive  Catiline 
out  of  the  city  .  .  .  I  supposed  .  .  . 

3.  Tum  cum  res  magnas  permulti   amiserant,  scimus  fidem 

concidisse  (Cic.  Manil.  1, 19),  at  the  time  when  a  great  many  had 
lost  large  fortunes,  we  know  that  there  ivas  a  financial  panic 
(credit  fell  prostrate) . 

4.  Cum  tu  haec  leges,  ilium  Romae  esse  oportebit  (Cic.  Fam. 

12, 30,  5),  hy  the  time  this  letter  reaches  you,  he  ivill  he  due  in  Rome. 

633.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  temporal 
clauses  introduced  by  cum  in  the  foregoing  examples,  unlike  those 
of  627,  mark  the  time  of  the  main  action  with  defniteness  and  pre- 
cision. What  mood  does  cum  take  under  these  circumstances  (see 
venit,  Ex.  1,  eiciebam,  Ex.  2,  amiserant,  Ex.  3,  leges,  Ex.  4)  ? 
Frame  a  rule  for  the  Mood  to  be  used  in  Temporal  Clauses  like  the 
foregoing. 

634.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Factum  periculum  patrum  nostrorum  memoria,  cum  lau- 

dem  exercitus  meritus  videbatur  (l,  40,  5),  a  trial  teas  made 
within  the  memory  of  our  fathers,  on  which  occasion  (=  and  on 
that  occasion)  the  army  appeared  to  have  merited  praise. 

2.  Hoc  facere  apparabant,  cum  matresfamiliae  repente  pro- 

currerunt  (7, 26, 3),  they  were  getting  ready  to  do  this,  when 
suddenly  the  matrons  rushed  forth. 

3.  Vix    agmen   novissimum   processerat,  cum    Galli   flumen 

transire  non  dubitant  (6,  8,  i),  scarcely  had  the  rear  advanced, 
when  the  Gauls  without  hesitation  crossed  the  river. 


Cum   WITH   THE  INDICATIVE.  187 

635.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  temporal 
clauses  introduced  by  cum  in  the  foregoing  examples  express  the 
)nain  statement ;  in  other  words,  that  the  temporal  clause,  although 
subordinate  in  form  (grammatically),  is  principal  in  thought  (logi- 
cally). What  mood  does  cum  take  under  these  circumstances  (see : 
vidSbatur,  Ex.  1,  procurrSrunt,  Ex.  2,  dubitant,  Ex.  3)?  Frame 
a  rule  for  the  Mood  to  be  used  with  cum  in  Temporal  Clauses  like 
the  foregoing. 

636.  EXAMPI^ES. 

1.  Cum  siugiilas  binae  navSs  circumsteterant,  militea  summa 
VI  contendebant  (3, 15,  i),  whenever  (i.e.,  if  in  any  case)  (wo 
ships  had  heen  brought  to  bear  on  one,  the  soldiers  icould  struggle 
with  all  their  might. 

•J.  Cum  se  inter  turmas  msinuavgrunt,  desiliunt  (4,  33,  l), 
whenever  {i.e.,  if  in  any  case)  they  have  tvorked  their  way  in- 
to the  squadrons,  they  leap  down. 

637.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  cum  in  the 
foregoing  examples  means  tohencver,  and  that  the  temporal  clause  is 
equivalent  to  ih.e  protasis  of  a  general  supjiosition.  What  wood  does 
cum  take  under  these  circumstances  (see:  circumsteterant,  Ex.  1, 
insinuavgrunt,  Ex.  2)  ?  Frame  a  rule  for  the  ^lood  to  be  used 
w  itli  cum  in  Temporal  Clauses  like  the  foregoing. 

638.  Caution  :  It  has  been  shown  in  the  preceding  lesson  (627, 
628,  629)  that  in  temporal  clauses  of  narration,  cum  with  the  imper- 
fect or  pluperfect  tense  commonly  takes  the  subjunctive ;  is  this  true 
of  the  temporal  clauses  illustrated  in  the  present  lesson  (s<;e:  6ici6- 
bam,  632,  Ex.  2 :  amiserant,  632,  Ex.  ') ;  vidCbatur,  634,  Ex.  1 ; 
circumsteterant,  636,  Ex.  1)? 

639.  KKFKRENCE8  FOR  VERIFICATION  of  Kules  framed  und«'r 
633.  635,  637:    A.  &  G.  325,  a,  b,  c,  309,  c;  H.  521,  1.,  II.,  1 ;    <  . 

.").s2,  r)S."'). 

640.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Sed  turn  cum  ilium  cxterminari  volebani,  cos  Tnfir- 
nios  sine  illO  fore'  putiibjim.       2.  Ncque  verO,  cum  uliquid 


188  ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES. 

mandarat,  confectum  putabat.  3.  Dumnacus  instruit  aciem, 
quae  suTs  esset^  equitibus  praesidio,  cum  repente  legiones  in 
conspectura  veniunt.  4.  Haec  cum  facta  sunt  in  concilio, 
magna  spe  et  laetitia  omuium  discessum  est.^  5.  Ad  equos 
se  celeriter,  cum  usus  est,  recipiunt.  6.  Repentlna  ruTna 
pars  ejus  turris  concidit,  cum  hostes  inermes  se  uuiversi 
proripiunt. 

II.  1.  The  legions  were  a  mile  distant,  when  Scipio,  fear- 
ing that^  he  should  lose    the    town,  led  out  all  his  forces. 

2.  Whenever  our  cavalry  made-a-raid^  on  the  fields,  he  would- 
let-loose^  his  chariot  men.  3.  When  I  was-striving-to-ex 
peF  him  from  the  city,  I  had  this  in  view.  4.  O  glorious 
day,^  when  I  shall  depart  to  join^  that  divine  company  of 
spirits  !  5.  But  whenever  the  supply  of  this  class  fails,'*" 
they  have  recourse  to  the  sacrifice  of  the  innocent.  G.  And 
now  Sulla  was  marking  out  the  camp,  when  the  horsemen 
announced  that  Jugurtha  had  encamped. 

641.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Cum  quaepiam  cohors  impetum  fecerat,  hostes  velocissi- 
iiie  refugiebant.  2.  Jamque  a  Labieno  non  longe  aberant,  cum 
duas  venisse  legiones  cognoscunt.  3.  O  praeclarum  diem,  cum 
ex  hac  turba  et  conluvione  discedam ! 

II.  1.  [He]  who  does  not  ward  off  injury  from  his  [friends] 
whenever  he  can,  acts  unjustly.  2.  He  had  shaken  the  enemy  at 
the   first   attack,   when   suddenly  a  new  army  bursts    into   view. 

3.  In  other  matters,  loss  is  experienced  at-the-moment  (turn)  when 
disaster  comes. 

1  fore  =  futiirSs  esse.  «  For  tense,  cf.  636,  Ex.  1. 

2  Account  for  mood  and  tense.  ^  For  tense,  cf.  633,  Ex.  2. 

3  tlie  assembly  dispersed  ;    cf.  Exs.,  **  Use  the  accusative. 

532.  'J  Express  "to  join"  by  in  with  ac- 

*  cf.  .534,  Ex.  4.  cusative. 
^>  Use  the  pluperfect.  lo  Use  the  perfect  tense. 


Cum   CAUSAL   AND  CONCESSIVE.  189 


LESSON    LXXXIII. 

Cum  IN  Causal  and  Concessive  Clauses. 
Accusative  in  Exclamations. 

642.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Aedui,  cum  sg  defendere  non  posseut,  legStds  ad  Caesa- 

rera  mittuiit  (i,n,2),  the  Aedui,  since  theij  could  no(  defrud 
fheniselves,  sent  envoya  to  Caesar. 

2.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  vestra  tecta  defendite  (Cic.  Cat.  2, 12,  20), 

this  heinff  the  case  (since  these  things  are  thus),  defend  your 
dicelUngs. 

3.  Cum   primo   impudenter  respondSre  coepisset,  ad  extrg- 

mum  nihil  neg^vit  (Cic.  Cat.  3,  5, 12),  although  at  first  he  had 
begun  to  reply  defiantly,  at  the  end  he  denied  nothing. 

643.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  tlie  clause« 
introduced  by  cum  in  Exs.  1  and  2  express  cause:  what  mood  do 
they  take  (see  possent  Ex.  1,  and  sint,  Ex.  2)?  Note  that  the 
clause  introduced  l>y  cum  in  Ex.  3  expresses  concession;  wliat  mood 
does  it  take  (see  coepisset)?  Frame  a  rule  for  the  Mood  to  he 
used  with  cum  in  clauses  denoting  Cause  or  Concession. 

644.  References  for  Verification:  A.&G.  326;  IF.  ."»i:.. 
TIL,  517;   G.  581,  III.,  1,  J. 

645.  EXAMPLES. 

1.   6  terram  illam  befttam  quae   hunc  virum   excSperit  (cu-. 

3fi7.  38,  105),  O   happy   the   Innd    irhich    sh(dl   nr,ir,    (.sliall    h:ivr 

received)  thin  man  ! 
J.    6  praeclSLrum  diem  cum  in  illud  divluum  auimorum  con- 
cilium proficiscar  (Cle.  Cat.  .\faj.  23,  84),  ()  glorious  day,  whin 
I  shall  depart  to  join  that  divine  company  0/ spirits/ 

646.  OnsEuvATiON  and  Inference:  Note  that  terram  (Ex.  1) 
and  diem  (Ex.  2)  are  used  in  exclamations ;  in  what  casa  are  they? 
Frame  a  rule  for  the  Case  of  SubHtantives  used  in  Exclamations. 


190  ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES. 

647.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  240,  r/;  H. 
381 ;    a.  340. 

648.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  patres  conscript!,  vobis  populi 
Romani  praesidia  non  desunt.  2.  O  tempora  !  O  mores  ! 
sen  at  lis  haec  intellegit,  consul  videt :  liic  tameii  vivit. 
3.  Milites,  cum  frigore  et  adsiduis  imbribus  tardarentni*, 
tamen  continent!  labore  omnia  haec  siipeiaverunt.  4.  O 
me  miserum,  o  me  infelicem !  revocare  tu  me  in  patriara 
potinst!,  ego  te  in  patvia  retinere  non  potero?  5.  H!  cum 
per  se  minus  valerent,  Germanos  atque  Ariovistum  sibi 
adjunxerant.  6.  Cum  piimi  ordines  hostium  concidissent, 
tamen  acerrime  reliqu!  resistebaut. 

II.  1.  Notwithstanding  this/  I  shall  nevertheless  make 
peace  with  you  if  you  make  reparation^  to  the  Aedui  for 
(de)  injuries.  2.  Verily,  if  this  man's  comrades  follow 
him,^  [how]  happy  [shall]  we  [be],  [how]  fortunate  the 
commonwealth !  3.  It  is  a  very  easy  matter,^  as  (cum) 
we  excel  all  in  valor,  to  obtain  control  of  all  Gaul.  4.  Not 
being  able^  to  sustain  the  assaults  of  our  men,  they  betook 
themselves  to  their  baggage  and  wagons.  5.  O  wretched 
lot!  6.  Although  the  Suebi  had  not  been  able*  to  drive 
out  the  Ubii,  they  nevertheless  compelled  them  to  pay 
tribute.^ 

649.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Illi,  cum  neque  vi  contendere  neque  clam  transire  possent, 
reverti  se  in  suas  sedes  simulaverunt.  2.  At  hostes,  cum  ipsi  non 
amplius  octiiigentos  equites"  haberent,  celeriter  iiostros  perturba- 
verunt.  3.  O  praeclarum  munus  aetatis,  si  quidem  id  aufert  a 
nobis  quod  est  in  adulescentia  vitiosissimuni ! 

II.  1.  The  Helvetians,  because  (cum)  tlioy  knew  that  he  had 
crossed  the  river  in  a  single  day,  sent  ambassadors  to  hiin. 
2.  Caesar,  although  there  was  no  doubt  whatever^  about  the  pur- 
pose of  his  adversaries,  sent  back  the  legion  to  Ponipey.       3.  O 


Priu^quaiii  AiS'D  Antequam.  191 

wretched  old  nuui,  in-that-he"  did  not  see  that  death  ought  to  be 
disregarded ! 

'  nlthcnigh  these  fthinge]  arc  so.  '  "  CorapcUed  them  to  pay  tribute  " 

-  CI.  598,  Ex.  1.  =  made  them  tributary  to  themselves. 
•■«  Trans. :  if  his  comrades  shall  hare  '  A.  &  (J.  247,  v ;  H.  417,  n.  2. 

followed  this  [vaan].  *  Trannlatc:    it    teas    by    no   means 

*  Translate:  it  is  rery  easy.  (luiniiue)  doubtful. 
5  Translate :  since  they  were  not  able.  "  qui  (=  cuiu  is)  with  subjunctive. 


LESSON    LXXXIV. 

Temporal  Clauses  with  Priusquam  and 
Anteqiiam. 

650.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Priusquam  quicquam  conSLrStur,  Divitlacum  ad  sfi  vocSri 

jubet  (1, 19,  3),  before  taking  any  action,  fie  (jave  orders  for  Dici- 
tiacus  to  be  summoned  before  him. 

2.  Nee  prius'  sunt  visl  quam^  castris  appropinquSrent  (6,37,2), 

and  they  were  not  seen  until  they  xcerc  close  upon  the  camp. 

3.  Antequam  dS  meo  adventu  audire  potuissent,  in  Mace- 

doniam  perrgxl  (Cic.  T^iawc.  41,98),  Jtefore  (hey  could  hear  of 
my  cominy,  I  proceeded  to  Macedonia. 

4.  Neque  priua'  fugere  dSstitSrunt  quam>  ad  flymen  perv6n6- 

runt  (1,  53, 1),  nor  did  ihey  cease  to  flee  until  they  had  reached 
the  river. 
.').    Omnia  ante  '  facta  sunt  quam '  iste  Italiam  attigit  (Cic.  Verr 
2,  2,  GO,  101;,  ercry  thiny  was  done  before  he  reached  Italy. 

651.  Observation  and    Inference:   Note  that  the  t^MnjMinil 
clauses  in  the  foregoing  examples  are  in  narration  and  that  they 

ire  introduced  ]>y  priusquam  (Exs.  1,  2,  4)  or  antequam  (Exs. 

',  5).  Note  that  the  verb  of  the  temporal  clause  in  Exs.  l-^l  is  in 
tlie  imperfect  or  phiprrfert  tense;  in  what  mood  is  it  (s«'«':  c5nftr6tur, 
Ex.  1,  approplnquftrent,  Ex.  2,  potuissent,  Ex.*))?  What  other 
temporal  particle  takes  the  same  mood  with  these  tenses  in  narra- 


192  Prlusquam  AND  Antequam. 

tion  (see  Exs.  in  627)  V  Note  that  the  temporal  clauses  in  Exs. 
4  and  5  mark  the  time  of  the  main  action  with  dejiniteness  and 
precision,  what  mood  do  they  take  (see  pervenerunt,  Ex.  4,  and 
attigit,  Ex.  5)?  What  otlier  temporal  particle  takes  the  same 
mood  under  the  same  circumstances  (see  632,  Ex.  1)?  Frame  a 
rule  for  the  Moods  to  be  used  with  priusquam  and  antequam  in 
Narration. 

652.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Ante  quam  pro  L.  Murena  dicere  instituo,  pro  me  ipso 

pauca  dioam  (Cic.  3fm-.  i,  2),  before  J  undertake  to  speak  in 
behalf  of  Lucius  Murena,  I  shall  say  a  few  words  in  my  own 
behalf 

2.  Nunquam  conquiescam  ante  quam  illorum  rationgs  per- 

cepero  (Cic.  de  Orat.  3,  36, 145),  /  shall  never  rest  until  I  have 
learned  their  methods. 

3.  Is    videlicet    ante    quam    veniat    in    Pontum,  litterSs    ad 

Pompejum  mittet  (Cic.  Agr.  2,  20,  53),  doubtless  before  going  to 
Pontus  {i.e.,  that  he  may  the  more  effectually  accomplish  his 
purpose  in  going  to  Pontus)  he  will  send  a  letter  to  Pompey. 

653.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  temporal 
clauses  in  the  foregoing  examples  refer  to  the  future ;  what  moods 
and  tenses  may  priusquam  and  antequam  take  under  these  cir- 
cumstances (see:  instituo,  Ex.  1,  percepero,  Ex.  2,  veniat,  Ex.  3)? 
Frame  a  rule  for  the  Moods  and  Tenses  to  be  used  with  priusquam 
and  antequam  in  Temporal  Clauses  referring  to  the  Future. 

654.  References  for  Verification  of  Rules  framed  under 
651  and  653 :   A.  &  G.  327,  a ;    H.  520,  I.,  1,  2,  II. ;   G.  576,  579. 

655.  EXERCISES. 

T.  1 .  Nee  prius  ille  est  vacuus  relictus  locus  quam  finis 
est  pugnandT  f actus.  2.  Prius  ad  hostium  castra  pervenit 
quam  quid  ageretur  German!  sentire  possent.  3.  Prius 
quam  de  ceteris  rebus  respondeo,  de  amicitia  pauca  dicam. 

4.  Caesar   priusquam  eodem   est   profectus,  Ifma  visa  est. 
6.    Ducentis  annis  antequam  Romam  caperent,   in  Italiam 


ILLUSTRATIVE  EXERCISES.  193 

Gall!  descendenint.        6.    Non  defatigabor  ante  quam  illo- 
rum  ancipites  vias  percepero. 

II.  1.  Nor  did  they  cease  to  pursue^  until  they  drew  near 
to  the  gates.  2.  He  arrived  before  Pompe}'  could  be  aware 
of  [it].  3.  For  the  purpose  of  getting  information  on  these 
points^  before  making*  the  trial,  he  sent  forward  Volusenus 
with  a  ship  of  war.  4.  Before  I  come  back  to  the  main 
question,  I  will  say  a  few  [words]  about  myself.  5.  A 
few  [words]  must  be  said  by  way  of  explanation^  before  I 
begin.'  6.  Nor  was  there  an  end  of  butchering.  7.Thc  Sulla 
had  sated  all  his  [followers]  with  riches. 

656.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Navibus  eoruiu  occupatis,  priusquani  ea  pars  Menapi<>- 
rum  quae  citra  Rhenum  erat  certior  fieret,  flumeu  transierunt. 
2.  Non  prius  vidit  turnias  Julianas  quam  suos  caedl  sensit. 
o.  Ante  quam  de  re  publica  dicam  ea  quae  dicenda^  hoc  tempore 
arbitror,  exponam  vobis  breviter  consilium  et  profectionis  et  re- 
version is  meae. 

IT.  1.  They  begged  Caesar  to  send  them  aid  before  the  king 
should  collect  a  force.  2.  I  shall  make  a  point  of  coming"*  to  you 
l»efore  I  pass  quite  out  of  your  recollection.  55.  The  ambassadors 
did  not  depart  until  they  had  seen®  the  soldiers  embarked  on 
[board]  the  ships. 

>  The    part*    of    prluBqnam    and  » Translate :  a  feto  [thinKB]  tnunt  be 

anteqnain  may  be  separated  by  the  made  clear. 
intervention  of  other  words.  "  »•<'.,  I"  order  that  I  may  bo«in  satiH- 

»  Trans, :  make  an  end  o/piirmting.  factorlly ;  cf .  65«,  Ex.  3. 

»  Translate  ;  for  these  [things]  to  be  ^  so.  efiMo. 

nacertained.  »  Translate :    /  shall   bestotn  paiuK 

♦  cf.  050,  Ex.  1.  that  I  may  come. 

*  cf .  050,  Ex.  4. 


194  Dum  AND  Quoad. 

LESSON    LXXXV. 
Temporal  Clauses  with  Dum  and  Quoad. — Price. 

657.  EXAMPI.ES. 

1.  Dum  Caesar  moratur,  ad  eum  legati  venerunt  (4,  22,  i),  ichile 

Caesar  was  delaying,  envoys  came  to  him. 

2.  Quoad   vives,  nunquam  tib!   redditam  gratiam  putaveria 

(Sail.  Juff.  110,  4),  as  long  as  you  (shall)  live,  never  consider  your^ 
self  fully  requited  (that  requital  has  been  rendered  to  you). 

3.  [Ferrum]  retinuit  quoad  renuntiatiim  est  vicisse  Boeotos 

(Nep.^imm.  9,3),  he  kept  the  sword  in  place  until  it  was  reported 
that  the  Boeotians  were  victorious  (had  conquered), 

4.  Dum  naves  eo  convenirent,  exspeotavit  (4, 23, 4),  lie  waited 

for  (until)  the  ships  to  come  (should  come)  up  {i.e.,  that  the 
ships  might  come  up  before  he  attempted  a  landing). 

5.  Exercebatur  ad  eum  finem  quoad  complecti  posset  atque 

contendere  (Xep.  Epam.  2,  4),  he  trained  himself  to  the  end  that 
he  might  he  able  (until  he  should  be  able)  to  grapple  and  fight. 

658.  Obsp:rvation  and  Inference  :  Note  that,  in  Exs.  1-3, 
the  temporal  clauses  introduced  by  dum  (Ex.  1)  and  quoad 
(Exs.  2  and  3)  express  time  merely ;  what  mood  do  they  take  (see: 
moratur,  Ex.  1,  vives,  Ex.  2,  renuntiatum  est,  Ex.  3)?  Note 
that,  in  Exs.  4  and  5,  the  temporal  clauses  introduced  by  these 
particles  express  purpose  as  well  as  time ;  what  mood  do  they  take 
(see  :  convenirent,  Ex.  4,  and  posset,  Ex.  5)  ?  Frame  a  rule  for 
the  Moods  to  be  used  with  dum  and  quoad. 

659.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  328  (to  the 
period) ;  H.  519,  I.,  II.,  1,  2 ;  G.  571,  573,  574. 

660.  Observation  :  Note  that,  in  Ex.  1,  dum  is  used  with  the 
present  indicative  (see  moratur)  although  past  time  is  referred  to. 

661.  Keferences:  A.  &  G.  276,  e;  II.  467,  4;  G.  572. 


PRICE.  195 


662.  KXAMPLES. 

1.  Viginti  talentis  uuam  orationem  Isocrates  vendidit  (I'lin. 

X.  II.  7,31),  Isocrates  sold  a  s'uujle  oration  for  ticetitij  talents. 

2.  Emamus  vel   magno  (Cic.  Att.  13, 29, 3),  let  us  buy  even   [if  we 

liave  to  l>iiy]  at  a  hujli  price. 
').   Lis    aestimatur    centum    talentis    (Xep.  Tim.  3, 5),    the  fine   is 

fxed  at  a  hundred  talents. 
i.    Nemo  nisi  victor  pace  bellum  mutavit^  (Sail.  Cat.  58, 15),  none 

hut  the  victor  exchanges  war  for  peace. 

663.  Observation  axd  Inference  :  Note  that  vendidit 
(Ex.  1)  is  a  verb  of  selling,  emSmus  (Ex.  2),  a  verb  of  buijing, 
aestimatur  (Ex.  3),  a  verb  of  valuing,  and  mutivit  (Ex.  4),  a 
verb  of  exchanging  ;  by  what  case  is  the  price  denoted  (see :  talentis, 
Ex.  1.  mSguo,  Ex.  2,  talentis,  Ex.  :>.  pace,  Ex.  4)?  Frame  a  rule 
for  the  Case  of  words  denoting  Price. 

664.  References  for  VKKiFfCATiox :  A.  &  0.252;  11.422; 
G.  404. 

665.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  Emit  tanti  quanti  Pythius  voluit  (Cic.  Ojf.  3, 1 4,  59),  he  bought 

at  Pgthiiis\'<  own  prire  (for  as  iimch  as  Pvthius  wished). 

2.  VSndo  non  plGris,  fortasse  etiam  minoris  (Cio.  Off.  3, 12,  51),  / 

sell  no  dearer,  perhaps  even  cheaper. 

666.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  6mit  (Ex.  1) 
and  v6nd6  (Ex.  2)  are  verbs  of  buying  and  *e//iw<7  resi^ectively ;  and 
tliat  tlie  price  is  here  exi)resse<l  by  tantI  (Ex.  1),  quanti  (Ex.  1), 
pluris  (Ex.  2),  and  minSris  (Ex.  2).  In  what  ra.-je  aiP  these 
words?    Frame  a  special  rule  for  the  constructions  here  illustratAjd. 

667.  Kekeren(;es  for  Vehification  :  A.  &  (J.  2r)2,  (/;  II. 
40.');   G.  380. 

668.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Diim  ea  gcnintur,  iT  quT  pro  portis  castronmi  in 
Htatione  orant,  Caesar!  m'lntiavenint  pulvorem  viderT. 
2.    Ipso  intoroa,   quond   legionr-H  conlocritas  oogtiovisset,  in 

(iallifi    iiir)rarT  constituit.        •"».    DT'it    .|ii:iiitT  rfijnsque  agrl 


196  ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES. 

decumfis  vendiderit.  4.  Quot  minis  earn  emit?  Quadrii- 
giiita  minis.  5.  Ipse,  equo  A^ulnerato,  dejectus,  quoad  po- 
tuit  fortissime  restitit.  6.  Quod  non  opus  est,  asse  carum. 
7.  Vendo  meum  minoris  quam  ille.  8.  Sic  deinceps 
omne  opus  contexitur  dum  justa  muri  altitudo  expleatur. 
9.  Dum  haec  geruntur,  nuntiatum  est  equites  accedere. 

II.  1.  Nor  did  they  cease  to  pursue^  until  the  horsemen 
had  utterly  routed  the  enemy. '^  2.  But  to  wait  until  the 
forces  of  the  enemy  should  be  augmented,  he  thought  was 
the  height  of  folly.''  3.  For  how  much  did  he  buy  her? 
Cheap.^  4.  Would  a  good  man  bu}'^  for  a  denarius^  what 
is  worth  a  thousand  denarii^?  5.  While  he  was  delaying 
a  few  days  near  (ad)  Yesontio,  great  alarm  suddenly  took 
possession  of  the  arm}'.  6.  That  sufficient  time  might 
intervene  for  the  soldiers  to  assemble,'-^  he  answered  the 
envoys  ...  7.  We  cannot  buy  for  less.  8.  This  penalty 
was  fixed  at  fifty  talents. 

669.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Caesar  non  exspectanduni  sibi  statuit  dum  in  Santonos 
Helvetii  perveniant.  2.  Quae  tribuerat  beneficia  tam  diii  memi- 
nerat  quoad  ille  gratus  erat  qui  acceperat.  3.  Hoc  non  minoris 
aestimanuis  quam  quenilibet  amplissimum  triumphum.  4.  Eoruni 
salutem  civitas  levi  moments  aestimare  non  potest. 

II.  1.  Wait  until  you  can  know  what  you  have  to  do.^o  2.  While 
they  were  getting  "  these  things  together,ii  about  six  thousand  men 
made  ^aste  to  [reach]  the  Rhine.  3.  I  did  my  utmost  ^"^  to  dispose 
of  13  the  tithes  at  the  highest  possible  price. 


1  The  perfect  is  here  used  to  express  »  Translate  :  what  is  of  a  thouuind 

a  general  truth,  and  must  be  translated  denarii;  for  form  of  genitive  (deiiEri- 

by  the  present.  um),  see  :  A.  &  G.  40,  e  ;  H.  52,  3  ;  G. 

-  Trans. :   rnaJce  an  end  of  pursuing.  29,  3;  for  mood  of  verb,  see  Exe.  in  .'iT.S. 

3  Trans. :  drove  the  enemy  headlong.  "  cf.  657,  ~R\.  4. 

*  Translate  :  he  thought  to  be  of  the  i"  cf.  317,  Ex,  1. 

greatest  folly.  "  Express  passively. 

^  vTlT  (80.  pretio),  at  a  low  rate.  ^^  Translate  :   Effort  teas  bestowed  by 

6  £inatne  ?  me  ivith  the  greatest  energy. 

■^  See  den3.rius,  Latin-English  vocab.  ^^  ^t  with  subjunctive. 


place:     FROiM    WHICH,    TO   WHICH.  19' 


LESSON     LXXXVI. 

Place  from  Which.  —  Place  to  Which.  —  Place 
Where. 

670.  examples. 

1.    Ab  urbe  proficisci  (l,  7,  i),  to  set  out  from  the  city. 

■J.    Civitati   persuasit   ut   dS   flnibus    suis   exirent    (l,  2,  i),    he 

jierauaded  his  countrymen  to  emiyrnte. 
!.    Ex  proviiicia  convSnerant  (i,  8,1),  they  had  come  together  from 
the  jtrovuice. 

4.  Brundisio  veniSbant  (Caes.  B.  C.  3, 25,  i),  they  came  from  Brundi- 

s'nnn. 

5.  Athenis  vSnimus   (Cic.  Att.  5, 12,  i),  ive  came  from  Athens. 
n.    Domo  duxerat  (l,  53,  4),  he  had  brought  from  home. 

7.    Rure   [redire]   {Ter.  Eun.s,  5,  ea),  to  return  from  the  comitry. 

671.  OiJSEKVATiox  AND  INFERENCE :  Note  that,  in  Exs.  !-:{, 
which  illustrate  the  common  usskgej  place  from  which  is  denoted  l>y 
the  ahlatire  with  a  preposition  (see  :  ab  urbe,  Ex.  1,  d6  flnibus, 
Ex.  '2,  ex  provincia,  Ex.  3).  Note,  however,  that  in  Exs.  4  and  o, 
where  the  substantive  denoting  'place  from  whicli'  is  the  name  of  a 
town,  the  ablative  without  a  preposition  is  used  (see  :  Brundisid,  Ex. 
4,  and  Athgnis,  Ex.  5).  Not^,  further,  that  domus  and  riis,  like 
names  of  towns,  have  no  preposition  (see :  domd,  Ex.  (»,  and  rfLre, 
Ex.  7).     Frame  a  rule  for  the  expression  of  Place  From  Which. 

672.  Refkrences  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  258,  a;  II. 
112,  I.,  II.,  1;  G.  411,  Rem.  R 

673.  EXAMPLES. 

1 .  Ad  eum  locum  v6nit  (i,  49,  i),  he  came  to  that  place. 

-'.  In  Galliam  contendit  (1,  7,  1),  he  hastens  into  (Jnul. 

■>.  Romam  profectus  {n,\2,i>),  having  set  out  for  Hume. 

\.  CorflDium  pervenit  (Ca«.  D.  C.  l,  15, 6),  he  comes  to  Corfimum. 

'».  Domum  revertCrunt  (2,  n,l)y  they  returned  home. 

<•.  Demos  Bu&s  invitaut  (Hall.  ./m|/.  66,3),  they  invite  to  their  homes. 

7.  Abl  rfks  (PI.  Afo$t.  1, 1,  03),  go  into  the  country. 


198  PLACE   IN   WHICH. 

674.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  in  Exs.  1  and 
2,  which  illustrate  the  common  usage,  jjlace  to  uihich  is  denoted  by 
the  accusative  with  a  preposition  (see:  ad  locum,  Ex.  1,  and  in 
Galliam,  Ex.  2).  Note,  however,  that  in  Exs.  3  and  4,  where  the 
substantive  denoting  '  place  to  which '  is  the  name  of  a  town,  the 
accusative  without  a  preposition  is  used  (see  :  Romam,  Ex.  3,  and 
Corfinium,  Ex.  4).  Note,  further,  that  donius  and  rus,  like  names 
of  towns,  have  no  preposition  (see:  domum,  Ex.  5,  domos,  Ex.  G, 
rus,  Ex.  7).     Frame  a  rule  for  the  expression  of  Place  To  Which. 

675.  References  for  Verification:  A.  &  G.  258,  6;  H. 
380,  I.,  II.,  2,  1) ;  G.  410. 

676.  EXAMPLES. 

1.  In  eorum  finibus  ^l.  l.  4),  in  their  territories. 

2.  Erat  in  Gallia  legio  una  (i,  7,  2),  there  was  in  Gaul  one  legion. 

3.  Ut  Romae  consules,  sic  Carthagini  reges  (Nep.  Hann.  7, 4),  as 

at  Rome  consuls,  so  at  Carthage  kings. 

4.  Remanere  Brundisii  (Caes.  B.  c.  i,  25,  2),  to  stay  at  Brundisium. 

5.  Turn  maximum  magistratum  Thebis  obtinebat  (Nep.Pe^.3,2), 

at  that  time  he  held  the  highest  inagistracy  at  Thehes. 

6.  Domi  mHitiaeque,  mari  atque  terra  (Sail.  Cat.  53,  2),  at  home 

and  abroad,  on  land  and  sea. 

7.  Belli  domique  (Sail.  Jug.  4i,  7),  in  ivar  and  in  peace. 

8.  Locus    humi    depressus    (Sail.  Cat.  55, 3),  a  place  underground 

(sunk  in  the  ground). 

9.  An  ruri  censes  te  esse  (Pi.  Most,  i,  i,  7),  do  you  think  you're  in 

the  country  ? 

677.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that,  in  Exs.  1  and 
2,  which  illustrate  the  common  usage,  place  where  is  denoted  by 
the  ablative  with  a  preposition  (see  in  finibus,  Ex.  1,  and  in  Gallia, 
Ex.  2).  Note,  however,  that  in  Exs.  3-5,  where  the  substantive 
denoting  place  is  the  name  of  a  town,  a  locative  form  is  used  icith- 
out  a  preposition  (see :  Romae  and  Carthagini,  Ex.  3,  Brundisii, 
Ex.  4,  and  ThebTs,  Ex.  5).  Note,  further,  that  in  the  first  and 
second  declensions  singular,  this  locative  is  the  same  in  form  as  the 
genitive  (see  Romae,  Ex.  3,  and  Brundisii,  Ex.  4)  ;  and  that,  in 
the  third  declension  and  in  the  plural,  it  is  the  same  as  the  dative 
or  ablative  (see  Carthagini,    Ex.  3,  and  Thebis,  Ex.  5).      Note, 


ILLUSTRATIVE  EXERCISES.  199 

further,  that  the  preposition  is  not  used  with  the  ahlaiiiyes  marl  und 
terrS  (Ex.  6)  ;  also  with  tlie  locatives  domi  (Exs.  6  and  7),  militiae 
(Ex.  0).  belli  (Ex.  7),  huml  (Ex.  8),  and  rurl  (Ex.  9).  Frame 
a  rule  for  the  expression  of  Place  Where. 

678.   Referexces  for  Verification:   A.  &  G.  258,  c,  rf;    II. 
425,  I.,  IL,  426,  2;   G.  412,  Rem.  1. 


LESSON    LXXXVII. 

Illustrative  Exercises  on  the  Foregoing 
Constructions. 

679.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Ab  AUobrogibus  in  Segusiavos  exercitum  ducit. 
2.  I^gatl  Carthaginienses  Romam  veneruiit.  3.  Interim 
Dion  Syracusis  interfectns  est.  4.  In  Galliu  niorarl  cou- 
stituit.  5.  Id  nos  facieraiis,  cum  tfi  domo  proficiscens 
veneris  Lemnum.^  6.  Dionysius  tjrannus  Syracusis 
expulsus  Corinth!  pueros  docebat.  7.  Nilllam  partem 
Germanorum  domum  remittere  possum.  8.  ReliquT,  qui 
doml  manserunt,  se  atque  illos  alunt.  9.  Celeriter  ad  eas 
quas  diximus  munitiones  pervenerunt.  10.  Diem  quo  Roma 
sis  exiturus,  cura  ut  sciam.  11.  Armonim  magna  multitu- 
dine  de  muro  In  fossam  jacta,  pace  sunt  usi.  12.  Nunc  rus 
abilxi.  13.  HIT  erat  animus  belli  ingens,  domi  modicus. 
14.  Xerxes  ten-a  marlque  ))ellum  intulitGraeciae.  15.  Varus 
venientem  Uticam  Tu])eronem  portfi  atque  oppido  prohibet. 
10.  Jacet  hum!.  17.  Res  ipsa  hortarl  videtur  paucls'^  insti- 
tuta  majorum  domi  militiaequc  dissererc.  18.  Rure  hue 
advenit. 

II.  1.  Ilaviiii:  Lionc  out  from  the  camp,  they  hastened  to 
the  Rhine.  2.  Caesar  came  to  Brundisium.  3.  When  this 
battle  had  been  reported*  across  the  Rhine,  the  Suebi  began 


200  ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES. 

to  return  home.  4.  He  thinks  he's  in  the  country.  5.  Com- 
plete control  of  public  affairs,"*  both  civiF  and  military,^  was 
intrusted  to  Alcibiades.        6.  Oedipus  was  born  at  Thebes. 

7.  A    certain   Deraaratus    fled    from   Corinth  to  Tarquinii. 

8.  His  services  in  the  battle  before  (apud)  Sena  were  highly^ 
valued.  9.  There  were  but  two  routes  by  which  they  could 
go  out  from  home.  10.  Neither  b}'  land  nor  by  sea  had  the 
enemy  been  able  to  prove  a  match ^  [for  them].  11.  The 
archers  came  from  Crete^  and  Lacedaemon.  12.  When  (cum) 
his  arms  had  been  seized^  at  Capua  and  his  slaves  seen  at 
Naples,  he  abandoned  his  design.  13.  The  AUobroges 
are  on  their  way  home.  14.  Eporedorix  had  very  great 
influence^  at  home. 

680.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

I.  1.  Uxoreni  donio  secum  duxerat.  2.  Multa  populus  Ro- 
manus  domi  niilitiaeqiie,  mari  atque  terra,  praeclara  facinora  lecit. 
3.  Sed  is  natus  et  omnem  pueritiam  Arpini  altus  est.  4.  Arcem 
Syracusis  quani  miinierat  Dioiiysius  ad  urbem  obsidendam,  a  funda- 
mentis  disjecit.  5.  Eoriiin  qui  domimi  redierunt  census  habitus 
est.  6.  Quibus  rebus  Romam  uuiitiatis,  tantus  repente  terror 
invasit  ut  consul  ex  urbe  profugeret.       7.  Athenis  profectus  est. 

II.  1.  I  am  able  to  sleep  on  the  ground.  2.  He  learns  that 
the  envoys  have  been  sent  home  in  advance.  3.  A  letter  was 
brought  from  Athens  for  Archias,!"^  who  held  tlie  chief  magistracy 
in  Thebes.  4.  In  the  consulship  of  Marcus  Claudius  and  Lucius 
Furius,^  envoys  came  from  Rome  to  Carthage.  5.  A  list  had  been 
made  out  [showing]  how  many"  of  them  had  left  their  homes.^'-^ 

6.  The-people-of-Zama  meantime  sent  envoys  to  Caesar  at  Utica.^^ 

7.  He  is  very  powerful  at  home. 


1  The  names  of  small  islands  have  the  »  In    what   mood?      cf.   Exs.  under 

same  construction  as  the  names  of  towns.  627. 

-  briefly.  "  Translate :  was  of  very  great  influ- 

3  Ablative  absolute.  ence. 

*  tota  res  publica.  ^^  See  Lesson  LXXII.,  foot-note  7. 

«  Translate :  at  home  and  in  war.  "  "  how  many  "  =  what  number. 

«  A.  &  G.  252,  a;  H.  404;  G.  379.  '^  Trans. :  Tiad  gone  out  from  home. 

'  "  to  prove  a  match  "  =  to  he  equal.  ^3  Trans. :  to  Caesar  to  Utica. 


'1 


4. 


iNDIBECT  DISCOURSE.  201 


LESSON    LXXXVIII. 

Indirect  Discourse:   Declaratory  and 
Imperative  Sentences. 

681.  EXAMPLES. 

r  a.  Mous  tenetur,  the  mountain  is  held. 

"\  h.  Considius    (licit    montem   teneri  (ij22,2)',   Considiui  8ays\ 
I  that  the  mountain  isjiehl. 

a.  [Nos]  parSti  sumus,  we  are,  ready. 

h.  S§   parStos   esse    arbitrati  sunt   (i,  5, 2),  they  thoy^ght   that 
they  icere  ready. 

a.  Helv6tii  castra  movSrunt,  the  Helvetians  have  broken  up 
their  camp. 

b.  Caesar  cognovit  Helvetios  castra  moviase  (i,  22, 4),  Caesar 
learned  that  the  Helvetians  had  broken  up  their  camp. 

'  a.  Ego  id  quod  in  Nerviis  f6ci  faciam,  /  shall  do  what  I 
did  in  the  case  of  the  Nervii. 
h.  Caesar  respondit  s6  id  quod  in  Nerviia  fScissetL  factd- 
rum  (2,  32,  2),  Caesar  replied  that  he  should  do  what  he 
had  done  in  the  case  of  the  Nervii. 


682.  Obsekvation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  examples 
marked  a  in  the  foregoing  illustrations,  give  the  exact  lanyuage  of 
the  original  speaker  as  it  came  from  his  lips  (see  Exs.  1  and  4),  as  it 
passed  through  his  mind  without  being  actually  spoken  (see  Ex.2), 
or  as  it  was  communicated  through  messengers  or  letters  (see  Ex.  3). 
Note,  further,  that  the  examples  marked  h  show  the  trans/orma- 
tion.H  which  the  language  of  the  original  speaker  undergoes  when 
it  is  reported.  The  examples  marked  a  illustrate  what  is  called 
Direct  Discourse ;  the  examph?s  marked  b  illustrate  what  is  called 
Indirect  Discourse.  Define  Direct  Discourse.  Define  Indirect 
Discourse. 

683.  References   for  Vehification  :   A.  &  6.  335;  H.  522, 

1 :  G.  051. 


202  INDIEECT   DISCOURSE :    DECLARATORY 


681.  EXAMPLES. 

■^  r  a.  Mons  tengtur,  the  mountain  is  held. 

^-  '{  b.  Considius    dicit    montem   teneri   (1,22,2),   Considius  says 

I  that  the  mountain  is  held. 

r  a.  [Nos]  parati  sumus,  we  are  ready. 
2-  J  h.  Se   paratos  esse    arbitrati  sunt  (1,5,2),  they  thought   that 

I  they  were  ready. 

a.  Helvetii  castra  moverunt,  the  Helvetians  have  broken  up 
their  camp. 

b.  Caesar  cognovit  Helvetios  castra  movisse  (i,  22,4),  Caesar 
learned  that  the  Helvetians  had  broken  up  their  camp. 

a.  Ego  id  quod  in  Nervils  feci  faciam,  /  shall  do  what  1 
did  in  the  case  of  the  Nervii. 

b.  Caesar  respondit  se  id  quod  in  Nerviis  fecis.aet -factu- 
rum  (2,  32,  2),  Caesar  replied  that  he  should  do  ivhat  he 
had  done  in  the  case  of  the  Nervii. 


3. 


684.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  examples 
marked  a  illustrate  declaratory  sentences  in  which  the  principal 
verb  is  in  the  indicative  mood  (see:  tenetur,  Ex.  1,  a;  sumus,  Ex. 

2,  a;  moverunt,  Ex.  3,  a;  faciam,  Ex.  4,  a)  and  its  subject  in  the 
nominative  case  (see:  mons,  Ex.  1,  a;  nos,  Ex.  2,  «;  Helvetii,  Ex. 

3,  a;  ego,  Ex.  4,  a). 

Note,  further,  that,  in  the  corresponding  examples  of  Indirect 
Discourse  marked  b,  the  indicative  has  been  changed  to  the  infinitive 
(see :  teneri,  Ex.  1,  b ;  esse,  Ex.  2,  b ;  movisse,  Ex.  3,  b ;  factu- 
rum,  Ex.  4,  b),  and  that  the  nominative  has  been  changed  to  the 
accusative  (see:  montem,  Ex.  1,  6;  se,  Ex.  2,  &;  Helvetios,  Ex.  3, 
&;  se,  Ex.  4,  b). 

Note,  finally,  in  Ex.  4,  that  the  verb  of  the  subordinate  clause 
has  been  changed  from  the  indicative  of  the  Direct  Discourse  (see 
feci,  Ex.  4,  a)  to  the  subjunctive  in  the  Indirect  (see  fecisset, 
Ex.  4,  b). 

Frame  a  rule  for  the  constructions  to  be  used  in  Declaratory 
Sentences  of  Indirect  Discourse. 

685.  References  for  Verification  :  A.  &  G.  336 ;  H.  523, 
I.,  524;    G.  653. 


AND    IMPEllATIVE   SENTENCES.  203 

686.  EXAMPLES. 

[a.  Adi  civitates,  visit  the  communities. 

i  b.  Hide  iniperat  adeat  civitates  (4,21,8),  he  ordered  this  man 
I  to  visit  the  communities. 

a.  Noll  hostis  populo  RomSno  fieri,  do  not  become  an  enemy 
to  the  Roman  people. 

b.  Legates  ad  Bocchum  mittit  postulatum  nS  hostis  populo 
Romano  fieret  (Sail.  Jug.  83,  i),  he  sent  ambassadors  to 
Bacchus  to  urge  him  not  to  become  an  enemy  to  the  Roman 
people. 

687.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  examples 
marked  a  in  the  foregoing  ilhistrations  contain  imperative  expres- 
sions (see :  adi,  Ex.  1,  a,  and  noli  fieri,  Ex.  2,  a).  Note,  in  the 
corresponding  examples  of  Indirect  Discourse  marked  b,  that  these 
imperative  expressions  are  denoted  by  the  subjunctive  (see  :  adeat, 
Ex.  1,  6,  and  ng  fieret,  Ex.  2,  b).  Frame  a  rule  for  Imperative 
Expressions  in  Indirect  Discoui'se. 

688.  Keferences  for  Verification:  A.  &G.  339;  H.  523, 
III.;   G.  655. 

689.  Note  :  The  Tenses  of  the  Infinitive  in  Indirect  Discourse 
follow  the  rules  already  framed  for  dependent  infinitives  (see 
466  and  467,  Lesson  LIX.);  the  Tenses  of  the  Subjunctive  in 
Indirect  Discourse  follow  the  rules  already  framed  for  dependent 
subjunctives  (see  439-442,  Lesson  LV.).  But  see,  also:  II.  525. 
1;   G.  057. 


204  INDIRECT   DISCOURSE:    DECLARATORY 


LESSON    LXXXIX. 

Illustrative  Exercises  on  the  Foregoing 
Principles. 

690.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  Aeduis  ego  obsides  non  reddam.  2.  Ariovistus 
respondit:  Aeduis  se  obsides  redditurum  non  esse.  3.  Mih! 
ea  res  curae  erit.  4.  Caesar  poUicitiis  est  sib!  earn  rem 
eurae  futuram.  5.  AUobrogibus  sese  persuasuros  ^  existima- 
bant.  '  6.  Intellegimus  earn  rem  non  minus  ex  usu  terrae 
Galliae  quam  populT  Roman!  accidisse.  7.  Legati  ad 
Caesarem  gratulatum  ^  convenerunt :  intellegere  sese  earn 
rem  non  minus  ex  usu  terrae  Galliae  quam  populi  Roman! 
accidisse.  8.  Hoc^  est  gravior  fortuna  Sequanorum,  quod 
sol!  ne  in  occulto'^  quidem  quer!  audent.  9.  Divitiacus 
respondit :  hoc  esse  graviorem  fortunam  Sequanorum,  quod 
sol!  ne  in  occulto  quidem  quer!  auderent.  10.  Cum  voles, 
congredere.  11.  Ariovistus  respondit :  cum  vellet,  congre- 
deretur.  12.  Ariovistus  respondit :  se  non  sine  exercitu  in 
eas  partes  Galliae  vemre  audere  quas  Caesar  possideret. 

II.  1.  No  one  has  [ever]  contended  with  me  without 
[meeting]  his  own  destruction.  2.  Ariovistus  made  answer 
that  no  one  had  [ever]  contended  with  him  without  [meet- 
ing] his  own  destruction.  3.  I  shall  wage  war  neither 
against*  the  Aedui  nor  against  their  allies.  4.  Ariovistus 
made  answer  that  he  should  wage  war  neither  against  the 
Aedui  nor  against  their  allies.  5.  Caesar  observed  that 
the  Sequani  were  gazing  on  the  ground.  6.  What  busi- 
ness^ has  Caesar  in  my  Gaul,  which  I  conquered  in  war?^ 
7.  I  am  at  a  loss  to  understand^  what  business  Caesar  has 
in  my  Gaul,  which  I  conquered  in  war.  8.  Ariovistus 
answered  that  he  was  at  a  loss  to  understand  what  business 


AND   IMPERATIVE   SENTENCES.  205 

Caesar  had  in  his  Gaul,  which  he  had  conquered  in  war. 
9.  Restore  the  hostages  which  you  have  [received]  from  the 
Aedui.  10.  Caesar  sent  ambassadors  to  him  [who  were 
authorized  to  demand]  that  lie  should  restore  the  hostages 
which  he  had  [received]  from  the  Aedui. 

691.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

Note  :  In  the  following  sentences,  restore  to  the  direct  form  the  passages  in 
indirect  discourse. 

I.  1,  Animadvertit  Caesar  Scquanos  nihil  earum  rcrum  facere 
(juas  ceteri  facerent.  2.  Legati  ab  Aeduis  veniebant  questum*: 
scse  ne  obsidibus *  quidem  datis  pacem  redimere  potiiisse.  3.  Caesar 
lionoris  Divitiaci  causa  sesc  eos  in  fidem  receptunim  et  c5nservatu- 
runi  dixit.  4.  Ad  haec  Q.  Marcius  respondit :  ab  arniis  disce- 
dant,'*  Roniaui  supplices  proficiscantur.^  5.  Aduatuci  legatos  ad 
Caesareni  miserunt,  qui  ad  hunc  modum  lociiti :  ne  se  armis 
despoliaret ;  sib!  omnes  fere  finitinios  esse  inimicos;  il  quibus  se 
defendere  traditis  armis  non  possent. 

II.  1.  Ariovistus  answered  that  the  Aedui,  inasmuch  as  they 
liad  been  defeated,  had  become  subject  to  him.  2.  Caesar  sent 
ambassadors  to  Ariovistus  [who  were  connnissioued  to  demand] 
that  he  should  bring  no  more  nien^*^  across  the  Rhine  into  Gaul. 
•5.  Nor  did  they  thmk  that  men  of  hostile  disposition  would  refrain 
from  injury. 

'  Bc.  esse.  '  Translate :  it  seems  strange  to  me. 

'  of.  381.  "  The  subjunctive  is  here  in  a  primary 

>  Ablative  of  cause.  tense,  altboutcb  the  leading  verb  respon 

«  See  Lesson  L.XVI  1 1.,  foot-note  8.  (lit  is  in  a  8<'condury   tense;    this  fre 

'  bellum  Tnferre  with  dative.  quently  happens  in  indirect  discourse. 
0  cf.  LeMon  I^III.,  footnote  7.  ">  Trans. :  not  any  (nS  quam)  tnulti 

'  ••  in  war  "^  by  meaiis  of  war.  tude  of  men  more  (ainpllus). 


206  INDIRECT  discourse: 

LESSON    XC. 
Conditional  Sentences  in  Indirect  Discourse. 

692.  EXAMPLES. 

.  Si  quid  ille  me  vult,  ilium  ad  me   venire   oportet,  if 

that  man  wants  anything  of  me^  he  ought  to  come  to  me. 
.  Ariovistus   respondit :   si  quid   ille   se   velit,i   ilium   ad 
se  venire   oportere  (i,  34,  2),  Ariovistus  replied  that,  if 
that  man  loanted  ajiy thing  of  him,  he  ought  to  come  to  him. 

.  Si  quid  petere  vultis,  ab  armis  discedite,  if  you  wish  to' 

ask  for  anything,  lay  doivn  your  arms. 

^'  \  h.  Marcius    respondit :     si   quid   petere  velint,i   ab   armis 

discedanti  {^a.\\.  Cat. z^,A),  Marcius  replied  that,  if  they 

wished  to  ask  for  anything,  they  must  lay  down  their  arms. 

a.  Si  quid  mihi  opus  esset,  ego  venissem,  if  I  ivere  in 
need  of  anything,  I  should  have  come  jnyself. 

h.  Ariovistus  respondit:  si  quid  ipsi  opus  esset,  sese 
venturum  fuisse  (1,34,2),  Ariovistus  replied  that,  if  he 
were  in  need  of  anything,  he  should  have  come  himself. 

a.  Id  si  fiet,  magno  cum  periculo  erit,  if  this  happens  (shall 
happen),  it  loill  be  attended  with  great  danger. 

b.  Id  si  fieret,  intellegebat  magno  cum  periculo  futurum 

(1, 10,  2),  he  saw  clearly  that,  if  this  should  happen,  it  would 
be  attended  loith  great  danger. 

a.  Si  id  ita  feceris,  populo  Romano  amicitia  tecum  erit, 

if  you  do  (shall  have  done)  this,  you  will  have  the  friend- 
ship of  the  Roman  people. 

b.  Ad  eum  Caesar  legates  cum  his  niandatis  mittit :  si  id  ita 
fecisset,  populo  Romano  amicitiam  cum  eo  futu- 
ram  (i,  35,  land 4),  Caesar  sent  ambassadors  to  him,  ivho 
were  commissioned  to  say  that,  if  he  should  do  this,  he 
would  have  the  friendship  of  the  Roman  people. 


CONDITIONAL   SENTENCES.  207 

a.  Voluptas   quidem,  si  ipsa   pro  sS  loquStur,   concSdat 

diguitati,  indeed,  if  Pleasure  herself  u-e re  to  speak  in  her 

own  behalf,  she  would  yield  precedence  to  Worth. 

"        h.  Voluptatem  quidem,  si  ipsa  pro  se  loquitur,  concessil- 

rani    iirbitror  diguitati  (Cic.  Fi«.  3,  l,  l),  indeed,  I  think 

I  that,  if  Pleasure  herself  were  to  speak  in  her  own  behalf 

I  she  would  yield  lirecedence  to  Worth. 

693.  XoTE :  The  foregoing  examples  involve  no  new  principles ; 
tliey  merely  illustrate  the  application  of  the  principles  of  Indirect 
Discourse  to  Conditional  Sentences. 

694.  EXERCISES. 

I.  1.  SI  iterum  experirl  vultis,  ego  iternm  paratus  sum 
decei-tare.  2.  Ariovistus  respondit :  si  iterum  experirl 
velint,^  se  iterum  paratum  esse  decertare.  3.  Noll  proelium 
comraittere  nisi  meae  copiae  prope  hostium  castra  visae 
erunt.  4.  Labieuo  erat  praeeeptum  a  Caesare  :  ne  proelium 
committeret  nisi  ipsliis  copiae  prope  hostium  castra  vIsae 
essent.^  ■  5.  Caesar  profectus  est  in  Italiam  ;  neque  aliter 
Carnutes  iuterficieudl  Tasgetil  consilium  cepissent,  neque 
Ivburones,  si  ille  adesset,  tanta  contemptione  nostrl  ad 
« iistra  venlrent.  G.  Titurius  clamitabat;  Caesarem  pro- 
lectum  in  Italiam  ;  neque  aliter  Carnutes  interficiendl  Tasgetil 
consilium  fuisse  captfaos,  neque  Eburones,  si  ille  adesset, 
tanta  contemptione  nostrl  ad  castra  venturos  esse,  j  7.  Ac- 
(luls  ego  bellum  non  Inferam,  si  in  eo  manebunt  quod  convenit. 
^.   Ariovistus  respondit:    Aeduls  se  bellum   inlaturum  non 

^se,  81  in  eo  manerent  quod  convenisset.  /  9.  Ariovistus  ad 
i  aesarem  legatos  mittit  :  vellc  se  agere  Cum  eo  ;  uti  aut 
<onloqui6  diem  constitueret  aut,  si  id  minus  vellet,  e  suls 

iliquem  ad  se  mitteret.  / 

t 

II.  1.  If  Mamilcar  had  lived  longer,  the  Carthaginians 
would  have  carried  their  arms  into''  Italy.  2.  It  was  evi- 
dent that,  if  Hamilcar  had  lived  longer,  the  Carthaginians 
would  have  carried^  their  arms  into  Italy.       3.  Unless  you 


208  ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISES. 

withdraw^  your  army  from  these  regions,  I  shall  regard  you 
as  (pro)  an  enemy.  4.  Ariovistus  answered  that,  unless 
Caesar  should  withdraw  his  army  from  these  regions,  he 
should  regard  him  as  an  enemy.  5.  If  you  wish  to  enjoy 
peace,  it  is  unreasonable  to  object  to  the  tribute.  6.  Ario- 
vistus answered  that,  if  they  wished  to  enjoy  peace,  it  was 
unreasonable  to  object  to  the  tribute.  7.  If  you  want 
anything,  return  on  the  thirteenth  of  April.^  8.  He  told 
the  ambassadors  in  reply,''  to  return  on  the  thirteenth  of 
April  if  they  wanted  anything. 

695.  Supplementary  Exercises. 

Note  :  In  the  following  sentences,  restore  to  the  direct  form  the  passages  in 
indirect  discourse. 

I.  1.  Caesar  respondit:  si  judicium  senatus  observari  oporteret, 
liberam  debere  esse  Galliam.  2.  Ariovistus  respondit:  si  dis- 
cessisset^  Caesar,  magno  se  ilium  praemio  remiineraturum,  et 
quaecumque  bella  geri  vellet  sine  iillo  ejus  labore  et  periculo  con- 
fectiirum.  3.  Nisi  eo  ipso  tempore  niintii  de  Caesaris  victoria 
essent  adlati,  existimabant  plerique  futurum  fuisse  ut^  oppidum 
amitteretur. 

II.  1.  If  the  flight  of  the  Gauls  disquiets  any,  these  can  learn, 
if  they  take  the  trouble  to  inquire,^''  that  Ariovistus  conquered  more 
by  craft  than  by  valor.  2.  Caesar  took  them  severely  to  task 
[saying  that]  if  the  flight  of  the  Gauls  disquieted  any,  these  could 
learn,  if  they  should  take  the  trouble  to  inquire,  that  Ariovistus 
had  conquered  more  by  craft  than  by  valor.  3.  Most  people  think 
that  Hamilcar,  if  he  had  lived  longer,  would  have  carried*  his  arms 
into.  Italy. 

1  cf.  foot-note  9,  preceding  lesson.  See  Idus  in  the  general  vocab.     Note 

2  Note  that,  in  accordance  with  the  that  Aprllls  is  here  an  adjective  in  the 
law  of  sequence  of  tenses,  the  future  per-  accusative  plural  agreeing  with  Idus. 
feet  vlsae  erunt  (sent.  3)  has  become  ^  liCgatTs  respondit. 

the  pluperfect  subjunctive  visae  essent  ^  cf.  foot-note  2. 

after  the  secondary  tense  erat  prae-  ^  futurum  fuisse  ut   amittere- 

ceptum  :   II.  525,  2.  tur  is  a  periphrastic  expression  for  the 

3  anna  Inf  erre  with  dative.  f  ut.  pass,  infln.  of  Smitto  ;    translate  : 
*  cf .  fuisse  capturos,  sent.  6,  pre-  a  great   many  thought  that  the  town 

ceding  exercise.  would  have  been  lost. 

5  cf.  693,  Ex.  4.  '0  Translate :  if  they  shall  inquire. 

8  ad  Idus  Aprllis  or  ad  Id.  April. 


formation:   names  of  agents.  209 


LESSON    XCI. 

Note  :  In  this  and  the  following  lessons  on  formation,  attention  is  confined  to 
such  modes  of  formation  as  are  easilj'  understood,  and  are  copiously  illustrated  in 
the  vocabulary  of  this  boolv. 

Formation  :   Substantives. 

I.  Names  of  Agents. 

696.  EXAMPLES. 

I.  U.               III.  IV. 

^^*^Stem7^^*  Suffix.         Stems.  Names  of  Agents. 

1.  Wduc-,  lead,  +  -t6r-  —  ductor-,  st.  of  dtictor,  leader. 

2.  Vvic-,  conquer,  + -tor- =  victor-,  st.  of  victor,  conquei^or. 


:).    6r5-(.st.of6r6).  } 


speak, 


r  +  -tor-  =  orator-,  st.  ot        orStor,  speak 


cr. 


4.   impera-  (st.  of  ] 

-X  .    ^-  «^-       i.     J-  ^  imperator,   com- 

impeTO), com-  >  -|-  -tor-  =  imperator-,  st.  ol  -       '^ 

.  (      maiuler. 

mand,  J 

697.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  the  substan- 
tives in  column  IV.  denote  the  agent  (doer)  of  the  action  expressed 
l»y  the  corresponding  root  or  verb  stem  in  column  I.  Tims  ductor 
lrf)m  Vduc-,  lead,  means  'he  who  leads'  or  'leader.'      Hence  tliesi; 

iibstantives  are  called  Names  of  A  gents.     Note  that  these  names 
f  agents  are  formed  by  adding  to  roots  (see  Exs.  I  an<l  2)  or  to 
rrb  stems  (see  Exs.  3  and  4)  the  suffix  -tOr-,  nom.  -tor.     Frame  a 
rule  for  the  formation  of  Names  of  Agents. 

698.  Form,  as  in  the  foregoing  examples,  Names  of 
Agents  from  the  following  — 

1.  llooTs:  Vdoc-,  tkacii;  ^19^-;' read;  ^pl^-,^ paint ;  V«ta-,  STAy 
(=  make  ST  And) ;  ^BuSLd-,^  (make  sweet,  and  so)  adviscy 
urge. 


210 


ABSTRACTS    DENOTING    STATE. 


2.  Verb  Stems  :  approba-,  approve  ;   depreca-,  intercede ;  dicta-, 

dictate;    explora-,  explore;    merca-,  trade. 

3.  Compounds  ending  in  a  Root:    de-vser-,  desert;   im-Vpol-,^ 

impel ;    in-Vven-,  come  ujio^s,  discover;   prae-Vi,^  go  he¥ORK; 
pro-Vda-,''  f/ive  aicay^  betray. 

II.    Abstracts  denoting  State. 


699. 

I. 

Roots  or  Bases  treated  as 
Roots. 

1.  v/dol-,  TEAR,  rend, 

2.  Vfur-,  rage, 

3.  Base  am-  (in  amo), 

love, 

4.  Base    pud-    (in    pu- 

det),  shame. 


EXAMPLES. 

II.  III. 

Suffix.     Stems. 

+  -or-  =  dolor-,  st.  of      dolor,  pain 

+  -or-  —  furor-,  st.  of      furor,  fury. 


IV. 


Abstracts  denoting 
State. 


+  -or- 


+  -or- 


amor-,  st.  of      amor,  love. 
pudor-,  st.  of    pudor,  modesty. 


700.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  substan- 
tives in  column  IV.  are  abstracts  denoting  the  state  suggested  by  the 
corresponding  roots  or  bases  in  column  I.  Thus  furor  from  Vfur-, 
rage,  means  'a  state  of  rage'  or  'fury.'  Note  that  these  abstracts 
are  formed  by  adding  to  roots  or  to  bases  treated  as  roots  the  suffix 
-or-,  nom.  -or.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  formation  of  Abstracts  denot- 
ing State. 

701.  Form  Abstracts  denoting  State  from  the  follow- 
ing— 

1.  Roots:    Vang-,  squeeze;    Vlab-,  lay  hold  of;    Vters-,'  tremble; 

Vtim-,  choke,  be  breathless. 

2.  Bases  treated  as  Boots  :  rum-,  sound  ;  clam-,  call,  call  out. 


1  Roots  are  denoted  by  the  sign  V- 
Thus  -s/duc-  is  to  be  read  '  root  due-.' 

2  -g-  and  -gu-  become  -c-  before  -t-. 

3  -dt-  becomes  -s-. 


*  -o-  of  the  root  is  here  weakened  to 
-U-,  and  -t-  of  the  suffix  becomes  -s-. 
"  prae  -i-  is  contracted  to  prae-. 
c  -a- of  the  root  is  here  weakened  to -i-. 
■^  -8-  of  the  root  becomes  -r-. 


ABSTRACTS   DENOTING   ACTION.  211 

LESSON    XCII. 

Formation  :   Substantives  (^continued}. 

III.    Abstracts  denoting  Action. 

702.  EXAMPLES. 

I.  II.  ni.  IV. 

Roots  or  Verb        H,rB.vT-rKa  STuifa  Abstracts  denot- 

STE1I8.  SUFFIXES.  STEMS.  ^^^  ACTION. 

,.^_  ^^•-         4.     e    ( static,  sta/k/jm^  ;  n 

.    V  sta-,  STAnd,    +  -tion-  =  station-,  st.  ol    J  ^    ^  ' 

(     post  or  station. 

.    V  gna-,  he  horn,  +  -tion-  =  Vg)nati6n-,st.of  I  "^*^^'  ^''^^  ^^^'"'^ '  « 

(      race  or  nation. 

■    °'^-    («^-  «f  I  +.ti6n.  ^  oration-,  st.  of  \  or&tio,  speak ing ;  an 
6r6),  «/)ea^,    )  (      address. 

.   16ga-  (St.  of  I                                                  rlggatio,  deputing;  a 

16g6),       dff-  + -tion- =  legation-,  St.  of  3      deputation   or   em- 

pute,  )                                                   (     lossy. 

.    Vic-,  7i//,  +-tu-     =ictu-,  st.  of           ictuB,  hittinff ;  ahlow. 

.    V  or-,  me,  +  -tu-      —  ortu-,  st.  of           ortus,  rising;  origin. 

.    c6na-(st,()l   I  rc5natUB,    endeavor- 

cSnor),    en-  r  -H  -tu-     =  c5natti-,  st.  of  <      ing  ;   an  effort  or 

deavor,            )  '      undertaking. 

.    equita-  (st.  )  .        ^^,^           . ,. 

of     eq«it6).  '  +.tu.      =- equltatu-,st.of  j-l"*"*"''     '"'"'" 
^  I     cavalry. 


703.     Observation  and  Inference  :  Not«  that  the  substan- 
tives in  coliiiiiii   IV,  are  abstracts  denotiii-  IIm   (t<-lion  suggested  by 
the  corresiMMiding  roots  or  verb  sterns  in  column  I.     Note  further, 
however,  that  these  abstracts  may  become  concrete  and  assume 
ther  than  their  literal  meanings.      Thu.s  OrfttiO.  from  the  verl>- 
'•m   Qrfi-.  speaf.%  means  not  only  *  speaking,'  but  'that  which  is 
'  an  a<ldresM.* 


212  ABSTRACTS    DENOTING    ACTION. 

Note  that  these  abstracts  arc  formed  by  adding  to  roots  or  to 
verb  stems  the  suffixes  -tion-,  nom.  -tio  (Exs.  1-4),  and  -tu-,  nom. 
-tus  (Exs.  5-8).  Frame  a  rule  for  the  formation  of  Abstracts 
denoting  Action. 

704.  Form  Abstracts  in  -tio  from  the  following  — 

1.  Root:    v'fac-,  do,  ma^e. 

2.  Bask  treated  as  Root  :   quaes-,  inquire. 

3.  Compounds  ending  in  a  Root  :  c6-vgna-,  he  horn  loith ;  con- 

Vten-,  stretch  vigorously,  struggle  ;  con-v'jug-,-  yoke  together  : 
oc-slcad-,^  fall  toivards  ;  re-\vert-,'^  turn  hack ;  e-^mp-,  break 
forth;  pro-v'fac-,^  make  FORth  or  of;  de-Vfend-,^  thintsf 
off-  '  .    , 

4.  Compounds  ending  in  Bases  treated  as  Roots  :   dis-sent-, 

thijik  differently ;   iii-curr-,^  rush  against. 

5.  Verb  Stems:   muni-  (st.   of  miinio),  fortify ;    aestimt-  (st. 

of  aestimo),  value ;  perturba-  (st.  of  perturbo),  throic  into 
confusion ;  cuncta-  (st.  of  cunctor),  delay ;  coujura-  (st.  of 
conjuro),  swear  together ;  supplica-  (st.  of  supplied),  kneel : 
cohorta-  (st.  of  cohortor),  exhort;  exercita-,  (st.  of  exer- 
cito),  exercise  repeatedly ;  vena-  (st.  of  venor),  hunt;  com- 
muta-  (st.  of  commuto),  change  completely ;  machina-  (st. 
of  machinor),  devise. 

705.  Form  Abstracts  in  -tus  from  the  following  — 

1.  Roots:   Vvigu-,' //re  ,•  Vfrugu-,"  enjoy;  ^  si-,  put;  >1  ca.d-,^  fall ; 

<poi-,  FARE,  go  through;  ^Hu^vl-,'^  flow  ;  <col-,^  till ;  v/pat-,^ 
sp7'ead. 

2.  Bases  treated  as  Roots:  quaes-,  see ^;  sent-,*  become  aware ; 

ut-,*  enjoy,  use. 

3.  Compounds  ending  in  a  Root:    ad-Vi-,  <7o  to,  approach ;   ad- 

vven-,  come /o;  con-v'spec-,  spy  af  a  glance;  amb-vi-,  go 
about;  con-Vven-,  come  together;  sum-^'^  (for  sub-Vem-), 
spend ;  circu-\'i-,  go  round;  oc-v'cad-,^/«//  towards  or  down. 


SUBJECT,    MEANS,    KESULT. 


213 


1.  Verh  Stkms:  crucit-  (st.  of  crucio),  torture:  magistr^-  (st. 
of  magistro),  direct,  be  master;  commea-  (st.  of  commeo), 
go  to  and  fro;   vesta-  (st.  of  veatio),  clothe. 


1  Initial  g-  is  lost  before  -n-. 

-  The  abstract  formed  from  con- 
v/jug-  has  -n-  before  -g-  after  the  anal- 
og}' of  conjiuigo  ;  see  also  foot-note  2, 
Lesson  XCI. 

»  See  foot-note  3,  Lesson  XCI. 

♦  -tt-  becomes  -»-. 

6  -|i-  of  the  root  is  here  weakened  to 


8  One  -r-  disappears  and  -t-  becomes 

-S-. 

7  See  foot-note  2,  Lesson  XCI. 
«  -o-  is  weakened  to  -u-. 
'■'  -tt-  becomes  -ss-. 

10  -p-  sometimes  (as  here)  grows  up 
between  -m-  and  -t-. 


LESSON    XCIII. 

Formation:   Substantives  (co7itinued), 

IV.   Substantives  denoting  Subject,  Means,  Result. 

706.  EXAMPLES. 


llooTS  OR  Verb 
Stems. 


U. 


Suffixes. 


IIL 

Stems. 


1 .   V  cri-,  sij},  +  -min-      =  crimin-,  st.  of 
-.   Vag-,  lead,  +  -min-      -  agmin-,  st.  of 


IV. 

Substantives  de- 
NOTING  Subject, 
Means,  Uesilt. 

r  crimen,  that  which 

-^      si/is;  a  judicial 

(      decision. 


t  agmen,  that  which 
<  is  led ;  army  (on 
(      th(«  march). 

.    impedl--^  r  impedlmentum, 

(•'^^•"fi°^-L-mento-  =  impedImento.,8tofJ      "*"«"*    "f  '""- 
pedid),  deriny;  impedi- 

himier,      ^  ^     ment. 

/  fragmentum,  re- 

^  ^^6-.     f  _^  -mento-  =  fragmento-,  st.  of     <     suit  of  brkak- 

'  {.      %nfj ;  fragment. 


214  NEUTER-  ABSTRACTS  : 

707.  Observation  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  substan- 
tives in  column  IV.  denote :  (1)  the  subject  of  the  action,  viewed 
actively  (see  Ex.  1)  or  passively  (see  Ex.  2) ;  (2)  the  means  or 
instrument  (see  Ex.  3)  ;  (3)  the  result  (see  Ex.  4).  Note  that 
these  substantives  are  formed  by  adding  to  roots  or  verb  stems  the 
suffixes  -mill-,  nom.  -men,  and  -mento-,  nom.  -mentum.  Frame 
a  rule  for  the  formation  of  substantives  denoting  Subject,  Means, 
Result. 

708.  Form  substantives  in  -men  from  the  following  — 

1.  Roots:     Vse-,   soav;     Vvi-,  plait;     \/nu-,   nod;     Vluo-,^   shine; 

sJfLngu-j'^JIow. 

2.  Verb  Stems  :   certa-,  struggle ;  orna-,  emhellish. 

709.  Form  substantives  in  -mentuin  from  the  fol- 
lowing — 

1.  Roots:  ^ tor qyi-,^  ticist,  hurl ;  '^ sarp-,^ lop, prujie ;  v' mov-,^ jt?w5^ ; 

Vjug-,!  yoke;  \/frugu-,i  ^njoy. 

2.  Compound  ending  in  a  Root:   €ie-^ txl-,  ruh  away. 

3.  Verb    Stems:    mum-, /or///?/;   i\xvi.6.?i-,  ^OTTom,  make  secure ; 

testa-,  hear  witness. 

V.   Neuter  Abstracts  :   Primitive  and  Denominative. 

710.  EXAMPI.ES. 

I.  II.  III.  IV. 

Roots,  or  Compounds  ^,,^^,^.  Hn^i.M«  Neuter  Abstracts  : 

ENDING   IN  A  RoOT.       ''UFFIX.  bTEMS.  PRIMITIVES. 

,    ^     ,  .  ^  •         i.     i-  1^  odium,      hatred ;      a 

1.  vod-,  hate,         +  -lo-  =  odio-,  st.  oi  •< 

C      grudge. 

t  conloquium,  talking 

2.  con-Vloqu-,    1  ^  .jo.  =conloquio-,st.of -5      together;    a  confer- 

talkiaith,     )  (      g^^^g^ 

f  incendium,      setting 
m-Vcand-,       \  _^  _.q_  _  jucendio-,  st.  of  }     fire  to ;  a  confiagra- 
setfireto,    >  (      ^.^^^^ 


PRIMITIVE   AND   DENOMINATIVE.  215 


k    arbitro-.Mst.  of)        .  (arbitrium,       behu; 

,  ..      .  .       >•  +  -io-  =  arbitrio-,  st.  of  ■<      nmprre;  a  decision 

arbiter),  umpire,  I  '  ^  r      > 

C     (of  the  umpire). 

.'».    artific-     (st.     of)  t  SLiti&cinra.,  arfis((n- 

4.-X      A     -^-r-        ^  + -io- =  artificio-,  St.  of -^        ,.  ,     , 

artif ex),  arf/ffcer,  )  (      shi/) ;  a  trade. 

.;.   exsul-  (St.  of  ex- )  ^  _.^_  ^  exsilio-«  st.  of  \  ^^ili"""'  ^^'"^  "« 
sul),  ex  He,         .    )  (      ejr/Ve;  banishment. 


711.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  tlie  substan- 
tives in  column  IV.  are  neuter  abstracts  which  may  become  concrete 
in  iiK^aning.  Note  that  the  neuter  abstracts  in  Exs.  1-3  are  from 
rnnis  ami  are  therefore  called  Primitives:  wli-i-as  those  in  Exs. 
4-0  are  from  noun  sterna  and  are  therefore  called  Denominatives. 
Note,  further,  that  the  denominatives  denote  office  (see  Ex.  4), 
employment  (see  Ex.  5),  condition  (see  Ex.  6).  Note,  finally,  that 
both  primitives  and  denominatives  are  formed  by  the  suffix  -io-, 
iiom.  -ium.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  formation  of  Primitive  and 
Denominative  Neuter  Abstracts. 

712.  Form  Primitive  Abstracts  in  -ium  from  the  fol- 
lowing— 

(  MMK.iMx  I  \ DING  IN  A  RooT :  prae-s'sed-,^  sit  hevoinv.]  sub- 
\8ed-,    --JT  m  support ;  in-Vgen-,  h('(jri  is. 

713.  Form  Denominative  Abstracts  in  -ium  from  tlic 
following  — 

Noun*  Stem.s  :  convlva-'''  (st.  of  convlva),  table  compaulnn ; 
ijidic-  (st.  of  index),  informer;  jfldic-  (st.  of  jddex), 
judge :  supplic-  (st.  of  supplex),  suppliant;  benefico-''  (si. 
of  beneficua),  Jcind,  oblijiny  ;  malefico-'^  (st.  of  maleficus), 
mischievous;  sacrifico-''  (st.  of  aacrificuB),  sacr/77c/a/.-  rS- 
mig-  (st.  of  rfimex),  rower;  aedific-  (st.  of  *aedifex"), 
builder. 


216 


FEMININE   ABSTRACTS 


1  Medial  -c-  (or  -qu-)  and  -g-  (or 
-gu-)  are  dropped  before  many  conso- 
nants (here  before  -m-) . 

2  -p-  here  disappears  before  -m-. 

3  -v-  becomes  -u-,  and  the  resulting 
diphthong  -ou-  becomes  -o-. 

*  See  foot-note  5,  Lesson  XCII. 

5  The  final  vowel  of  the  stem  disap- 
pears before  the  initial  vowel  of  the 
suffix. 

c  -u-  of  the  stem  is  weakened  to  -i-. 


^  -e-  of  the  root  is  here  weakened  to  -i-. 

8  The  term  '  noun '  includes  both 
'  substantive '  and  '  adjective.' 

9  The  asterisk  *  is  used  to  mark  a 
form  which  is  not  found  in  any  classical 
writer,  but  which  is  assumed  as  afford- 
ing a  rational  explanation  of  existing 
forms.  In  the  present  case,  as  artifex 
gave  rise  to  artificium  (see  710,  Ex. 
5),  so  it  is  assumed  that  *aedifex  gave 
rise  to  aedificium. 


LESSON    XCIV. 
Formation:   Substantives  (continued), 

VI.   Feminine  Abstracts  Denoting  Quality. 


714. 


EXAMPLES. 


I. 


Adjective  Stems. 


n. 

Suffixes. 


III. 

Stems. 


1.  audaci-i   (st.    of )   ,     ._ 
audax),  bold,        ) 

2.  ignavo-i   (st.  of 


ignavus), 


idle,      } 


audacia-,  st.  of 
ignavia-,  st.  of 


IV. 

Feminine  Abstbacts 

Denoting  Quality. 

(  audacia, 

I      boldness. 

( Ignavia,  {rf/e- 

(.      ness. 


3.  tristi-      (st.     of  I        . . - 
tristis),  sad,        ) 

4.  justo-2     (st.     of 
Justus),  Just, 


+  -tia- 


5.   brevi-     (St.     of  ^  ^  _^-^_ 


of) 


brevis),  short, 
6.    dIgno-2    (St.     of,^_^.^_ 
dignus),  loorthy, 


=  tristitia-,  st.  of 
=  justitia-,  st.  of 

=:  brevitat-,  st.  of 


( tristitia,  sa^/- 
(      ness. 
( justitia,  j'us- 
\      tice. 


brevitas, 

shortness. 


dignitat-,  st.  of   ■<     ^^  ^      ' 

(      worth. 


7.  f ora-      (St.      of )  ^  .„3j„.  ^  f ortitudin-,  st.  of  i  f°rtitudo, 
fortis),  brave,       )  (      bravery. 

8.  lato-2  (st.  of  la- 


tus),  broad f 


I  +  -tudin-  =  latitudin-,  st.  of  |  ^^^itudo, 
>  (     breadth. 


DENOTING  QUALITY.  217 

715.  Observation  and  Inference:  Note  that  the  substan- 
tives in  cohimn  IV.  are  feminine  abstracts  denoting  quality,  and 
■  hat  they  are  formed  from  adjective  stems  by  the  addition  of  the 
> affixes:  -i5-,  nom.  -ia;  -tia-,  nom.  -tda;  -tSt-,  nom.  -tSs;  -tudin-, 
nom.  -tads.  Note  that  vowel  stems  lose  their  Jinal  vowel  before 
the  initial  vowel  of  the  suffix  -iS-  (see  Exs.  1  and  2) ;  and  that  the 
Jinal  vowel  of  -o-  stems  is  weakened  into  -i-  before  the  suffixes  -tiS-, 
-tat-,  and  -tudin-  (see  Exs.  4,  6,  8).  Frame  a  rule  for  the  forma- 
tion of  Feminine  Abstracts  denoting  Quality. 

716.  Form  Feminine  Abstracts  in  -ia  from  the  fol- 
lowing — 

Adjective  Stems:  adulgscent-  (st.  of  adulgscgns),  younr/: 
diligent-  (st.  of  dUigSns),  attentive ;  grato-  (st.  of  gratus), 
pleasing ;  infami-  (st.  of  infamis),  disreputable ;  inopi-  (st. 
of  inops),  without  resources;  invido-  (st.  of  invidus), 
envious ;  inscient-  (st.  of  in8cigns),//7ex/>er«encec?;  iracundo- 
(st.  of  iracundus),  passionate;  misericordi-  (st.  of  mia- 
ericors),  tcnder-\iv.\:RTed ;  potent-  (st.  of  pot^na), powerftd ; 
prudent-  (st.  of  prudgns),  sagacious ;  scient-  (st.  of  sciSns), 
knowing  ;  superbo-  (st.  of  superbus),  proud. 

111.  Form,  in  like  manner,  Feminine  Abstracts  in 
-ia  from  the  following  — 

Substantive  Stems  :  custSd-  (st.  of  custOs),  guard;  mllit-  (st. 
of  mlleB),  soldier;  vlctSr-  (st.  of  victor),  victor. 

718.  Form  Feminine  Abstracts  in  -tia  from  the  fol- 
lowing — 

Adjective  Stems:  amico- (st.  of  amlcvLa),  friendh/ ;  dilro- (st. 
of  dtlnis),  hard;  inimico-  (st.  of  iuimlctts),  vs/riendlg ; 
laeto-  (st.  of  laetus),  joyful;  pudico-  (st.  of  pudlcus), 
modest. 

719.  Form,  in  like  manner,  a  Feminine  Abstract  in 
-tia  from  the  following  — 

Substantive  Stem  :  puero-  (st.  of  puer),  child. 


218  ABSTRACTS   DENOTING   QUALITY. 

720.  Form  Feminine  Abstracts  in  -tas  from  the  fol- 
lowing — 

Adjective  Stems  :  aequo-  (st.  of  aequus),  even ;  alacri-  (st.  of 
alacer),  eager;  atroci-  (st.  of  atrox),  savage;  celeri-  (st. 
of  celer),  swift;  crudeli- (st.  of  crudelis),  crwe/;  cupido- 
(st.  of  cupidus),  desirous;  familiari-  (st.  of  familiaris), 
intimate;  humano-  (st.  of  humanus),  refined;  iniquo-  (st. 
of  iniquus)^  VNj'ust ,  nobili-  (st.  of  nobilis),  noble ;  obscii- 
ro-  (st.  of  obscurus),  obscure;  opportune-  (st.  of  opportu- 
nus),  convenient;  probo-  (st.  of  probus),  upright;  vano- 
(st.  of  vanus),  empty  ;  vero-  (st.  of  verus),  true. 

721.  Form,  in   like   manner,  Feminine   Abstracts   in 
-tas  from  the  following  — 

Substantive  Stems:  civi-  (st.  of  olvis),  citizen;  auctor-^  (st.  of 
auctor),  author;  hered-^  (st.  of  heres),  heir. 

722.  Form    Feminine  Abstracts   in   -tudo   from    the 
following  — 

Adjective  Stems:  alto-  (st.  of  altus),  high;  longo-  (st.  of 
longus),  long;  magno- (st.  of  magnus),  ^/rea^;  multo-  (st. 
of  multus),  much;  solo-  (st.  of  solus),  alone;  consueto-* 
(st.  of  cSnsuetus),  accustomed. 


1  See  foot-note  5,  Lesson  XCIII.  *  The  syllable  -ti-in  *con8uetitudo 

2  Final -o- of  the  stem  is  here  weak-  produced  a  stuttering  sound;    it  there- 
ened  to  -i-  before  the  suffix.  fore  disappeared,  and  the  form  became 

3  The  suffix  here  assumes  -i-  after  the  consuetudo. 
analogy  of  vowel  stems,  and  becomes 

-itat-,  nom.  -itas. 


formation:  adjectives.  219 

LESSON    XCV. 

Formation  :    Adjectives. 

T-    Adjectives  Denoting  Belongin<^  oi;  Pertaining  to. 

723.  EXAMPLES. 

I.  IT.  III.  IV. 

SUBSTAXTIVi:  <irrvvnrp<*  Stfm*«  ADJECTIVES  DENOTING  BE- 

'       Stems.  suffixes.  ^tems.  longing  or  Pertaining  to. 

1     rge-    rst     of>  .        {le&alia,  belonging  or 

%Xng      }^-^    =''''^' ''-'''        1      pertaining  taking., 

^      regal,  royal. 

•>    navi-irstof)  ,      (n^v&lis,helongingor 

"    nSivis)   shin  \'^'^'    =  "^^^i"' ^^- «^      j      pertaining  to  ships, 
^'  ■    ^ '  '      nayal. 

"■■       '      "  /mllitaris,    belonging 

miles),    sol-  [>•  +  -ari-2  =  mllitari-,  st.  of    <      or    pertaining     to 


dier,  )  (     sol<liers,  military. 

4.  auzilio-'  (st.  \  t  au^li&ris,  belonging 
of  auxili-  -  +  -Sri--  =  auxiliari-,  st.  of  -|  or  pertaining  to 
um),  help,      )                                                   (      help,  auxiliary. 

5.  civi-i  (st.  of)  rcivllis,  belonging  or 
civia),  citi-  r  +  -Hi-  =  civili-,  st.  of  <  pertaining  to  citi- 
zen,                )  i     zens,  ciyi/. 

6.  vlro-'  (St.  of  U  ni  vimi  st  of  1  ^^'°*»' .  *f '^"^'"''^  «^- 
vir^  ^  +  -m-     :^  virm-,  st.  ot         -j     pertaining  to  men, 

'       inanly. 

7.  legiSn-  (st.  \  i  legionarius,  belong- 
of  legid),  le-  V  +  -ftrio-  =  legi6nario-,»t.of  -i  ing  or  pertaining  to 
gion,               )                                                  (      legions,  legionary. 

8.  aia-i  (St.  of)  .  (^Ki^xx%,  belonging  ox 
-,  >,  y  -\-  -ario-  --  aiario-,  st.  of  -'  pertaining  to  the 
aia),  icing,      p  ]         ■ 

\      wing. 

724.  Observation  and  Infekknck:  Note  that  the  Adjectives 
in  column  IV.  denote  belonging  or  pertaining  tc,  and  that  they  are 


220  ADJECTIVES   DENOTING   FULL   OF. 

formed  from  substantive  stems  by  the  addition  of  the  suffixes :  -ali-, 
nom. -alls;  -axi-,  iioni.  -aris;  -Hi-,  nom.  -ills;  -ario-,  nom.  -arius. 
Note  that  vowel  stems  (see  Exs.  2,  4,  5,  6,  8)  lose  their  Jinal  vowel 
before  the  initial  vowel  of  these  suflEixes.  Frame  a  rule  for  the 
formation  of  Adjectives  denoting  Belonging  or  Pertaiijing  to. 

725.  Form  — 

1.  Adjectives   in   -alls   from  the   following    Substantive    Stems: 

morti-  (st.  of  mors),  death ;  natura-  (st.  of  natura),  nature  ; 
anno-  (st.  of  annus)*  year ;  capit-  (st.  of  caput),  head; 
libero-  (st.  of  liber),  freeman ;  quo-  (st.  of  some  forms  of 
qui),  WHA<;  to-  (st.  of  turn),  thaL 

2.  Adjectives  in  -aris  ^  from   the  following  Substantive  Stems : 

consul-  (st.  of  consul),  consul ;  salut-  (st.  of  salus),  safety , 
populo-,  (st.  of  populus),  people ;  familia-  (st.  of  familia), 
household. 

3.  Adjectives    in   -His    from   the   following    Substantive    Stems : 

puero-  (st.  of  puer),  child;  servo-  (st.  of  servus),  slave, 
sen-  (st.  of  senex,  gen.  senis),  old  j^erson ;  aedi-^  (st.  of 
aedis  or  aedes),  building. 

4.  Adjectives   in   -arius  from  the   following  Substantive  Stems: 

frumento-  (st.  of  f rum  en  turn),  grain;  agro-  (st.  of  ager), 
land;  sagitta-*  (st.  of  sagitta),  arroiv ;  aes-^  (st.  of  aes), 
money ;  semin-®  (st.  of  semen),  seecZ. 

II.   Adjectives  Denoting  Full  of. 


726. 

exampi.es 

I. 

n.              III. 

JSTANTrri 

E  Stems. 

Suffix.           Stems. 

IV. 

Adjectives  Denoting 
Full  of. 

1.  anno-i  (st.  of )   ,     -  ^       ^ ^      ,      .       (annosus,    full  of 

^  >  +  -oso-  =z  annoso-,  st.  oi      -^  *^         ^ 

annus),  year,  y  (      years. 

2.  crimin- (st.  of  ^  •  /- criminosus,  full 
crimen),  re-  >  ■\-  -oso-  =  criminoso-,  st.  of  ■}  of  reproaches,  re- 
proach,             )  i      proachfid. 

3.  sumptu-  (st.  ^  /^  sumptuosus, /m/; 
of  sumptus),  v  -f-  -oso-  =  sumptu6so-,st.of  -}  of  expense,  ex- 
expense,            )  (     pensive. 


VERBS  :     DENOMINATIVES. 


221 


727.  Observatiox  and  Inference  :  Note  that  the  Adjectives 
in  column  IV.  denote  full  of,  and  that  they  are  formed  from  $ub- 
stantwe  sterns  by  the  addition  of  the  sujfix  -6so-,  nom.  -osus.  Note 
that  the  vowel  stems  regularly  lose  their  Jinal  vowel  before  the 
initial  vowel  of  the  suffix  (see  Ex.  1),  but  that  -u-  stems  retain  u 
(see  Ex.  3).  Frame  a  rule  for  the  formation  of  Adjectives  denot- 
ing Full  of. 

728.  Form  Adjectives  in  -osus  from  the  following  — 

Substantive  Stems:  aestu-  (st.  of  aestus),  heat;  animo-  (st. 
of  aninms),  courage;  c6pi5-  (st.  of  copiae),  wealth;  fructu- 
(st.  of  fructus),  fruit;  periculo-  (st.  of  periculum),  ^>(r///; 
studio-  (st.  of  strudium),  zeal;   vitio-  (st.  of  vitium), /«?///. 


'  See  foot-note  5,  Lesson  XCIII. 

*  Note  that  the  euflQx  -Sli-  becomes 
-Sri-  when  the  stem  contains  the  letter  1. 

3  The  masc.  form  of  the  adj.  obtained 
from  this  stem  is  used  subst.,  and  means 
'  aedile '  (superintendent  of  public 
works,  etc.). 

*  The  maac.  form  of  the  adj.  obtained 


from  this  stem  is  used  subst.,  and  means 
'  archer.' 

5  Medial  -g-  between  two  vowels 
often  (as  here)  becomes  -r- ;  the  neuter 
form  of  the  adj.  obtained  from  ae<4-  is 
used  subet.,  and  means  '  treasury.' 

•J  The  neuter  form  of  the  adj.  is  used 
subst.,  and  moans  '  nursery.' 


LESSON    XCVI. 
Formation:  Verbs:   Denominatives. 


729.  EXAMPLES. 

I.  II.  III. 

CHARACTKniSTIC 
NOUH*  STKX8.  POBMATIVK        VKBB  8T«1I8. 

VOWELB. 


IV. 

Dbnominativb  Vbubh. 


1    fuga-2  (St.  of )  ^  _jj_  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^        ^^gQ       f^jf-f^, 

fuga),  Jliffht,      ) 


'•  fi'°»o-(«t.  ^n^  ^  .a_  firma-.  St.  of 

firmus),  ^r/n,    > 

levi-2    (st.    ot\ 

levis),   LiGUl    >  -f  -a-  =:  leva-,  st.  of 

(not  heavy),      ) 


firmd,      make      firm, 
strengthen. 


<  lev5,     mal-e     Lion/, 
(      LiQiitcn. 


222 


VERBS  :     DENOMIJSTATIVES. 


ni. 


IV. 


Characteristic 
Noun  1  Stems.         Formative      Verb  Stems.  Denominatite  Verbs. 

Vowels. 


4.    nomin-  (st.  of  )    ,     _ 

^  y  -\-  -a-  =  no 


nomina-,  st.  of 


nomino,  call  hy  name, 


n6meu),NAME,  i 

5.  claro-2  (st.    of  f   ^  .g.  ^  clare-,  st.  of         clareo,  he  bright. 
clsLins),  bright,  ) 

6.  fl6s-3    (st.     of  ) 
flos),  flower,       ) 

7.  fini-^     (St.     of)^_j_^^j._^j_^f 
finis),  end,         ) 

8.  molli-2  (St.  of  I  ^  .J.  ^  ^ouj.^  ,t.  of      I  "'°"^°'      ^'^"^'      '^^^'' 
mollis),  soft,     )  (      soften. 

9.  insano-2  (st.  of 
Tnsanus),     //7-  J-  +  -i-  =  insani-,  st.  of       insanio,  be  insane. 


-e-  =  fl6r€-,  st.  of  floreo,  be  in  flower. 

finio,  put  cm  end  to. 


in-  V  +  -1- 


730.  Observation  and  Inference  :  N^ote  that  the  stems  of 
the  'verbs  in  column  IV.  are  formed  from  the  corresponding  noun 
stems  in  column  I.  by  the  addition  of  the  characteristic  vowels  of 
the  first  (see  Exs.  1-4),  second  (see  Exs.  5  and  6),  and  fourth  (see 
Exs.  7-9)  conjugations.  Because  these  verbs  are  formed  from  noun 
stems,  they  are  called  Denominatives.  Note  that  the  noun  stems 
which  end  in  a  vowel  (see  Exs.  1-3,  5,  7-9)  lose  this  vowel  before 
the  characteristic  vowels  -a-,  -e-,  -i-.  Frame  a  rule  for  the  formation 
of  Denominative  Verbs. 

731.  Form  Denominative  Verbs  qi  the  First  Conju- 
gation from  the  following  — 

NouN^  Stems  :  loco-  (st.  of  locus), 79/ace ;  cura-(st.  of  cura),  care  ; 
nuntio-  (st.  of  nuntius),  messenger ;  pugna-  (st.  of  pugna), 
fight;  honesto-  (st.  of  honestus),  honorable;  interpret-^ 
(st.  of  interpres),  interpreter;  labos-^  (st.  of  labor),  labor; 
laud-  (st.  of  laus),  praise;  memori-  (st.  of  memor),  mind- 
ful; proelio-*  (st.  of  proelium),  battle;  regno-  (st.  of  re- 
gnum),  sovereignty ;  salut-  (st.  of  salus),  safety ;  celebri- 
(st.  of  celeher),  frequented ;  sacro-  (st.  of  aa.cer),  sacred ; 
damno-  (st.  of  damnum),  loss;  equit-(st.  of  eques),  ho7'se- 


VERBS  :    DENOMINATIVES.  223 


man;  gloriS-'  (st.  of  gloria),  ^r /or/;  hiem- (st.  of  hiems), 
winter;  judic-  (st.  of  judex), /W^re;  laeto-'*  (st.  of  laetus), 
joyful;  libero-  (st.  of  \\bex),  free ;  nudo- (st.  of  nudus), 
hare;  novo-  (st.  of  novus),  new;  integro-  (st.  of  integer), 
whole;   vulnes-"  (st.  of  vulnus),  wound. 

732.  Form  Denominative  Verbs  of  the  Second  Con- 
jugation from  the  following  — 

XouN^  Stems:  albo-  (st.  of  albus),  white;  flSvo-  (st.  of  flSvus), 
yellow ;  luc-  (st.  of  lux),  LiGHf. 

733.  Form  Denominative  Verbs  of  the  Fourth  Con- 
jugation from  the  following  — 

XouN*  Stems:  16ni-  (st.  of  Ignis),  soft;  saevo-  (st.  of  saevus), 
fierce;  siti-  (st.  of  sitia),  thirst;  custod-  (st.  of  custos), 
guard. 

>  See  foot-note  8,  Lesson  XCni.  ♦  Make  the  verb  deponent,  i.e.,  give 

*  See  foot-note  5,  Lesson  XCin.  it  a  passive  form  with  active  or  reflexive 

»  See  foot-note  5,  Lesson  XCV.  meaning. 


224  ANECDOTES   FROM   CICERO. 


ANECDOTES    FROM    CICERO. 


Note  :  The  following  anecdotes  are  to  be  translated  by  the  pupil  and  afterwards 
committed  to  memory.  The  point  at  which  the  several  anecdotes  may  be  taken  up 
is  indicated  in  a  bracketed  note  prefixed  to  each ;  and  the  amount  and  kind  of  help 
afforded  in  the  foot-notes  is  adapted  to  the  needs  of  the  pupil  at  the  stage  thus 
indicated. 


734.  Discourtesy   Rebuked. 

[To  follow  Lesson  XXXI.] 

Memoriae^  proditum  est,  ciim^  Atbenis^  ludis^  qiiidam  in 
theatrum  ^graB^H^  natu  venisset/  magno  consessu^  locum 
nusquam  ei^  datum  ^  a  suis  civibus.  Cum  autem  ad  Lace- 
daemonios  accessisset,^  quT,^  legati  cum  essent,^"  certo  in  loco 
consederant,  consurrexisse^^  omnes  illi^^  dicuntur  et  senem 
sessum^"^  recepisse."  Quibus^^  cum  a  cuncto  consessu 
plausus  esset^^  multiplex  datus,^^  dixisse  ex  ils  quendam^^ 
Atheniensis  scire  quae^^  recta  essent,^^  sed  facere^  nolle. ^^ 

—  [Cic.  Cat.  Maj.  XVIII.]. 

1  when.  ^^  they  were. 

2  A.  &  G.  258,  c;  H.  425,  II. ;  Gr.  412.  "  to  have  risen  in  a  body. 

3  The  reference  is  to  the  great  Pan-  ^- those  (i.e.,  the  Lacedaemonians), 
athenaic  festival  celebrated  once  in  four  nom.  pi.  masc. 

years  at  Athens  in  honor  of  Athena  as  '^  to  be  seated. 

protectress  of  the  city,  and  participated  "  to  have  invited. 

in  by  the  combined  population  of  Attica.  ^^  to  them  (lit.,  to  whom). 

<  had  come.  i"  had  been  given. 

5  Abl.  of  place  where  without  prep.  "  [proditum  est]  dixisse  ex  iis 

'''for  him.  quendam,  [the  story  adds]    tJmi   one 

7  sc.  esse  ;  datum  esse  is  the  perf.  of  the  Lacedaemonians  said  (lit.,  one 
pass,  infin.  of  do,  give;  the  subj.  of  the  from  them  to  have  said). 

infin.  (here  locum)  is  in  the  accusative.  '«  what,  nom.  neut.  pi. 

Translate :    that  room  was  made   (lit.,  '°  ivas. 

room  to  have  been  made).  ^o  pres.  infin.  of  facio,  do. 

8  he  had  come  near.  ^^  Pres.  infin.  of  nolo,  be  unwilling. 
»  who^  nom.  pi.  masc.  Translate :  lacked  the  inclination. 


ANECDOTES    FROIM   CICERO.  225 


735.    Remarkable  Instances  of  Mental  Vigor  in  Extreme 
Old  Age. 

[To  follow  Lesson  XXXV.] 

1.  Plato^  uno  et  octogesimo  anno  scribens  est  mortuus.- 

2.  isocrates^  eum^  librum  qiii^  Panathenaicus*'  insciibi- 
tur  quarto  et  nonagesimo  anno  scripsisse  se^  dicit,  vixitque 
quTnqueuniura  postea. 

3.  Leontinus®  Gorgias^  centum  et  septem  complevit  an- 
nos,  neque  umquam  In  suo  studio  atque  opere  cessavit. 
Qui,'**  cum  ex  eo  quaereretur"  cur  tam  diu  vellet  esse'"  in 
vita:  "Nihil  habeo,"^^  inquit,"  "quod  accusem^^  senectu- 
tem."     Praeclarum  responsum,  et  docto  homine'*  dignum  ! 

'        —  [Cic.  Cat.  Maj.  V.]. 

*  Plato,    -onis,  M.,   Plato,  the  cele-  "^  scripsisse  se,  that  he  wrote  (lit., 
brated  Athenian  philosopher;   died  347      himself  to  have  written) . 

B.C.  ^  Leontluus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  o/ie- 

'  est  mortaus,  died.  ontini  (a  town  in  Sicily)". 
'  fsocrates,    -Is,    v.,  Isocrates,   a  »  Gorgifts,  -ae,  m.,  Gorgias,  a  cele- 

celebrated  Athenian  rhetorician  and  ora-  brated  rhetorician  and  orator  of  Lcontini 

tor;  died  338  B.C.    On  the  composition  in  Sicily;  born  about  480  B.C. 

and  elaboration  of  the  most  celebrated  of  ><>  He  (lit.,  who). 

his  orations,  the  "  Panegyric,"  he  is  said  "  cum  ex  eo  quaererStur,  when 

by  some  to  have  spent  ten  years,    by  /je  tfrts  aa/terf  (lit.,  when  it  was  inquired 

othen*,  fifteen.  from  him). 

*  thaty  ace.  sing.  masc.  '^  vellet  esse,  he  wished  to  be. 

>  which,  nom.  sing.  masc.  >3  Nihil  habeO  quod  accfiHem,  / 

"  Pauathen&icus,  -I,  M.,  the  Pan-  have  no  fault  to  find  with  (lit.,  1  have 

athenaic,    an    oration    pronounced    by  nothing  which  I  may  lay  to  the  rharKe  of). 

laocrates  at  one  of  the  Panathenalc  festi-  >*  See  Leaaon  LIU.,  fout-noU-  12. 

vaLi ;  see  734,  foot-note  3.  ^  See  Lesson  XXXIL,  foot-note  3. 


736.  A  Tree  Known  by  Its  Fruits. 

[To  follow  Lesson  XXXIX.] 

Sophocles*  ad  summam  senectutem  tragoedids  fecit.'-' 
(^uofP  propter  studium  cum*  rem  ueglcgerc  familiarem 
videretur/  a  fllils  in  judicium  vocatus  est,  ut'*  cum"  quasi 
desipientera  a  re  fsimiliari  rcmoverent*  judices.  Turn  »cncx 
dlcitur  eam^  fabulam  quam^  in  manibuH  habebat  et  proxi- 


226 


ANECDOTES   FROM   CICERO. 


me  sciipserat,  Oedipum^  Coloneiim,^  recitasse^^  juclicibus, 
quaesisseque^^  nam  illiid^^  carmen  desipientis  videretur.'^ 
Quo^^  recitato,  sententils  judicum  est  llberatus. 

—  [Cic.  Cat.  Maj.  VII.] 


1  Sophocles,  -is,  M.,  Sophocles,  the 
famous  Attic  tragic  poet,  born  at  the  vil- 
lage of  Colonus,  near  Athens,  495  B.C. ; 
died  406  B.C. 

2  Perfect  indicative  of  facio,  make, 
compose. 

3  this  (lit.,  which),  ace.  neut.  sing. 

*  cum videretur, as  hetcas  thought. 

s  to  the  end  that. 

'^  eum  reinoverent,  might  remove 
him. 

''  earn,  ace.  sing,  fern.,  that. 

^  quani,  ace.  sing,  fem.,  which. 

3  Oedipus,  -odis and  -i,m.,  Oedipus; 
Coloneus,  -a,  -uni,  adj.,  of  Colonus. 


The  "Oedipus  of  Colonus,"  which  was 
the  last  and  finest  play  of  Sophocles,  re- 
calls the  scenery  and  the  religious  associ- 
ations of  the  x)oet's  native  village  (cf .  foot- 
note 1).  The  passage  said  to  have  been 
recited  on  the  occasion  here  referred  to, 
contains  a  chorus  descriptive  of  the  beau- 
ties of  Athens. 

10  to  have  recited. 

11  to  have  ashed. 

12  illud,  nom.  neut.  sing.,  that. 

13  seemed  [to  them]. 

1*  Quo,   abl.    neut.    sing.,    this   (lit., 
which). 


737. 


Tit  for  Tat. 

[To  follow  Lesson  XLII.] 


Nasica^  cum  ad-  poetam  Ennium^  venisset,-  eique^  ab  ostio 
quaerenti  Ennium  ancilla  dixisset*  domi  non  esse,^  Nasica 
sensit  illam^  domini  jussu  dixisse^  et  ilium ^  intus  esse.^ 
Panels  post  diebus,  cum  ad  Nasicam  venisset  Ennius  et 
enm^  a  janua  quaereret/  exclamat  Nasica  se^  domi  non  esse. 
Tum  Ennius  :  "  Quid?^°  ego  non  cognosce,"  inquit,  ''  vocem 
tuam?"  Hic  Nasica:  "Homo  es  impudens.  Ego,  cum 
te  quaererem,^^  ancillae  tuae  credidi  te^  domi  non  esse  ;  tu 
mihi  non  credis  ipsT 


12  V 


1  Nasica,  -ae,  m.,  Nasica  (Publius 
Cornelius  Scipio  Nasica),  a  celebrated 
Roman  jurist. 

2  ad  venisset,  had  come  to  [call  on] . 

3  £nnius,  -ii,  m.,  Ennius  (Quintus), 
the  father  of  Roman  epic  poetry;  lived 
239-169  B.C. 

*  ei  (dat.)  dixisset,  had  told  him. 
"  domi  esse,  was   (lit.,  to  be)   at 
home. 


—  [Cic.  de  Orat.  2,  LXVIII.] 

c  illain  dixisse,  that  she  IkuI  said 
[so]. 

7  ilium   esse,  that  his  friend  was 
(lit.,  him  to  be). 

8  eum  (insieTeret,inquiredfor  him. 
0  The  subject  of  an  iafin.  (here  esse) 

is  in  the  ace. 

10  jriiatf 

11  I  inquired  for. 

12  ipsi,  dat.  sing.,  self. 


ANECDOTES    FKOM   CICERO. 


227 


73a 


The  Soul  Immortal. 


[To  follow  Lesson  XLVI.] 


Apiid  Xcnophontom^  moriens  Cyrus  ^  major  haec  dicit: 
"Xolite  arbitrarl,^  6  moi  carissiinl  filil,  me,^  eiiin  fi  a  obis 
(liscessero,  nusquam  aiit  iiullum  fore.^  Nee  enim,  dum 
eram  voblseuni,  animum  meuiu  videbatis,  sed  enni  esse  in 
hoc  corpore  ex  iis  rebus  quas*'  gerebam  intellegebatis. 
Eundcm*  igitur  esse  ereditote,  etiam  sT  nullum  videbitis. 

—  [Cic.  Cat.  Maj.  XXII.] 


*  The  reference  is  to  a  passage  in 
Xenophon's  Cj/rojHiedia,  an  historical 
romance  founded  on  tlie  career  of  Cyrus 
the  elder. 

«  Cyrus  the  elder  founded  the  Persian 
«rnpire  559  B.C.;  after  a  long  and  pros- 
I»erou8  reign,  he  was  killed  in  battle  529 
B.C.  Xenophon,  Ijowever,  in  the  passage 
here  referred  to,  represents  him  as  dying 


quietly  in  bed  with  his  children  and 
friends  about  him. 

3  NolTte  arbitrSrl,  do  not  suppose 
(lit.,  be  xmwilling  to  suppose). 

♦  cf.  737,  foot-note  9. 

°  fore,  used  as  f  ut.  iutin.  of  sum ;  me 
fore,  that  I  shall  he. 

«  quSs,  ace.  pi.  fern.,  which. 


739. 


Dead  Muscle. 


[To  follow  Lesson  L.] 

Quae^  vox  potest  esse^  coutemptior  quam  Milonis  Crotoni- 
atae?'^  qui,  cum  jam  senex  esset^  athletasque  se  cxerceutis 
in  cuniculo  videret,'^  adspexissc"  lacertos  suos  dicitur  inlacri- 
iiifinsque  dixis.se;'  *'At  In  quidem  mortuT  jam  sunt."  Non 
\  r-iO  tam  istl  quani  In  ipse,  nfigator  !  Neque  enim  ex  te 
iiinquam  es  nobilitatus,  sed  ex  latcribus  et  lacertis  tuis. 

—  [Cic.  Cat.Maj.W.l^ 


'  (2ua«>,  interrog.  pron.,  nom.  sing. 
111.,  irhat. 

'  See  Lesson  LIIL,  foot-note  5. 

3  Milff,  -ffniM,  Milo;  CrotntiiatPs. 
•ae,  X.,  inhabitant  of  Crotona.  Milo 
wu  a  famous   athlete  of  Crotona,  in 


Italy ;  many  stories  of  his  extraordinary 
feats  are  told  by  the  ancient  writers. 

*  he  iea». 

»  srtir. 

«  to  have  lovkeil  at. 

">  to  have  Baid, 


fUiri7BRSITrl 


228 


ANECDOTES    FROM   CICERO. 


740.  Tertia's  Pet  Dog. 

[To  follow  Lesson  LIV.] 

L.  PauUus,  consul  iterum,  cum  ei  belliim  ut^  cum  rege 
Perse  ^  gereret^  obtigisset,  ut  ea  ipsa  die  domum*^  ad  vespe- 
rum  rediit,'*  filiolam  suam  Tertiam,^  quae  turn  erat  admodum 
parva,  osculans^  animum  advertit  tnsticulam.  "Quid  est," 
inquit/  "  mea  .  Tertia  ?  quid^  tristis  es?"  "Mi^  pater," 
inquit,  "Persa^"  periit."^^  Turn  ille  artius^^  puellam  com- 
plexus:^^  "Accipio,"  inquit,  "mea  filia,  omen."  Erat 
autem  mortiius  catellus  eo  ndmine."   — [Cic.de  Dw.1,X1jYI.'} 


1  ut  gereret,  to  concbict  (lit.,  that 
he  should  conduct) . 

2  See  Perses  in  general  vocabulary ; 
for  abl.  Perse,  cf,  A.  &  G.  37  (come- 
tes) ;  H.  50  (pyrites) . 

3  Acc.  oi place  to  which  without  prep. 
*  See  redeo  in  general  vocabulary. 

^  Tiie  English  form  is  the  same  as  the 
Latin  nom. 

"  See  osculor  in  general  vocab. ;  6s- 
culor  has  a  pass,  form  with  act.  meaning. 


''  See  Le'feson  LIIL,  foot-note  12. 
®  Adverbial  accusative,  why. 
3  See  Lesson  XX.,  foot-note  6. 

10  Name  of  a  pet  dog ;  also  a  possible 
form  of  the  name  Perses. 

11  See  pereo  in  general  vocabulary. 

12  artius,  adv.,  more  closely,  closer. 

13  See  complector  in  general  vocab- 
ulary; coinplector  has  a  pass,  form 
with  active  meaning. 

1*  cf.  Exs.  in  332. 


741.   Roman  Character  in  the  Earlier  Days  of  the  Re- 
public. 

[To  follow  Lesson  LIX.] 

Curio  ^  ad  focum^  sedenti  magnum  auri  pondus  Saranites^ 
cum  attulissent,''  repudiati  sunt.  Non  enim  aurum  habere 
praeclarum  sibi  videri  dixit,  sed  eis  qui  haberent  aurum  im- 
perare.  —  [Cic  Cat.  Maj.  XVL] 


1  Manius  Curius  Dentatus,  consul 
three  times;  he  is  often  referred  to  in 
Cicero's  writings  as  a  noble  example  of 
the  early  Roman  simplicity. 

2  focus,  -I,  M.,  fire-place,  hearth. 
The  focus  was  a  small  platform  of  brick 
or  stone  raised  a  few  inches  above  the 
ground ;  it  stood  in  the  atrium,  which 
in  primitive  times  served  as  sitting  room, 
dining  room,  and  kitchen. 


3  Samnites,  -ium,  m.,  the  Samnites. 
The  incident  here  narrated  belongs  to 
the  period  (about  273  B.C.)  which  fol- 
lowed the  great  wars  of  the  Romans 
with  the  Samnites  and  Pyrrhus.  Curius 
then  retired  to  his  farm  in  the  Sabine 
country,  and  is  said  to  have  been  found 
here  by  the  Samnite  ambassadors,  sitting 
at  his  hearth  and  roasting  turnips. 

4  See  adf ero  in  general  vocabulary. 


ANECDOTES   FllOM   CICERO. 


221) 


742. 


Braiu  Better  than  Brawn. 


[To  follow  Lesson  LXI.] 

Olympiae^  per  stadium^  ingressns  esse^  Milo*  dicitur  cum 
uinerls  sustiueret  bovem.  Utrum^  igitur  has  corporis  an' 
Pvthagorae^  tibi  mails ^  viiis®  iugenii  dari?—  [Cic.  Cat.  Maj.  X.] 


»  Olyinpia,  -ae,  F.,  Olympui,  a 
small  plain  in  Ells,  celebrated  an  tbe 
scene  of  the  Olympic  games ;  these  games 
were  held  at  intervals  of  four  years  and 
attracted  spectators  and  participants 
from  all  parts  of  the  world  inhabited  or 
colonized  by  Greeks. 

*  stadium,  il,  n.,  racecourse.  The 
fttadiuni  was  an  oblong  area  having 
one  end  straight  and  the  other  semi- 
circular, and  having  its  sides  parallel. 
Around  this  area  rose  the  seats  of  the 
spectators.  The  stadium  was  especially 
designed  for  the  foot-race.  The  course 
extended  from  the  straight  end  (see  A, 
Fig.  1)  to  a  point  near  the  centre  of  the 
semicircle  at  the  opposite  end  (see  B, 
V\n.  1),  and  was  606^  feet  long. 

3  See  iugrredior  in  general  vocab. ; 
ingredlor  has  a  pass,  form  with  act. 
meaning. 


*  See  739,  foot-note  3. 

"  See  references  in  foot-note  1,  Lesson 
XLL 

«  Pythagoras,  -ae,  M.,  Pythagoras, 
a  celebrated  Greek  philosopher  who 
taught  at  Crotona  in  Italy.  Three 
hundred  of  his  disciples  were  formetl 
into  a  bi-otherhood,  partly  philosophical, 
partly  religious,  and  partly  political,  for 
the  purpose  of  studying  tlie  doctrines  of 
their  master,  and  cultivating  the  obserN-- 
ances  which  he  enjoinetl.  The  contrast 
drawn  in  the  text  between  Pythagoras 
and  Milo  is  suggested  by  the  fact  that 
Milo  was  a  member  of  this  brotherhood. 

'  m9.1Ts,  second  sing.  pres.  subj.  of 
maio,  prefer;  translate:  should  poii 
prefer  t 

8  See  refs.  in  foot-note  10,  Lesson 
XXXVI. 


Fig.  r, —Ground-plan  of  a  sUuiium  at  Clbyra  in  Lyci«. 


230  BEADING   LESSONS. 


READING    LESSONS. 


743.  Division  into  Parties  a  Characteristic  Feature  of 

Gallic  Society. 

In  Gallia  iiou  solum  in  omnibus  civitatibus  atque  in  omni- 
bus pagis  partibusque,^  sed  paene  etiam  in  singulis  domibus 
factiones  sunt ;  earumque  factionum  principes  sunt  qui^  sum- 
mam  auctoritatem  eorum  jiidicio'^  habere  existimantur,  quorum 
ad  arbitrium'^  judiciumque^  summa^  omnium  rerum  consilio- 
rumque  redeat.''  Idque  ejus  rel  causa''  antiquitus  institutum^ 
videtur,  ne  quis  ex  plebe  contra  potentiorem  auxilii^  egeret  r^*^ 
suos  enim"  quisque  opprimi  et  circumveniri  nou  patitur, 
neque,  aliter  si  faciat,^^  ullam  inter  suos  habet^^  auctoritatem. 
Haec  eadem  ratio  est  in  summa^^  totius  Galliae;^^  nanique 
omnes  civitates  in  partes  divTsae  sunt  duas. 

744.  Classification  of  the  Inhabitants  of  Gaul. 

In  omni  Gallia  eorum  bominum  qui  aliquo  sunt  numero^ 
atque  honored  genera  sunt  duo  ;  nam  plebes^  paene  servorum 
liabetur  loco,^  quae^  nihil  audet  per  se,  nullo  adhibetur  con- 
silio.^  Plerique,  cum  aut  aere  alieno  aut  magnitudine  tribfi- 
torum  aut  injuria  potenti5rum  premuntur,  sese  In  servitutem 
dicant  nobilibus  :  in^  hos  eadem  omnia  sunt  jura  quae  domi- 
nis''  in^  servos.  Sed  de  his  duobus  generibus^  alteruni  ost 
Druidum,^  alterum  equitum. 

745.  The    Druids  the  Supreme  Authority  in  Religious 

and  Social  Matters. 

Illi^  rebus  divinis  intersunt,  sacrificia  publica  iic  privata 
procurant,  religiones  interpretantur.  Ad  hos  magnus  adu- 
lescentium  numerus  disciplinae  causa  concurrit,  magnoquc* 
hi-  sunt  apud  eos  hoiiore.        Nam  fere  de  ouiiiibus  contro- 


READING  LESSONS.  231 

versiis  publicis  privatisque  constituunt ;  et  si  quod  est  ad- 
iiiissum  facialis,  si  caedes  facta,  si  de  hereditate,  sT  de  fiuibus 
(  oiitioversia  est,  idem^  decernunt :  praemia  poeiiasqiie  cou- 
>titiiunt.  SI  qui  aut  piivatus  aut  populus  eorum  decreto  non 
>tetit,^  sacriiicils  iuteidicuut.^  Haec  poena  apud  cos  est 
gravissima.  Quibus  ita  est  interdictum,^  hi  nuineio'"'  inii)i6- 
riun  ac  sceleratorum  habentur  ;  his  omnes  decedunt,  adituui 
(  oruui  seruionemque  defugiuut,  ue  quid  ex  contagioue  incoiii- 
modl  accipiaut  ;  neque  his  petentibus  jus  redditur  neque 
hoiios*ullus  communicatur. 

746.  The  Governmeut  of  the  Druids ;  their  Annual  Meet- 

ing; the  Origin  of  their  System. 

His  autem  omnibus  Druidibus  piaeest  unus,  qui  summara 
inter  eos  habet  auctoritatem.  Hoc  mortuo/  aut,  si  qul^  ex 
reliquls^  excellit  dignitate,  succedit  ;  aut,  si  sunt  pUlres 
pares,  suffragio*  Druidum,  nonnunquam  etiani  armis,  de 
principatu  contendunt.  HI  certo  annl  tempore  In  finibus 
Carnutum,^  quae  ivgio  totliis  Galliae*'  media  habetur,  consl- 
dunt  in  loco  consecrato.  Hue  omnes  undique  qui  contro- 
\ersias  habent  conveuiunt,  eorumque  decretis  judicilsque 
[)areut.  Discipllna'  in  Britannia  reperta  atque  inde  in 
Galliam  translata  esse  existimatur ;  **  et  nunc  qul^  dlligen- 
tius'*'  earn  rem  cognoscere  voluut  plerumque  illo  disceudi 
ciuisa  proficiscuntur. 

747.  Immunities  Enjoyed  by  the  Druida ;  their  Doctrines 

Orally  Transmitted. 

Druides  a  bello  abesse  consuerunt,*  neque  tributa  una  cum 
K'llquls  pendunt  ;  mllitiac  vacationem  omniumque  rerum 
iiabent  immunitatem.  Tautls  excitati  praemiis,  et^  sua 
sponte  multi  in  discipllnam  conveniunt^  et  a  parentibus  pro- 
hlnqulsque  mittuntur.^  Magnum  ibi  numerum  versuum 
discere*  dicuntur:*  itaque  annos  nonnulli  vicenos'  in  disci- 
plina'*  t>^rmaaent.       Neque  (an*  esse  exlstimant  ea  Uttcrls 


232  READING   LESSONS. 

mandare,^"  cum^^  in  reliquis  fere  rebus,  publicis  privatisque 
rationibus,  Graecis  ITtterTs  iltantur.^^  Id^^  mihi  duabus  de 
causis  instituisse  videntur,"  quod  neque  in  vulgum  disciplT- 
nam  efferri  A^elint,^^  neque  eos  qui  diseunt  litteris^*^  eonflsos 
minus  memoriae  studere  ;  quod  fere  plerisque  accidit^^  ut 
praesidio^''  litterarum  diligentiam  in  perdiscendo  ^^  ac  memo- 
riam  remittant.^^ 

748.  Teachings  of  the  Druids. 

In  primis^  hoc  volunt  persuadere,^  non  interire  ahimas, 
sed  ab  aliis^  post  mortem  transTre  ad  alios,^  atque  lioc'*  maxi- 
me  ad  virtutem  excitari^  putant,  metu  mortis  neglecto. 
Multa  praeterea  de  sideribus  atque  eorum  motu,  de  mundi 
ac  terrarum^  magnitudine,  de  rerum  natura,  de  deorum  im- 
mortalium  vi  ac  potestate  disputant  et  juventuti  tradunt. 

749.  The  Knights  or  "Warrior  Class. 

Alterum  genus  est  equitum.^  Hi,  cum  est  usus  atque 
aliquod^  bellum  incidit  (quod  fere  ante  Caesaris  adventum 
quotannis  accidere  solebat,  uti  aut  ipsi  injurias  mferrent 
aut  inlatas  propulsarent^) ,  omnes  in  bell5  versantur ;  atque 
eorum  ut  quisque^  est  genere  copiTsque  amplissimus,  ita'' 
plurimos  circum  se  ambactos  clientesque  habet.  Hanc  unam 
gratiam  potentiamque  noverunt.^ 

750.  Human  Sacrifices  Prevalent  among  the  Gauls. 

Natio  est  omnis  Gallorum  admodum  dedita  religion ibus,^ 
atque  ob  earn  causam  qui  sunt  adfecti  gravioribus^  morbis 
quTque  in  proeliis  periculisque  versantur,^  aut  pro  victimis 
homines  immolant  aut  se  immolaturos  vovent,  administrisque^ 
ad  ea  sacrificia  Druidibus  utuntur,  quod,  pro  vita  hominis 
nisi  hominis  vita  reddatur,^  non  posse  deorum  immortalium 
numen  placari  arbitrantur,  publiceque  ejusdem  generis  ha- 
bent  instituta^  sacrificia.  Alii  immani  magnitudine  simulacra 
habent,  quorum  contexta  viminibus  membra  vivis  hominibus 


READING  LESSONS.  283 


complent ;  quibus  succensis,  circiimventi  flamma  exaniman- 
tur  homines.  Siipplicia  eOruin  qui  Tii  furto  aiit  in  latrocinio 
aut  aliqua  noxa  sint  comprehensi'  giiitiora  dils  immortalibus 
esse  arbitrantur  ;  sed,  cum  ejus  generis  copia  defecit,*  etiam 
ad  iuuocentium  suj)plicia  descendunt. 

751.  The  Gods  Worshiped  by  the  Gauls. 

Deum  maxirae  Mercurium  colunt.  Hujus  sunt  pluriiua 
simulacra;  hunc^  omnium  iuventorem^  artium  ferunt,  hunc 
viarum-  atcpie  itinerum-  ducem,  hunc  ad  quaestus  pecuniae 
mercaturasque  habere  vim  maximam  arl)itrantur.  Post  hunc 
Ai>ollinem^  et  Martem  et  Jovem*  ct  Miiu  rvaiu.  I)e  IiTs 
eandem  fere  quam  reliquae  gentes  habciil  opiuionem  :  Apol- 
linem  morbos  depellere,  Minervam  operum  atque  artificiorum ^ 
initia  traders,  Jovera  imperium  caelestium  tenere,  Martem 
bella  regere.  Huic,  cum  proelio^  dlmicare  constituerunt, 
ea  quae  bello^  ceperint^  plerumque  devovent;  cum  superave- 
iiHit,  animalia  capta  immolant,  reliquas  res  in  unum  locum 
conferunt.  Multls  in  civitatibus  harum  rerum  exstructos 
tumulos  locls^  consecratis  conspicarl  licet,  neque  saepe  acci- 
dit^  ut  neglecta  quispiam  religione^®  aut  capta  apud  se" 
occultare  aut  posita  tollere  auderet;^^  gravissimum  el  re! 
supplicium  cum  cruciatu  constitutum  est. 

752.  Traditional  Origin  of  the  Gauls;  their  Mode  of  Desig- 

nating Intervals  of  Time ;   the  Relation  of 
Children  to  Parents. 

Gall!  se  cranes  ab  DTte^  prognatos  praedicant,  idque*  ah 
Druidibus  prOditum  dicunt.  Ob  earn  causam*'  spatia  omnia 
temporis^  non  numero  dierum,  sc»d  noctium*  finiunt*;  dies 
natales  et  mensium  et  annorum  initia  sic  observant  ut  noc- 
tem  dies  subsequatur.'  In  reliquis  vitae  InstitutTs  hoc  fere" 
ab  reliquTs  diffcnmt,*  qu(Ml  suos  ITl^eros,'**  nisi  cum"  adoleve- 
runt  ut  nn'nius  mllitian  sustuierc  possint,  palam  ad  se  adlrc'- 
non  patiuntiir;  filinmque  puerfll  aetate"  in  publico  in  con- 
spectu  patris  adsistcre  turpe  dficunt. 


234  READING  LESSONS. 


753.    Marriage  Settlements  among  the  G-auls;  Subjec- 
tion of  Wives. 

Viii,  quantas  pecunias  ab  uxoribus  clotis  nomine  accepe- 
runt,  tantas  ex  suis  bonis,  aestimatione  facta,  cum  dotibus 
communicant.^  Hujus  omnis  pecuniae  conjunctim^  ratio 
habetur  fructusque  servantur :  uter  eorura  vita^  superarit,^ 
ad  eum  pars  utriusque  cum  f ructibns  superiorum  temporum 
pervenit.  Viri  in  uxores,  sTcut!  in  liberos,  vitae  necisque 
habent  potestatem ;  et  cum  pater  familiae  inlustriore  loco 
natus  decessit,^  ejus  propinqui  conveniunt  et,  de  raorte  si  res 
in  suspicionem  venit,^  de  uxoribus  in  servilem  modum^ 
quaestionem  habent  et,  si  compertum  est,'^  igni  atque  omni- 
bus tormentis  excruciatas  interficiunt. 


754.  Funeral  Rites  and  Usages. 

Funera  sunt  pr5  cultii  ^  Gallorum  magnifica  et  sumptuosa ; 
omniaque  quae  vivis^  cordi^  fuisse  arbitrantur  in  Tgnem 
Tnferunt,  etiam  animalia :  ac  paulo^  supra  banc  memoriam^ 
servi  et  clientes,  quos  ab  iis  dilectos  esse  constabat,  justis 
funeribus^  confectis,  una  cremabantur. 

755.  Free  Discussion  of  Public  Questions   Forbidden 

by  Law^. 

Quae  civitates  commodius^  suam  rem  publicam  admini- 
strare  existimantur,^  habent  legibus  sanctum,^  sT  quis^  quid"* 
de  re  publica  a  finitimls  rumore  aut  fama  acceperit,^  uti  ad 
magistratum  deferat^  neve''  cum  quo"^  alio  communicet :  quod 
saepe  homines  temerarios  atque  imperitos  falsTs  rum5ribus 
terreii  et  ad  f  acinus  impelli  et  de  sum  mis  rebus  consilium 
capere*  cognitum  est.^  Magistratus  quae  visa  sunt^^  occul- 
tant ;  quaeque  esse  ex  usu  judicaverunt,  multitudim  produnt. 
De  re  publica  nisi  per  concilium  ^^  loqui  non  conceditur. 


READING   LESSONS.  235 


II. 

756.  The  Worship  of  the  Germans;  their  Out-of-Door 

Life. 

GermfinT  mnltum  ab  hac^  consnetildine  diffenmt.  Nam 
neque  Druides  habent  qui  rebus  dlvinis  praesint,  neque  sacri- 
licils  student.  Deorum  numero  eos  solos  ducunt  quos 
cernunt  et  quorum  aperte  opibus  juvantur,  Solem  et^  Volca- 
num^  et-  Lfmam :  reliquos  ne  fama'*  quidem  acceperuut. 
Vita  omnis  in  veuatiouibus^  atque  m  studiis  rei  militarist 
consistit ;  ab  parvulis '  labori  ac  duritiae  student. 

757.  Means  of  Subsistence;  Annual  Change  of  Abode. 

Agi'iculturae  non  student ;  majorque  pars  corum  victus  in 
lacte,  caseo,'  carne^  consistit.  Neque  quisquam^agrlmodum 
certum  aut  fines  habet  proprios.  sed  magistratus  ac  piincipes 
in  annos  singulos''  gentibus  cognationibusque  liominum  qui 
una  coiemnt,  quantum  et  quo  loco  visum  est  agii  *  attribuunt, 
atque  anno'  post  alio  transire  coguut. 

758.  The  Reasons  Assigned  for  this  Annual  Change  of 

Abode. 

Ejus  rei  multas  adferunt  causas :  ne  adsidua  consuetudine 
captl  studium  belli  gerendi  agricultural  commutent;  ne  latos 
fines  parare  studeant  potentioresque  humiliores  poSvSessioni- 
bus  expellant ;  ne  accuratius  ad  f iTgora  atque  aestus  vTtandos  ^ 
aedificent ;  ne  qua''  oriatur  pecuniae  cupiditas,  qua  ex  re 
factiones  dissensionesque  nascuntur;  ut  aniniT  aecjuitati; 
plebem  contineant,  cum  suas  qtiisque  op^s  cum  potentissimls 
aequ&ri  videat.* 

759.  Deserted  Frontiers  Deemed  an  Evidence  of  Mili- 

tary Oreatness. 

CivitatibuH  maxima  laus  est  quam  latissime  circum  se 
vastatis  finibus*  solitudines  habere.     H6c*  proprium''  virtu- 


236  READING   LESSONS. 


tis"*  exTstimant,  expulsos  agrls  finitimos  cedere  neque  quem- 
quam^  prope  aiidere  c5nsistere  :  simul  hoc^  se  fore^  tutiores 
arbitrantur,  repentinae  incursionis  timore  sublat5.^ 

760.  Methods  of  Government  in  War  and  in  Peace; 

Predatory  "Warfare  Deemed  Honorable. 

Cum  bellura  cTvitas  aiit  inlatnm  defendit  aut  infert,  magis- 
tratus  qui  ei  bello  praesiut^  ut  vitae  necisque  habeant^  pote- 
statem,  deliguntur.  In  pace  nuUus  est  communis^  magistra- 
tus,  sed  principes  regionum'*  atque  pagorum'*  inter  suos  jus 
dicunt  controversiasque  minuunt.  Latroeinia  nullam  liabeut^ 
infamiam  quae  extra  fines  cuj  usque  civitatis  fiunt ;  atque 
•ea  juventutis  exercendae  ac  desidiae  minuendae  causa  fieri 
praedicant. 

761.  Loyalty  of  the  Germans  to  their  Chiefs;   Hospi- 

tality to   Strangers. 

Atque  ubi  quis^  ex  principibus^  in  concilio  dixit  se  ducem 
fore,  quT^  sequi  velint^  profiteantur,^  consurgunt  ii  qui  et 
causani  et  lioininem  probant,  suumque  auxilium  poUicentur 
atque  ab  multitudine  conlaudantur ;  qui ^  ex  his^  secuti  non 
sunt,  in  desertorum  ac  proditorum  numero  ducuntur,  omnium- 
que  his^  rerum  postea  fides  derogatur.^  Hospitem  violare 
fas  non  putant ;  qui^  quacumque  de  causa  ad  eos  venerunt, 
ab  injuria  prohibent,  sanctos^  habent,  liisque  omnium  domus 
patent  victusque  communicatur. 


EXPLANATORY  NOTES.  237 


EXPLANATORY    NOTES    ON    THE    PRECEDING    READING 
LESSONS- 

743.  *  pa^s  refers  to  the  districts ;  partibus  to  the  parts  or  subdi- 
visions of  tlie  districts.  —  ^  qui,  those  icho ;  cf.  393  and  394.  —  -^  eo- 
rum  jOdicio,  in  their  {i.e.,  the  GauW)  J ud(jment.  —  •*  arbitriiiin,  decision 
(of  the  arbitrator) ;  judicium,  sentence  (of  tlie  judge).  —  ^  siiinina 
redeat,  the  Jinal  appeal  is  to  be  made.  —  ^  redeat :  for  mood,  cf .  573, 
Ex.1. —  'Note  the  position  of  causa. —  ^  institntum  :  so.  esse. — 
^  auxilii  :  A.  &  G.  223 ;  H.  410,  V.,  1 ;  G.  389,  Rem.2.  —  ^  ©geret :  for 
mood,  cf.  528,  Ex.  2 ;  note  that  egeret  takes  its  tense  from  institii- 
tum  (esse),  not  from  videtur :  A.  &  G.  287,  a ;  H.  495,  IV. ;  G.  518,  Exc. 

—  11  Note  that  enim  is  postpositive.  —  ^^  facial :   for  mood  and  tense, 
cf.  601,  Ex,  1.  — 13  habet :    H.  511,  1,  (1).  —  "  in  sunima,  in  general. 

—  1°  Galliae :   predicate  possessive  genitive  limiting  ratio  and  sepa- 
rated from  it  by  est:  A.  &  G.  214,  c ;  H.  401 ;   G.  365. 

744.  1  numero  and  honore :  cf .  322,  Ex.  G.  —  ^  pigbes :  archaic 
form  of  nominative  =  plebs.  —  ^  loco :  for  absence  of  preposition, 
see  A.  &  G.  258,/;  IL  425,  2 ;  G.  385,  Rem.  —  ^  quae  :  and  they  (refer- 
ring to  the  common  people).  —  ^  consilio :  dat.,  they  are  admitted  to  no 
council.  —  *  in :  over.  —  "  sc.  sunt ;  for  case  of  dominis,  cf .  Exs.  in 
449.  —  *  Might  the  partitive  genitive  have  been  used  in  place  of  de  .  .  . 
generibus  ?  See  A.  &  G.  216,  c ;  U.  397,  n.  3 ;  G.  371,  Rem.  5.  Why 
is  it  not  used  1  —  »  Druldum :  A.  &  G.  214,  c ;  11.  401 ;  G.  365. 

745.  '  Illl :  refers  to  Druidum  at  the  end  of  744.  —  -^  hi :  refers 
to  the  Druids.  —  ^idem:  nom.  pi.  —  *  dec  re  to  non  stetit:   does  not 

'/uiesce  in  the  decision ;  note  that  stetit  is  construed  with  the  ablative 
'lecretS);  for  tense  of  stetit  (translated  present),  see  A.  &  G.  270, 
;  H.  471,  5.  —  <^saorificiis  interdicunt  and  Qiiibus  est  Interdic- 
luin:  with  interdico,  the  thing  from  which  the  jKTSon  is  exclmled 
expressed  by  the  abl.  of  separation  (sec  sa<;rificli8) ;  the  person  on 
vliom  the  prohibition  is  laid  is  expressed  l)y  the  dat.  (see  Quibus). 
lor  the  impersonal  use  of   interdico  in   the  pass.,  cf.  Exs.  in  522. 

—  "numero:  abl.  of  place  where,  without  prep. 

746.  '  niortuo:  ptrf.  part,  of  inorlor;  hor  inortuo,  at  his  death. 

—  -  qui  :  used  subst.  =  quis. —  ^  ex  rellquis :  »vv  refs.  in  744,  note  8. 

—  *  Buttr&gio :  in  the  Mine  construction  as  annis.  —  ^  CarnQtum  ; 


238  EXPLANATORY  NOTES. 

southwest  of  Paris,  between  the  Seine  and  Loire.  —  ^  Galliae :  gen. 
after  media;  A.  &  G.  218,  a;  H.  399,  3;  G.  373.  —  ^  Disciplina : 
the  Druidical  system.  —  ^  Note  that  Caesar  says  here :  disciplina  trans- 
lata  esse  existimatur,  the  system  is  thought  to  have  been  transferred  ; 
might  he  have  said :  disciplinani  translatam  esse  existimatur,  it 
is  thought  that  the  system  iras  transferred  ^  See  A.  &  G.  330,  h\  H.  534,  n. 
1,  (2) ;  G.  528.-9  qui ;  cf.  743,  note  2.  —  lo  diligentius  cognoscere : 
to  gain  a  more  thorough  acquaintance  with,  or  a  more  accurate  knowledge  of. 

747.  ^  consiierunt  :  cf.  Lesson  XXXIV.,  foot-note  2. —  -et: 
both.  —  3  in  disciplinam  conveniunt :  place  tltemselves  under  instruc- 
tion ;  hence,  enter  the  order. — *mittuntur:  sc.  miilti.  — ''"' ediscere  : 
to  learn  by  heart ;  note  the  intensive  force  of  the  prep. — ''^  Note  that 
Caesar  says :  ediscere  dicuntur;  might  he  have  said:  eos  ediscere 
dicitur?  cf.  746,  note  8.  —  ^  vicenos  :  why  not  viginti? — ^in 
disciplina:  under  training.  —  ^  fas,  def.  neut.,  divine  law;  hence, 
translated  adjectively,  right,  lawful,  proper.  —  i^  litteris  mandare :  to 
commit  to  icriting.  —  ^'  cum :  although.  — 12  Qtantur :  for  mood,  cf.  642, 
Ex.  3.  —  13  Id ;  fjiis  practice.  —  i*  videntur :  cf.  note  0.  — ^^  Note  that 
in  quod  .  .  .  velint  the  writer  is  reporting  the  reason  of  the  Druids ; 
whereas,  below,  in  quod  .  .  .  accidit  he  is  assigning  a  reason  of  his 
own.  For  the  difference  of  mood,  see  A.  &  G.  321  and  a ;  H.  516,  I. 
and  II. ;  G.  540  and  541.  —  i^'  litteris  :  abl.  with  confisos,  depending 
on.  —  1'^  praesidio :  through  dependence  on.  —  ^^  perdiscendo :  note  the 
intensive  force  of  the  prep.,  and  cf .  note  5.  —  i^  remittant :  translate 
relax  with  diligentiam,  enfeeble  with  memorlam ;  for  mood,  cf ,  556, 
Ex.5. 

748.  1  In  primis  :  among  their  foremost  [doctrines];  hence,  especially, 
particularly.  —  ^  persuadere  :  to  inculcate.  —  ^  ab  aliis  ad  alios :  from 
one  body  to  another.  —  *  hoc  :  by  this  belief.  —  ^  excltari  :    sc.  homines. 

—  "^  terrarum  :  the  earth  (as  made  up  of  various  lands). 

749.  1  equitum :  cf.  744,  note  9.  —  ^  aliquod  :  why  not  aliquid? 

See  A.  &  G.  105,  d,  n. ;  H.  190,  n.  1 ;  G.  105, 1.  —  3  uti  .  .  .  inferrent  and 
uti  .  .  .  propulsarent  are  subst.  clauses  of  result  in  apposition  witli 
quod;  for  the  subjunctives,  cf.  Exs.  in  556. — *ut  quisque  amplis- 

simus  .  .  .  ita  pliirimos :    the  more  distinguished  .  .  .  the  more  numeroxis. 

—  ^  noverunt :  acknowledge,  recognize. 

750.  1  religionibuf. :  superstition.  —  ^  gravioribus  :  of  xinusual  se- 
verity;  cf.  Lesson  XXX.,  foot-note  4.  —  ^^ersantur:  are  in  the  midst 


EXPLANATORY   NOTES.  239 

of,  are  encompassed  hij.  —  *  admlnistris :  predicate  abl.  agreeing  in 
case  witli  Druidibus  ;  translate :  they  employ  the  Druids  as  agents.  — 
•  re<ldatur:  A.  &  G.  336  (last  sentence)  ;  H.  524;  G.  C)o3.  The  person 
making  the  sacrifice  thinks  (direct  discourse) :  nisi  vita  reddetur, 
non  potest  numen  placari.  —  ^  instituta :  predicate  participle ; 
translate:  they  have  sacrifices  established  (not  they  have  established  sacri- 
^fices).  See  A.  &  G.  292,  c;  H.  388, 1,  n. ;  G.  230.  —^  sint  eompreliensi : 
for  mood,  see  refs.  under  note  5.  —  ®  defecit :  fails ;  for  tense,  see  refs. 
on  stetit,  745,  note  4. 

751<  ^  hunc  and  inventorem :   for  the  two  aces.,  cf.  Exs.  in  397. 

—  *iter  is  simply  a  road  leading  to  a  place  ;  via  is  the  usual  road,  often 
a  paved  street  or  highway.  Viarum  atque  itineniin  ducem  :  their  guide 
in  journeys.  —  ^  Apollinem,  etc. :  sc.  colunt.  —  *  Jovem  :  sec  Juppi- 
ter  in  general  vocabulary.  —  ^  operum  atque  artificioniin  :  manufac- 
tures and  industrial  arts.  —  "^  proelio  and  bello  :  cf .  Lesson  XXXIV., 
foot-note  IL  —  "  ceperint :  fut.  perf.  indie.  —  ^  locis  :  A.  &  G.  258,/; 
H.  425,  2.  —  ^accidit:  is  it  in  the  present  tense  or  the  perfect  ?  To 
tk'termine  this,  observe  the  tense  of  the  dependent  subjunctive  aude- 
ret:  A.  &  G.  287,  a;  H.  495,  1;  G.  511,  Rem.  2.  —  k^  religione  : 
sacredness  (of  the  offering).  —  ^^  apud  se  :  at  his  own  house.  —  '2  aiide- 
ret:  what  is  the  construction  of  the  clause  ut  .  .  .  auderet?  cf.  556, 
Kx.  5,  and  561. 

752.  ^  EHte:  i.e.,  the  god  of  the  under  world;  in  other  word.s,  the 
(iauls  believed  that  their  ancestors  sprang  from  the  soil. — ^id:  this 
tradition.  — ^  Ob  earn  causam  :  i.e.,  on  account  of  their  descent  from 
the  god  of  the  realms  of  darkness.  —  •*  spatla  omnis  temporls :  all 
their  periods  of  time;  grammatically,  however,  omnia  agrees  with  tem- 
poris. —  ^noctium:  cf.  the  English  exprcBsione  fortnight  (fourteen 
nights)  and  sennight  (seven  nights).  —  "^  finiunt :  compute,  reckon. — 
'  ut  noctem  dies  subseqaatur :  according  to  the  reckoning  of  the 
<  iauls,  therefore,  the  day  began  at  sunset,  and  the  celebration  of  all 
anniversaries  was  entered  upon  in  the  evening.  Compare  our  Christ- 
mas Eve.  —  *  hoc  fere:  chiefly  in  this.  —  ^  diflferunt  :  differ;  this 
meaning  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  present  system.  —  ^^  liberoH : 
why  not  puerSs?  See  Lesson  XVIII,,  foot-note  2.  —  "  nisi  cum: 
until.  —  "ad  sg  adlre  :  to  appear  before  them.  —  '» filium  puerili 
aet£te  :  a  son  who  is  a  minor. 

75ii.  ^  quantfis  pecOnlfifi .  .  .  acofip^runt,  tantfis  ex  gais  bonis 
t-um  dotibus  communicant:   they  add  to  the  dowries  out  of  their  own 


240  EXPLANATORY   NOTES. 

resources  as  much  money  as  they  have  received.  —  ^  conjunctlm  ratio 
habetur :  a  joint  account  is  kept.  —  ^  vita  :  cf .  Exs.  in  228.  —  *  supe- 
rarit :  fut.  perf .  indie.  —  ^  decessit  and  venit :  for  force  of  tense,  cf . 
750,  note  8.  — ^  in  servilem  nioduin  :  as  in  the  case  of  slaves  {i.e.,  by 
torture).  —  ''^  si  compertuni  est :    if  guilt  is  proved ;   cf.  also  note  5. 

754.  1  pro  cultu  :  considering  the  [imperfect]  civilization.  —  ^  vivis 
cordi :  cordi  esse  allcui  =  to  lie  near  one's  heart,  to  he  dear  to  one ;  for 
the  two  datives,  cf .  Exs.  in  452.  —  ^  paulo :  cf ,  Exs.  in  545.  —  *  supra 
hanc  niemoriam,:  before  our  time.  —  ^  justis  funeribus  :  the  funeral 
rites  proper,  i.e.,  the  regular  or  established  funeral  rites. 

755.  1  commodius :  more  judiciously  (than  the  rest).  —  ^  existi- 
mantur :  cf .  746,  note  8.  —  ^  sanctum  is  here  a  predicate  participle 
belonging  to  the  clause  uti  .  .  .  cominunicet ;  cf.  750,  note  6.  —  *  quls 
and  qui  are  indefinite  after  si  and  ne.  —  ^acceperit:  perf.  subj.,  not 
fut.  perf.  indie. ;  why  1  —  ^  deferat :  cf .  Exs.  in  686.  — ''  neve  :  and 
not ;  neve  (not  neque)  is  the  regular  eontinuative  particle  in  negative 
imperative  clauses.  —  ^  capere :  rashly  enter  upon.  —  ^  cognltum  est : 
experience  has  shown;  what  is  the  subject  ?  —  ^^  quae  visa  sunt:  what 
they  deem  proper.  —  ^^  per  concilium  :  in  public  council. 

756.  ihac:  i.e.,  of  the  Gauls.  —  ^et:  for  the  repetition  of  the 
conjunction,  see  A.  &  G.  208,  b  (last  part) ;  H.  554,  6  (last  part) ;  G. 
483,  2.  —  ^  Volcanum  :  Vulcan,  the  fire  god ;  hence,  here,  fire.  —  *  fa- 
ma  :  note  the  position.  —  ^  venationibus  :  plural  used  because  of  the 
repeated  instances  ;  translate  by  the  singular.  —  ^  in  studiis  rei  mili- 
taris  :  in  military  pursuits.  —  '^  ab  parvulis  :  from  childhood. 

757.  ^  For  the  omission  of  the  conjunction  et  with  caseo  and 
carne,  see  A.  &  G.  208,  b  (first  sentence);  H.  554,  6;  G.  483,  2 ;  cf. 
Solem  et  Volcanum  et  Liunam  in  756.  —  ^  Note  that  the  clause  in 
which  quisquam  appears  is  negative;  see  refs.  in  foot-note  5,  Lesson 
LVII.  —  3  in  annos  singulos  :  every  year.  —  *  agri  :  construe  with 
quantum :  A.  &  G.  216,  a,  3 ;  H.  397,  3  ;  G.  371 ;  quantum  .  .  .  agri, 
as  much  land  and  in  such  a  place  as  they  think  fit.  —  ^  anno  post :  the 
year  after ;  cf .  545,  Ex.  3. 

758.  1  agricultura :  cf.  662,  Ex.  4.  —  2  vitandos  :  for  the  purpose 
of  avoiding,  etc. ;  note  that  vitandos  belongs  to  frigora  as  well  as  to 
aestus,  but  that  it  agrees  with  the  latter :  A.  &  G.  187  ;  H.  439,  1 ;  G. 
286.  — ^ne  qua:  see  755,  note  4;  for  qua  instead  of  quae,  see  A.  & 
G.  105,  d;  II.  190,  1 ;  G.  105,  1.  —  ^  videat :  cf.  642,  Ex.  2. 


EXPLANATORY   NOTES.  241 

750.  ^  vastatis  f  inibus  :  abl.  abs.,  by  laying  waste  their  frontiers.  — 
2  Hoc  :  explained  by  expulsos  .  .  .  consistere.  —  ^  propriuni :  a 
special  proof  {something  peculiarly  belonging  to).  —  ■*  virtutis:  for  the 
gen.  after  proprius  (where  the  dat.  might  be  looked  for),  see :  A.  &  G. 
218,  d;  H.  391,  IL,  4,  (2) ;  G.  356,  Rem.  1.  —  ^  queniqiiaiu  :  see  757, 
note  2.  —  ^'hoc:   abl.  of  cause.  —  "fore:    used  as  fut.  intin.  of  sum. 

—  ^  sublato :  see  tollo  in  general  vocabulary. 

760.  'praesint:   subj.  of  purpose.  —  '-^habeant:    subj.  of  result. 

—  ^communis:  common  to  all,  having  general  jurisdiction.  —  *  regiii- 
num  atqiie  pagorum:  provinces  and  districts;  regio,  a  portion  of 
country  of  indefinite  extent ;  pagus,  a  district  having  fixed  boundaries. 

—  ^  habent :   involve,  are  attended  with. 

761.  ^  quis  :  ubi  (whenever)  has  here  the  force  of  si ;  hence  quls 
is  indefinite,  anyone.  —  ^  ex.  principibus  :  cf.  744,  note  8.  —  ^  qui  : 
those  who,  cf.  743,  note  2.  —  ^  velint :    for  the  mood,  cf.  750,  note  7. 

—  ^  profiteantur :  cf.  Exs.  in  686;  translate;  and  that  those  tcho  irish 
to  follow  are  to  give  in  their  names.  Restore  to  the  direct  form  :  se  du- 
cem  .  .  .  profiteantur.  —  ^  his :  refers  to  those  who  have  expressed  a 
willingness  to  follow  the  chief;  on  ex  his,  cf.  note  2.  —  '  his  :  dat.  (not 
abl.);  cf.  Exs.  in  620.  —  ^  omnium  .  .  .  derogatur:  all  conjidence  is 
thereafter  withdrawn  from  them.  —  ®  sanctus,  sacred  in  the  sense  of  in- 
riolable ;  sacer,  sacred  in  the  sense  of  consecrated  to  some  divinity. 
Could  sacrSs,  then,  be  substituted  for  sanctos  in  the  present  passage  ? 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


A.  &  G.,  Allen  and  Greenough's  Grram. 
abbr.,  abbreviation,  abbreviated. 
abl.,  ablative. 

abl.  pers.,  ablative  of  the  jierson. 
abs.,  absolute,  absolutely. 
ace,  accusative. 

ace.  pers.,  accusative  of  the  person. 

ace.  th.,  accusative  of  the  thing. 
act.,  active. 

adj.,  adjective,  adjectively. 
adv.,  adverb,  adverbially. 
ant.,  antecedent. 
app.,  apposition,  appositive. 
C,  common  (masculine  or  feminine). 
cf.  (confer),  compare. 
cogn.,  cognate  with. 
comp.,  comparative. 
eonj.,  conjunction. 
conn.,  connected. 
dat.,  dative. 

dat.  pers.,  dative  of  the  person. 

dat.  ref .,  dative  of  reference. 

dat.  til.,  dative  of  the  thing. 
def.,  defective. 
demonstr.,  demonstrative. 
denom.,  denominative. 
dim.,  diminutive. 
disc.,  discourse. 
distr.,  distributive. 
e.  g.  (exempli  gratia),  for  example. 
Ex.,  example. 
exclam.,  exclamation. 
F.,  fern.,  feminine. 
fm.,  form. 
fr.,  from. 
fvit.,  future. 

G.,  Gildersleeve's  Grammar. 
gen.,  genitive. 

gen.  pers.,  genitive  of  the  person. 

gen.  th.,  genitive  of  the  thing. 
ger.,  gerundive. 
H.,  Harkness's  Grammar. 
hist.,  historical. 
i.  e.  (id  est),  that  is. 
imper.,  imperative. 
impers.,  impersonal. 
indecl.,  indeclinable. 
indef.,  indefinite. 
indie,  indicative. 
indir.,  indirect. 
infin.,  infinitive. 
intens.,  intensive. 


inter j.,  interjection, 

interrog.,  inter.,  interrogative. 

intr.,  intransitive. 

irreg.,  irregular. 

lit.,  literal,  literally. 

loc,  locative. 

M.,  jnasc,  masculine. 

mod.,  modern. 

N.,  neuter. 

n.^  note. 

neg.,  negative. 

num.,  numeral. 

opp.,  ojjposed  to. 

opt.,  optative. 

ord.,  ordinal. 

orig.,  original,  originally. 

p.,  page. 

p.  a.,  participial  adjective. 

par.,  paragraph. 

part.,  participle. 

part,  gen.,  partitive  genitive. 

pass.,  passive. 

perf.,  perfect. 

periphr.,  periphrastic. 

IJers.,  person,  personal. 

pi.,  plural. 

poss.,  possessive. 

pp.,  pages. 

prep.,  preposition. 

pres.,  present. 

pron.,  pronoun,  pronominal. 

q.  V.  (quod  vide) ,  which  see. 

ref.,  reference. 

reflex.,  reflexive,  reflexively. 

rel.,  relative. 

Kem.,  remark. 

sc.  (scilicet),  supply,  understand. 

sent.,  sentence. 

sing.,  singular. 

St.,  stem. 

subj.,  subjunctive. 

subst.,  substantive,  substantively. 

suff.,  suflix. 

sup.,  supine. 

superl.,  superlative. 

tr.,  trans.,  transitive. 

Trans.,  translate. 

usu.,  usuallj'. 

vb.,  verb. 

vocab.,  vocabulary. 

w.,  with. 


VOCABULAEIES. 


I.    Latin-English  Vocabulary. 

XoTE  :  The  sigo  V '  aignifles  '  root ' ;   thus  y/gen-  is  to  be  read  •  root  gfen-.' 

For  the  use  of  the  asterisk  (*),  see  Lesson  XCIU.,  foot-note  9. 

'I'he  term  'base'  is  applied  to  stems  or  parts  of  stems  treated  as  roots;  see 
!  hluior. 

English  words  or  parts  of  words  that  have  been  borrowed  (directly  or  indirectly) 

111  the  Latin  forms  under  which  tliey  appear,  are  printed  in  ihis  type;  for 
ixajuplee,  see :  cau8a,  aeteriius.  English  words  or  parts  of  worde  that  are  cog- 
nate with  the  Latin  forms  under  which  they  appear,  are  printed  in  small  capitals; 
for  examples,  see :   f  rSter,  pedes. 

lioots,  stems,  or  complete  words  that  enter  into  the  formation  of  the  words  in  this 
\u(abulary,  are  given,  together  with  their  meanings,  in  brackets;  the  nominative  or 
indicative  form  of  each  stem  cited  as  given  in  parenthesis;  the  sufllx  is  not  given. 
For  examples,  see :  adituH,  agrnien,  adjuni^d,  aiiiTcitia. 

In  the  resolution  of  comiK)unds  given  in  brackets,  the  hyphen  is  appended  to 
iDsejiarable  prefixes  to  distinguish  them  from  the  prei)ositions,  which  may  stand 
alone.  Thus  in-  is  tlie  inseparable  negative  prefix,  cognate  with  Knglish  UN-;  but 
in  U  tlie  preposition,  cognate  with  English  in.  For  examples,  see:  iinpendeu, 
iinperTtu»,  redeo. 

In  the  principal  parts  of  verbs,  the  perfect  participle  usually  appears  in  the  man. 
line  form;  but  in  verbs  that  are  invariably  intransitive  the  neuter  form  is  given. 

r  examples,  see :  duco,  veniS. 

The  abbreviations  used  are  explained  on  the  preceding  page. 


a,  ab,  abs 

a,  ab,  abs  (ab  before  vowels 
;u)(l  some  consonants,  a  before 
r-onsonants  only,  abs  sometimes 
ill  the  expression  abs  te),  prep. 
\.  ah\.,awny  from,  from;  by;  in, 

'.  at:  ab  siiii.stra  parte,  on  the 

't  nUle  j  ov  :  ab  aliqiio  quaerero, 
Inquire  ov  someinie  ;  to:   fiver- 

I  -.  ii,  hostile  to,  opposed  to,  averse 

;ib-daco,.-ere,  -<Juxi,  -ductus  [ab, 
'■'ly ;  duco,  lead],  lead  away, 
rry  OFF. 

itb-ed,  -Tre,  -Ivi  or  -II,  -itum  [ab, 
'  <iy  ;  CO,  //o],  (JO  away. 
ab-Holvo,  -ere,  -vT,   -QtU8  [ab, 
■ill ;  solvo, Ioo8e],ab8ofife,  acquit. 


ac-cendo 

abstlncntia,  -ae,  f.  [abstincnt- 
(st.  of  abstinens),  abstaininy], 
self-restraint,  abstinence. 

abs-tlned,  -ere,  -ul  [abs,  off; 
teneo,  hold],  hold  off,  abstain. 

ab-8Uin,abesse.  fifui  [ab.  away ; 
sum,  he],  he  aicay,  he  absent,  hr 
distant ;  he  wantiny ;  a  bellO  ab- 
csso,  to  take  no  part  in  war. 

Sc,  sec  atque. 

a(>-cSdd,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cesstis 
[ad,  to ;  cedo,  yo  or  come],  yo  or 
I  rome  to,  approach  ;  he  added ;  ac- 
I  cSdere  ad,  to  come  up  to. 

ac-cend5,  -ere,  -cendl,  -<*<"nMUs 
fad,  to;  Vcaud-,  set  fire],  kindle; 
tnjlamet  Jlrt. 


244 


ac-cido 


ad-olesco 


ac-cido, -ere,  -cidi[ad,  to ;  cado, 
f all], happen, occur ;(ysr.  dat.  pers.) 
happen  to,  befall. 

ac-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [ad, 
to  (one's  self);  capio,  take],  ac- 
cept, receive ;  receive  (as  by  trans- 
mission from  ancestors)  ;  experi- 
ence;   hear  of,  hear. 

ac-commodo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[ad,  to ;  commodo,  make  suitable] , 
adjust. 

accurate,  adv.  [abl.  form  of 
accuratiis,  careful], carefully,  elab- 
orately. 

ac-curro,  -ere,  -cncurrT  or -curri, 
-cursum  [ad,  to ;  curro,  run],  run 
to,  hasten  to. 

ac-cuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad,  to, 
against;  causa,  charge  (through 
denom.  vb.  *causo;  cf.  causor)], 
bring  a  charge  against,  call  to  ac- 
count, take  to  task,  accuse. 

Achillas,  -ae,  M.,  Achillas  (com- 
mander of  the  forces  of  Ptolemy 
Dionysus,  king  of  Egypt). 

acies,  -e  and  -el,  f.  [^lac-,  sharp], 
EDGE;  line  of  battle,  line,  army 
(drawn  up  in  battle  array) . 

acriter,  adv.  [acri- (st.  ofacer), 
sharp] ,  sharply,  with  energy,  vigor- 
ously, resolutely,  valiantly. 

ad,  prep.  w.  ace.  (opp.  ab),  (of 
motion  towards)  to,  against;  (of 
nearness)  at,  close  by ;  (w.  num.) 
about;  according  to ;  (expressing 
purpose,  especially  with  gerunds 
orgerundives)/or;  adhunc  mo- 
dum,  as  follows  ;  ad  Id.  April.  = 
ad  Idus  Aprllis,  on  the  Ides  (thir- 
teenth) of  April. 

ad-_daco,-ere,  -duxi, -ductus  [ad, 
to ;  duco,  lead],  lead  to,  lead,  bring 
to,  bring;  lead,  prompt,  move,  in- 
cite, influence. 

ad-eo,  -ire,  -ii  (-TvT),  -itus  [ad, 
to  ;  eo,  go],  go  to,  get  at,  approach, 
come  into  the  presence  of,  appear 
before;  incur. 

ad-fero,  adferre,  attuli,  adlatus 
(allatus)  [ad,  to;  fero,  bear, 
liwing],  BRing  to,  nning,  Biiing 
forward,  advance. 


ad-iicio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [ad, 
to ;  facio,  do],  do  (something)  to, 
visit  vjith ;  hence,  (in  good  sense) 
bestow  upon  ;  (in  bad  sense)  inflict 
upon;  adfectas  niorbis,  having 
diseases,  laboring  under  diseases. 

ad-finis,  -e,  adj.  [ad,  near  to ; 
finis,  boundary],  having  adjacent 
boundaries,  neighboring;  related 
to  ;  iwivy  to,  implicated  in. 

ad-hibeo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus  [ad,  to, 
towards;  habeo,  hold],  hold 
toioar'ds,  bring  to  ;  summon,  invite, 
admit;  apply;  exercise. 

ad-huc  (accent  the  final  sylla- 
ble), adv.  [ad,  to;  hue,  hither], 
hithei'to,  up  to  this  time. 

ad-imo,  -ere,  -emi,  -emptus  [ad, 
to  (one's  self) ;  erao,  take],  (take 
to  one's  self  from  another,  and 
so)  take  away  from,  deprive  of  (w. 
ace.  th.  and  dat.  pers.). 

aditus,  -us,  m.  [ad-Vi-,  go  to], 
a  going. to,  approach,  access;  pres- 
ence. 

ad-jungo,  -ere,  -junxi,  -junctus 
[ad,  to  ;  jungo,  Join],  Join  to.  Join, 
unite,  add  to. 

ad-juvo,  -are,  -jiivi,  -jfitus  [ad, 
to ;  ju  vo,  give  aid] ,  give  aid  to,  aid. 

ad-minister,  -tri,  m.  [ad,  7iear 
to;  minister,  servant],  (one  who 
is  at  hand  to  serve,  and  so)  as- 
sistant, minister,  agent. 

ad-niinistro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad, 
near  to ;  ministro,  serve],  (be  at 
hand  to  serve,  and  so)  assist; 
manage,  execute,  administer,  con- 
duct. 

ad-miror,  -arl,  -atus  [ad,  at  ; 
miror,  loonder],  wonder  at,  admire. 

ad-mitto,  -ere,  -mlsT,  -missus 
[ad,  to;  mitto,  let  go].,  let  go  to. 
admit;  allow,  perm  it ;  commit,  per- 
petrate, perform. 

admoduni,  adv.  [ad,  ?</)  to ;  mo- 
dus, MEAs?<re,  limit],  (to  a  [great] 
measure,  and  so)  excessively,  ex- 
tremely, quite. 

ad-olesco,  -ere,  -evT,  -ultus  [ad, 
to  (maturity);  olesco,  grow],  grow 
or  come  to  maturity,  grow  up. 


adro^antia 


aestimo 


245 


adrogantia,  -ae,  v.  [adrogant- 
st.  of  adrogaus),  arrogant],  arro- 
gance, presumption. 

ad-scend6,-cre,-sceiidT,-scensus 
[ad,  to;  scando,  climb],  climb  to, 
rJimb,  ascend. 

ad-sequor,  -T,  -cutus  [ad,  up  to  ; 
scquor,  follow],  attain  to,  accom- 
plish. 

adsiduus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ad-v/sed-, 
SIT  by],  (sitting  or  staying  by, 
and  so)  constant,  long-continued, 
incessant. 

ad-sisto,  -ere,  -stiti  [ad,  at,  by  ; 
sisto,  place] ,  place  one's  self  at  or 
by,  place  one's  self  STAtid. 

ad-specio,  -ere,  -spexl,  -spectus 
[ad,  to,  at;  specio,  look],  look  at 
or  upon,  look. 

adsuefacieT^ere,  -feci,  -factus 
[adsue-  (st.  in  adsuesco),  be  ac- 
customed; facio,  make],  accustom, 
habituate,  train. 

ad-sum,  adesse,  adfui  [ad,  at, 
near;  sura,  be],  be  at  hand,  be 
there  ;  be  by  to  assist,  stand  by. 

Aduatuci,  -orum,  m.,  the  Adua- 
tuci  (a  German  tribe  in  Belgic 
Gaul  between  the  Meuse  and  the 
Scheldt). 

aduleseens,  -entis,  c.  [p.  a., 
used  subst.,  of  adolesco  (with 
change  of  o  to  u),  grow  up],  one 
not  yet  grown  to  maturity ;  young 
man  or  woman,  youth. 

adules<'entIa,-ae,F.[adulescent- 
(st.  of  adulescens),  xjoung],  youth, 
the  time  of  youth. 

ad-venio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus 
[ad,  to;  venio,  come],  comk  to, 

(  O.ME. 

adventu8,-us,  M.  [ad-Vven-,cOME 
to],  L'i)Minfj  to,  arrival. 

adversiiH,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  ad- 
verto,  turn  towards],  1.  turned 
towards,  facing,  opposite;  unsuc- 
cessful, adverse.  2.  adverous, 
prep.  w.  ace,  totcards. 

ad-verto,  -ere,  -ti,  -sua  [ad,  to; 
verto,  turn],  turn  to;  anlmum 
a<lvertere,  to  perceive. 

ad-vesperascity  -ere,  -&vit,  im- 


pers.  [ad,  on,  near ;  vesperfiscit, 
evening  is  coming],  evening  is  com- 
ing on,  it  is  getting  to  be  evening. 

aedijieiuin,  -il,  n.  [aediflc-  (st. 
of  *aedifex),  builder;  cf.  arti- 
flciura,  fr.  artiflc-,  st.  of  artifex], 
huilding. 

aedifico,  -arc,  -fivi,  -atus  [aedi- 
flc- (st.  of  ♦aedifex),  builder], 
(act  as  a  builder,  and  so)  constrrwt 
a  building ;   build. 

aedilis,  -is,  m.  [aedi-  (st.  of  ae- 
(lis  or aedes) ,  building],  (adj.  used 
subst.,  and  so)  officer  having  to  do 
with  (public)  buildings,  superin- 
tendent of  public  icorks,  aedile. 

Aedui,  -drum,  m.,  the  Aedui  (a 
tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul  between  the 
Loire  and  the  Saone) ;  in  sing., 
Aeduus,  -1,  M.,  an  Aeduan. 

aeger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  sick, 
ill,  diseased,  feeble. 

aegre,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  aeger, 
q.v.J,  tcith  difficulty. 

aeniulus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  envious, 
jealous. 

aequitas,  -atis,  f.  [aequo-  (st. 
of  &equuii), even], evenness ;  animi 
aequitas,  contented  state  of  mind, 
content. 

aequo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [aequo- 
(st.  of  aequus),  level,  equal],  place 
on  a  level,  put  on  equality,  make 
equal,  equalize. 

aequor,  -oris,  N.  [base  aequ- 
(in  aequo  niitl  aequus),  level], 
(ere /<//'>■-.  ;uhI  so)  surface;  sea 
(as  presenting  a  level  surface). 

aerarium,  -ii,  n.  [aes-  (st.  of 
aes;  -8-  becomes  -r-),  money], 
(adj.  used  subst.,  and  so)  place 
for  depositing  money,  treasury. 

aes,  aerls,  n.  [cogn.  w.  Eng. 
i>i{K],  copper, bronze;  money;  aes 
alienuin,  another's  money.  I.e., 
debt. 

aestas,  -atis,  v.,  sununer  season. 
acstimAtid,  -onis,  v.  [aestima- 
(st  of  aestimo),  value],  valuation, 
appraisement,  estimate. 

aestlmu,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  va/u«, 
estimate,  fix;  consider,  deem. 


246 


aestuosus 


alius 


aestuosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [aestii- 
(st.  of  aestus),  heat]^full  of  heat, 
burning  hot. 

aestus,  -us,  m.,  boiling,  tossing, 
and  so  (of  fire,  etc.)  heat;  (of 
the  sea)  swell ;  maritimi  aestus, 
tides. 

aetas,  -atis,  f.  [=  ae vitas,  fr. 
aevo-  (st.  of  aevum),  age'],  time 
of  life,  life,  age. 

aeternus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [=  aevi- 
ternus,  fr.  aevo-  (st.  of  aevum), 
eternity,  age],  eternal.  _ 

Africauus,  -1,  M.  [Africa-  (st. 
of  Africa),  Africa],  (adj.  used 
subst.)  conqueror  of  Africa,  Afri- 
canus  (surname  of  Scipio  the  elder 
as  conqueror  of  Hannibal  at  Zama 
202  B.C. ;  also  of  Scipio  the  youn- 
ger as  destroyer  of  Carthage  146 

B.C.). 

ager,  -gri,  m.  [cogn.  w.  Eng. 
acre]  ,  land,  soil ;  field  ;  district ; 
in  ^^X.,  fields,  country  districts. 

Agesi-laus,  -T,  M.,  Ayesi/aus 
(king  of  the  Spartans  b.c.  398- 
361). 

ag-ger,  -eris,  m.  [ad,  to;  \/ges- 
(-S-  becomes  -r-),  carry],  (what  is 
carried  to,  and  so)  materials  for 
constructing  a  mound  (as  earth, 
stone,  brushwood,  etc.)  ;  mound, 
embankment ;  rampart. 

agmen,  -inis,  n.  [Vag-,  put  in 
motion,  lead],  (that  which  is  led, 
and  so)  train,  army  (on  the 
march) ;  novissimum  agmen, 
rear. 

ago,  -ere,  egi,  actus  [Vag-,  put 
in  motion],  lead,  drive;  do;  (of 
courts,  assizes,  etc.)  hold;  agere 
de,  to  discuss,  to  talk  over  ;  agere 
cum,  to  treat  or  confer  with  ;  (im- 
per.)  agite,  on  ! 

agrarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [agro- 
(st.  of  ager),  laud],  pertaining  to 
land. 

agri  cultura  or  agricultiira, 
-ae,  F.  [ager,  soil;  cultura,  culti- 
vation], cultivation  of  the  soil, 
agriculture. 

alacer,  -cris,  -ere,  adj.,  eager. 


alacritas,  -atis,  F.  [alacri-  (st. 
of  alacer),  eager],  eagerness. 

alarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ala-  (st, 
of  ala),  wing],  belonging  to  the 
wing;  subst.,  alarii,  -orum,  m., 
auxiliaries  (posted  on  the  wings 
of  the  army). 

albeo,  -ere  [albo-  (st.  of  albus), 
white],  be  ichite. 

Alexandrea  (or  -ia),  -ae,  f., 
Alexandria  (capital  of  Egypt; 
founded  by  Alexander  b.c.  331). 

Alexaiidrini,  -orum,  m.,  inhabi- 
tants of  Alexandria  ;  see  Alexan- 
drea. 

algor,  -oris,  m.,  cold. 

alienus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [alio-  (st. 
of  alius),  other],  belonging  to  an- 
other, another's,  foreign  ;  unfavor- 
able. 

alio,  adv.  [old  case  form  of 
alius,  other,  used  adv.],  to  another 
p)lace,  FA^seiohere. 

aliquando,  adv.  [all-  (st.  of  old 
forms  of  alius),  giving  an  indefi- 
nite meaning,  some;  quando, 
whem],  at  some  time;  at  any  time. 

aliquantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ali- 
(st.  of  old  forms  of  alius),  giving 
an  indefinite  meaning,  some  ;  quan- 
tus,  how  much,  wjia^],  somewHAt. 

aliqui,  -qua,  -quod,  indef.  adj. 
pron.  [ali-  (st.  of  old  forms  of 
alius) ,  giving  an  indefinite  mean- 
ing, some,  any  ;  qui,  winch],  some ; 
any. 

aliqnis,  -quid,  indef.  pron.  [ali- 
(st.  of  old  forms  of  alius),  giving 
an  indefinite  meaning,  s(>7»e,  any; 
quis,  who],  some  one,  something ; 
any  one,  anything;  occasionally 
adj.,  some;  any. 

aliquot,  indecl.  adj.  [ali-  (st.  of 
old  forms  of  alius),  giving  an  in- 
definite meaning,  some;  quot, 
HOW  many],  several. 

aliter,  adv.  [ali-  (st.  of  old  forms 
of  alius),  other],  otherwise. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  adj.  and  subst. 
[cogn.  with  English  VA.se],  other, 
another ;  alius  .  .  .  alius  [^one  .  .  . 
one],  another  .  .  .  another;     one 


AUobrog-es 


ante-fero 


247 


another ;  ab  aliis  ad  alios,  from 
one  [body]  to  another. 

Allobroges,  -um,  yi.,the  Allobro- 
ges  (a  tribe  of  Celtic  Gauls  be- 
tween the  Rhone  and  the  Isere) . 

alo,-ere,aluT,altus[v'al-,no?<ns7i], 
nurture,  rear,  bring  up,  support, 
maintain. 

alter,  -tera,  -terum,  adj.  [com- 
parative form  of  base  al-  seen  in 
alius;  hence  alter  refers  to  two 
objects,  or  groups  of  objects], 
OTHER  (of  two)  ;  alter  .  .  .  alter, 
the  one  . .  .the  other,  each  other. 

altitudo,  -inis,  f.  [alto-  (st.  of 
altiis),  hif/h,  deep'],  height;  depth. 

altus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  alo,  nur- 
ture;  cogn.  w.  English  old], 
(made  great  by  nurturing,  and  so) 
high,  tall;  deep. 

amans,  -antis  [p.  a.  of  am5, 
love],  loving,  fond,  friendly. 

ambactos,  -T,  M.,  vassal. 

Ambiani,  -orum,  m.  ,  the  Ambiani 
(a  tribe  in  Belgic  Gaul). 

ambitus,  -lis,  m.  [amb-Vi-,  go 
about],  going  about;  corrupt  can- 
vassing for  votes,  and  so  bribery. 

amice,  adv.  [abl.  form  of  amicus, 
friendly,  kind],  kindly,  favorably. 

nmlcitia,  -ae,  f.  [amico-  (st.  of 
amicus),  friendly],  friendship., 
amity. 

amicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [conn.  w. 
amo,  love] ,  friendly,  favorably  dis- 
posed ;  subst.,  friend. 

ii-mitto,  -ere,  -mlsl,  -missus  [ab, 
from;  mitto,  let  go],  lose. 

amor,  -oris,  M.  [base  am-  (in 
amo),  Ic/ve],  love. 

ampllfico,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [am- 
plHico-  (st.  of  ♦arapliflcus),  mak- 
ing large],  enlarge,  increase,  ex- 
tend. 

amplus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  large, 
ample ;  illustrious,  glorious,  distin- 
guished, mngnifirent ;  n,  comp. 
used  adv.,  amplius,  more. 

Amultus,  -11.  M.,  Amu/iua  (leg- 
endary king  of  Alba). 

an,  conj.,  or. 

an-cep»,  -cipltis,  adj.  [amb-,  on 


both  sides,  double;  capit-  (st.  of 
caput),  head],  (with  head  on  both 
sides,  double  headed,  and  so) 
double;  doubtful;  treacherous. 

ancilla,-ae,F.,  maid-serva  nt,  girl. 

ancora,  -ae,  r.,  anchor. 
'  angor,  -oris,  m.  [yi&Ui^-,  squeeze], 
strangling;  anguish. 

angulus,  -i,  M.,  angle,  corner. 

angustiae,  -arum,  f.  [augusto- 
(st.  of  angustus),  s^miY,  narrow], 
straits,  difficulties,  perplexities. 

anima,  -ae,  f.,  air  ;  breath  ;  life  ; 
soul,  spirit,  mind. 

animadverto,  -ere,  -ti,  -versus 
[animum,  mind;  adverto,  turn  to], 
turn  the  mind  to,  perceive,  observe, 
notice,  note;  (w.  in  and  ace.)  in- 
flict jmnishment  on. 

animal,  -iilis,  n.  [=  animale,  n. 
adj.  used  subst.,  fr.  animii-  (st.  of 
anima),  breath,  life],  (that  which 
has  breath  or  life,  and  so)  living 
creature,  animal. 

animosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [animo- 
(st.  of  animus),  cotirage],  full  of 
courage,  spirited. 

animus,  -i,  M.,  soul,  spirit;  dis- 
embodied or  departed  spirit ;  mind; 
heart,  feelings  ;  disposition  ;  cour- 
age. 

annalis,  -e,  adj.  [anno-  (st.  of 
annus),  year],  pertaining  to  the 
year. 

ann5sus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [anno-  (st. 
of  annus),  year],  fill  of  years. 

annus,  -i,  M.,  year;  in  annos 
singulos,  each  year,  every  year. 

annuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [anno-  (st 
of  annus),  j/ear],  yearly,  annual; 
translated  adv.,  annually. 

ante,  prep.  w.  ace,  before,  in 
advance  of;  adv.,  before,  earlier. 

antefi,  adv.  [ante,  before ;  ace. 
pi.  n.  eaf  (orig.  ea),  these  things], 
before. 

ante-fcrd,  -ferre,  -tulT,  -latus 
[ante,  before;  fero,  bear],  bear 
before;  prefer. 

tThis  ia  (tumetimeii  explained  as  an 
abl.;  but  see  Cofm.  AuMpr.  I.  760,  IT. 
456. 


248 


ante-pono 


ars 


ante-pono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus 

[ante,  before  ;  pouo,  place)^ ,  place 
before,  prefer. 

antequamorantequam  [anie, 
sooner ;  quam,^Aaw],6e/ore;  until. 

antiquitus,  adv.  [antique-  (st. 
of  antiquus),  ancient],  anciently, 
in  former  times,  in  early  times. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [=:anti- 
cus,  fr.  anti-  (st.  of  ante),  before'], 
ancient,  of  early  date,  early. 

aperio,  -ire,  -erui,  -ertus,  open. 

aperte,adv.[abl.  fm.  of  apertus, 
open],openly,  manifestly,  obviously. 

apertus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  aperid, 
open],  open,  exposed;  free  from 
trees. 

Apollo,  -inis,  m.,  Apollo  (sou  of 
Jupiter  and  Latona,  and  brother 
of  Diana;  god  of  tlie  sun,  and 
of  divination,  healing,  archery, 
poetr}^  music,  etc.). 

ap-pareo,  -ere,  -parui  [ad,  to, 
before;  pareo,  be  ready],  appear; 
apparet,  it  is  evident. 

appello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  accost, 
address,  greet;  entitle,  call. 

appetens,  -entis  [p.  a.  of  appeto, 
seek'  after],  desirous ;  covetous. 

ap-peto,  -ere,  -ivi  or  -il,  -itus  [ad, 
to,  towards,  after;  peto,  seek], 
seek  after,  strive  to  secure. 

approbator,  -oris,  m.  [approba- 
(st.  of  approbo),  approve],  ap- 
prover; approbator  esse,  to  ap- 
prove. 

ap-propinquo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[ad,  to;  propinquo,  draw  near], 
draw  near  to,  approach. 

Aprilis,  -is,  M.  \_=  *Aperilis, 
adj.  used  subst.,  fr.  aperi-  (st.  of 
aperio),  open],  (the  month  which 
opens  the  ground,  i.e.)  April. 

Apsus,  -i,  M.,  Apsus  (a  river  in 
southern  Illyria). 

apud,  prep.  w.  ace,  (in  desig- 
nations of  place)  with,  at,  near, 
about,  before  ;  (w.  subst.  referring 
to  persons)  at  the  headquarters  of, 
at  the  house  of,  in  the  works  of, 
according  to  ;  in  the  estimation  of, 
in  the  case  of;  among. 


Apulia,  -ae,  r.,  Apulia  (province 
in  southern  Italy). 

aqua,  -ae,  f.,  ivater. 

aquilo,  -onis,  m.  [aquilo-  (st. 
of  aquilus),  dark],  (the  bringer 
of  storms  and  darlvness,  and  so) 
north  wind;  (used  adj.  w.  ventus) 
north. 

Aquitani,  -5rum,  m.,  the  Aqui- 
tani ;   see  Aquitania. 

Aquitania,  -ae,  r.,  Aquitania 
(one  of  the  three  chief  divis- 
ions of  Transalpine  Gaul,  between 
the  Garonne  river  and  the  Pyre- 
nees mountains). 

ara,  -ae,  r.,  altar;  see  Fig.  2. 
arbitrium,   -il,  n. 
[arbitro-  (st.  of  arbi- 
ter), ivitness,  umpire], 
being  umpire;   decis- 
ion (of  the  umpire). 
arbitror,  -ari,  -atus 
[arbitro-  (st.  of  arbi- 
ter), witness],  (be  a 
Fig.  2.       witness  or  observer, 
Altar,  from  a  and    so)    be    of   the 

Pompeian     opinion,  think. 

painting.  arbor, -oris,  F.,^ree. 

arceo,  -ere,  -ui  [conn.  w.  arx, 
stronghold] ,  ward  off. 

arcesSo,  -ere,  -Tvi,  -itus  [intens. 
fm.  of  accedo,  come  to,  but  with 
causative  meaning  ;  ar  =  ad], 
(cause  to  come  to,  and  so)  invite, 
summon. 

Arethusa,  -ae,  f.,  Arefhusa  (cele- 
brated fountain  near  Syracuse, 
Sicily). 

Ariovistus,  -i,  m.,  Ariovistus 
(king  of  a  German  tribe  in  the 
time  of  Caesar). 

anna,  -6 rum,  N.  [Var-,  fit;  cf. 
ars],  (what  is  fitted  to  the  body, 
and  so)  arms. 

armatura,  -ae,  F.  [arma-  (st.  of 
armo),  equip,  arm,  equipment, 
armor. 

Arpinum,  -i,  n.,  Arpinum  (town 
in  Latium ;  birthplace  of  Cicero 
and  Marius). 

arrogantia,  see  adrogantia. 

ars,    artis,    f.    [Var-,   fit;    cf. 


artificiuni 


Autronius 


249 


arma],  (fitting,  skill  in  fitting, 
and  so)  skill,  art;  handicraft, 
occupation,  profession. 

artificiuni,  *-i!,  x.  [artiflc-  (st. 
of  artilex),  artificer],  artisanship ; 
handicraft,  trade  ;  in  pi.,  indus- 
trial arts. 

Arverni,  -Snim,  m.,  the  Arverni 
(a  powerful  tribe  of  Celtic  Gaul, 
south  of  the  Aedui). 

arx,  arcis,  F.  [\'arc-,  holdfast], 
stronghold,  fortress,  citadel. 

as,  assis,  m.,  as  (copper  coin 
worth  about  four-fifths  of  a  cent). 

a-scendo,  see  adscendo. 

Asia,  -ae,  f.,  Asia  (the  conti- 
nent). 

asper,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  rough, 
rugged;  harsh,  rude,  fierce. 

a-spicio,  sec  adspici5. 

as-sequor,  see  adsequor. 

assiduus,  see  adsiduus. 

as-sisto,  see  adsisto. 

assuefacio,  see  adsuefacio. 

at,  conj.,  hut,  on  the  other  hand. 

Athenae,  -arum,  f.,  Athens 
(capital  of  Attica). 

Atheniensis,  -e,  adj.  [Athena- 
(st.of  Athenae),  Athens], Athenian  ; 
used  subst.,  an  Athenian. 

athleta,  -ae,  m.  [borrowed  fr. 
the  Greek],  wrestler,  athlete. 

atque  (before  vowels  and  con- 
sonants) or  ae  (before  consonants 
only),  conj.  [ad,  in  addition;  que, 
and],  and  also,  and. 

Atrebates,  -urn ,  m.,  the  Atrebates 
(a  tribe  in  Belgic  Gaul). 

atrocitas,  -atis,  f.  [atroci-  (st. 
of  atrox),  ^erc€],  ferocity,  cruelty, 
seventy. 

atrox,  -ocis,  adj.  [apparently 
fr.  atro-  (st.  of  ater),  dark,  but  w. 
change  of  quantity],  dar^,  hideous, 
atrocious. 

at-tendo,  -ere,  -tend!,  -tentHs 
[ad,  towards;  tendo,  stretch], 
stretch  or  direct  toirards;  direct 
the  attention  to,  consider. 

att<'nte,  a<lv.  [abl.  fni.  of  atlen- 
tiis,  intent,  attentii'i'].  attentiri  lij. 


Atticus,  -T,  M.,  Atticus  (surname 
of  Titus  Pomponius,  friend  of 
Cicero ;  given  to  him  on  account 
of  his  long  residence  in  Athens 
and  his  familiarity  with  Greek 
literature). 

at-tingo,-ere,-tigI  [ad,  to;  tango, 
touch],  touch,  come  in'contact  loith  ; 
reach,  arrive  at. 

at-tribuo,  -ere,  -ul,  -fitus  [ad, 
to  ;  tribuo,  allot],  allot  to,  assign. 

auctor,  -oris,  m.  [s'aug-,  be 
strong,  grow],  (he  who  makes 
strong  or  makes  grow,  and  so) 
author ;  advi.^er. 

auctoritas,-ritis,  f.  [auctor-  (st. 
of  auctor),  author],  authority,  in- 
fluence. 

audacia,  -ae,  f.  [audaci-  (st.  of 
audax),  hold],  boldness.,  reckless- 
ness, audacity. 

audacter,  adv.  [audaci-  (st.  of 
&ndvix) ,  bold],  holdly,  with  boldness. 
Comp.  audacius,  more  boldly. 

audax,  -acis,  adj.  [conn.  w. 
audeo,  dare],  daring,  bold. 

audco,  -ere,  ausus  [=  *avide6, 
fr.  avido-  (st.  of  avidus),  eager], 
(be  eager,  and  so)  dare,  venture. 

audio,  -Ire,  -ivi  or-\\,  -itus  [conn, 
w.  auris,  ear],  hear ;  ll<iten. 

au-fero,auferre,abstulI,ablatus 
[ah,  from;  fero,  beau],  beau  or 
cany  away,  remove. 

augeo,  -ere,  auxi,  auctus[Vaug-, 
be  strong,  grow;  cogn.  w.  Eng. 
wax],  (make  grow,  and  so)  aug- 
ment, increase. 

augur,  -uris,  c.  [au-  =  avi-  (st. 
of  avis),  bird],  (one  whose  pre- 
dictions are  founded  [in  part]  on 
tlie  observation  of  birds,  i.e.)  an 
augur. 

auruin,  -I,  N.  [Vau&-  (-»-  becomes 
•r-),  shine],  (the  shining  metal, 
and  so)  gold. 

aut,  conj.,  either,  or ;  aut .  .  . 
aut,  either  .  .  .  or. 

auteni,conj.  [conn.  w.  nxit],  but, 
howerer;  moreover,  further. 

Aufroiilus.  il. M..  Pitblius Autro- 
nius '  I'M  Catiline's  con- 


250 


auxiliaris 


caelestis 


federates  in  the  conspiracy  of  63 

B.C.)- 

auxiliaris,  -e,  adj.  [anxilio-  (st. 
of  auxillum),  help^,  belonging  or 
pertaining  to  heJp,auxiliary;  subst., 
auxiliares,  -inm,  M.,  auxiliary 
troops^  auxiliaries. 

aiixilinm,  -ii,  x.  [conn.  w. 
aiigeo,  increase'],  help,  aid,  assist- 
ance. 

aversus,  -a,  -nm  [p.  a.  of  averto, 
tnrnfrom],  (turned  from,  and  so) 
averse,  hostile  ;  aversus  a,  hostile 
to._ 

a-verto,  -ere,  -verti,  -versus  [a, 
from;  verto,  turn],  turn  from, 
turn  aside. 

Avienus,  -i,  m.,  Gajus  Avienus 
(a  military  tribune  under  Caesar 
in  tlie  African  war). 

a-voco,  -are,-avi,-atus  [ab,/rom, 
OFF;  voc5,  call],  call  off,  loith- 
draw. 

avus,  -1,  M.,  grandfather. 

B. 

barbarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  rude, 
savage;  subst.,  barbarian. 

beatus,  -a,  -um  [perf .  part,  of 
beo,  make  happy,  bless],  happy, 
blessed. 

Belgae,  -arum,  m.,  the  Belgae 
(inhabited  northern  Gaul  between 
the  rivers  Seine  and  Marne  and 
the  Rhine). 

bellicosus,-a,-um,  adj.  [bellico- 
(st.  of  bellicus),  pertaining  to 
icar],  vjarlike. 

bellum,  -I,  N.  [conn.  w.  duo, 
two]  ,  i€ar ;  belli,  in  war. 

bene,  adv.  [for  bone,  abl.  fm. 
of  bonus,  good],  well. 

beneficium,  -ii,  n.  [benefico- 
(st.  of  beneflcus) ,  kind,  obliging] , 
kindness.,  benefit,  service,  favor, 
generosity. 

Bibrax,  -actis,  f.,  Bibrax  (a 
town  of  the  Remi  in Belgic  Gaul). 

biduiim,  -1,  N.  [bi-  {—  dvi-), 
conn.  w.  duo,  two;  -duum,  conn. 
w.  dies,  day],  space  of  two  days, 
TWO  days. 


bini,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num.  adj. 
[=  *dvinT,  fr.  st.  of  duo,  two], 
TWO  and  two,  in  groups  of  two, 
TWO  fro7n  each;  (w.  substs.  pi. 
in   fm.,   but   sing,   in  meaning) 

TWO. 

bipartite,  adv.  [n.  abl.  of  bi- 
partltus,  divided  into  two  parts], 
in  TWO  parts  or  divisions. 

Bituriges,  -um,  m.,  the  Bitu- 
riges  (a  tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul,  south 
of  the  Loire). 

Boi  or  Bojl,  -orum,  m.,  the  Bo'i 
or  Boji  (a  Celtic  tribe  in  alliance 
with  the  Helvetians). 

bonus, -a,  -um,  adj., good,  honor- 
able; n.  pi.  subst.,  bona, -orum, 
goods,  property,  resources.  Comp., 
melior,  -ius,  better.  Superl.,  optl- 
mus,  -a,  -um,  best;  excellent. 

bos,  bovis,  c,  ox. 

brevis,  -e,  adj.,  short,  brief. 

brevitas,  -atis,  f.  [brevi-  (st. 
of  brevis),  short],  shortness;  di- 
minutive stature. 

breviter,  adv.  [brevi-  (st.  of 
brevis),  sJiort],  briefly. 

Britannia,  -ae,  f.,  Britain  (in- 
cluding England  and  Scotland). 

Brundlsium,  -ii,  n.,  Brundisium 
(a  town  of  Calabria  on  the  Adri- 
atic, and  the  usual  port  of  depart- 
ure for  Greece). 

C. 

C.  1.  abbr.  of  Gajus,  Gai,  m., 
Gajus  (a  Roman  praenomen  or 
first  name) .  2.  abbr.  for  centum, 
HUNDre(?. 

cado,  -ere,  cecidi,  casum  [Vcad-, 
fall],  fall. 

caedes,  -is,  f.  [Vcaed-,  cut,  hew], 
cutting  down,  slaughter,  massacre; 
assassination,  murder. 

caedo,  -ere,  cecidi,  caesus 
[Vcaed-,  cut,  heio].,  cut  down,  cut 
to  pieces ;  slay,  slaughter. 

caelestis,  -e,  adj.  [conn.  w.  cae- 
lum, heaven'],  pertaining  to  the 
heavens,  celestial;  n.  pi.  subst., 
caelestia,  -ium,  heavenly  bodies, 
celestial  phenomena. 


caelum 


Celtae 


251 


caelum,  -I,  x.,  sky,  heaven;  pi. 
caelT,  M.,  iu  verse  only. 

Caepio, -onis,  m.,  Qidntus  Ser- 
viliusCaepio  (as  procousul, fought 
unsuccessfully  with  the  Cimbri 
105  B.C.). 

Caesar,  -aris,  m.,  Gajus  Julius 
Caesar  (the  famous  Roman  general 
aud statesman ;  lived  100-44  B.C.)- 

calamitas,  -atis,  f.,  disaster, 
calamity. 

Campania,  -ae,  F.,  Campania 
(district  on  the  south-west  coast 
of  Italy). 

capax,  -acis,  adj.  [Vcap-,  take'], 
(able  to  take  or  hold  much,  and 
so)  capacious ;  capable. 

capillus,  -1,  M.  [dim.  form  fr. 
capitr  (st.  of  caput),  head;  lit., 
adj.  (sc.  criuis,  hair)],  hair  of  the 
in:AD,  hair. 

capio,  -ere,  cepT,  captus  [Vcap-, 
take] ,  take,  lay  hold  of;  capture  ; 
vrin,  allure,  charm,  enchain;  (w. 
consilium)  form,  adopt. 

captivus,-!,  M.  [adj.  used  subst. 
fr.  \'cap-,  take],  captive. 

Capua,  -ae,  f.,  Capua  (chief 
city  of  Campania). 

caput, -itis,  X.,  head;  (w.  nu- 
merals )/><?r«ow,  sow/  ;  capital  crime, 
capital  punishment,  death;  chief 
city. 

capitalis,  -e,  adj.  [capit-  (st.  of 
caput),  head],  pertaining  to  the 
HEAD  or  life,  capital. 

career,  -eris,  .m.,  prison. 

careo,  -ere,  -ul,  be  without. 

carina,  -ae,  f.,  keel. 

carmen,  -inis,  N.,  song,  verse, 
strain. 

Carnates,-am,  M.,  the  Carnutes 
(a  tribe  of  Celtic  Gaul  on  both 
sides  of  the  Ix)lre). 

car5,  earn  is,  P.,  Jlesh,  meat. 

carpo,  -ere,  -psi,  -ptus,  pluck; 
pluck  at,  carp  at,  revile. 

carrus,  -I,  m.,  cart,  xcagon. 

Carthftgd,  -Inls,  F.,  Carthage 
(city  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Africa;  destroyed  by  Sclplo  the 
younger  U6  B.C.). 


Carthaginiensis,  -e,  adj.  [Car- 
thagiu-  (st.  of  Carthago),  Car- 
thage], Carthaginian;  see  Car- 
thago. 

earns,  -a,  -uni,  adj.,  dear,  prec- 
ious. 

caseus,  -I,  m.,  cheese. 

Cassius,  -ii,  m.,  Lucius  Cassius 
Longinus  (defeated  and  killed  by 
the  Tigurini  107  B.C.). 

castellum,  -i,  x.  dim.  [castro- 
(st.  of  castrum),  fortified  place], 
stronghold. 

Casticus,  -T,  m.,  Casticus  (a  Se- 
quanian,  son  of  Catamantaloedes). 

castra,  -drum,  x.,  camp. 

casus,  -iis,  m.  I'^cM-,  fall],  fall- 
ing ;  chance ;  misfortune  ;  unfortu- 
nate condition. 

Catamantaloedes,  -is,  m.,  Cata- 
mantaloedes ivuXev  of  the  Sequani). 

catellus,  -T,  M.  [dim.  fr.  catulo- 
(st.  of  catulus),  young  dog], puppy. 

Catilina,  -ae,  m.,  Catiline  (noto- 
rious Roman  conspirator;  lived 
108-62  B.C.). 

Cato,  -onis,  m.,  Marcus  Porcius 
Cato  (called  the  elder,  or  the  cen- 
sor; lived  234-149  b.c). 

causa,  -ae,  f.,  cause,  reason; 
excuse,  pretext ;  entojprise  ;  causa 
(following  its  genitive),  for  the 
sake,  for  the  purpose. 

caveo,  -ere,  cavl,  cautus,  be  on 
one's  guard. 

cedo,  -ere,  cessi,  cessus,  go; 
withdraw,  retire,  depart;  grant, 
concede. 

celcbro,  -are,  -avT,  -atiis  [♦cele- 
bro-  (presumed  original  st.  of 
celeber)  frequented],  (make  fre- 
quented, and  so)  throng,  frequent ; 
celebrate. 

ccler,  -erls,  -ere,  adj.,  sicift. 

celeritSs,  -atls,  f.  [celerl-  (st. 
of  celcr),  svjift],  swiftness,  speed, 
celerity. 

celerltcr,  adv.  [celerl-  (st.  of 
celcr),  swift],  swiftly,  quickly, 
speedily. 

Celtae,  -arum,  m.,  Celts  or  Kelts 
(name  applied  by  Caesar  to  the 


252 


censeo 


civis 


Gauls  who  dwelt  between  the 
Seine  and  the  Garonne). 

censeo,  -ere,  -sui,  -sus,  rate ;  (of 
proceedings  in  the  senate)  vote, 
decree;  think. 

censor,  -oris,  m.  [base  cens-  (in 
censeo),  rate'],  (the  rating  officer, 
i.e.)  censor  (one  of  two  Roman 
magistrates  whose  duty  it  was : 

1.  to  superintend  the  registration 
of  the  citizens  and  their  propertj^ ; 

2.  to  exercise  control  over  the 
conduct  and  morals  of  the  citi- 
zens; 3.  to  superintend  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  finances  of 
the  state). 

census,  -us,  M.  [base  cens-,  (in 
censeo),  rate],  rating,  registration, 
enumeration,  census. 

centum,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  a 
HUNDred 

centuria,  -ae,  f.  [conn.  w.  cen- 
tum, uusDred],  century  (the  cen- 
tury was  one-sixtieth  of  a  legion, 
and  contained,  in  Caesar's  time, 
about  100  men;  see  legio). 

centurio,  -onis,  m.  [centuria- 
(st.  of  centuria),  century],centurion 
(the  commanding  officer  of  a 
century ;  there  were  sixty  centu- 
rions in  a  legion). 

Ceraunus  (Ptoloniaeus),-i,M., 
Ptolemy  Ceraw/jws  (murdered  Seleu- 
cus  and  obtained  possession  of 
Macedonia  280  B.C.). 

cerno,  -ere,  crevi,  certus  [Veer-, 
separate] ,  separate ;  distinguish 
(by  the  senses) ,  perceive,  see  ;  de- 
cide. 

certSinen,  -inis,  n.  [certa-  (st. 
of  cert5),  struggle],  (result  of 
struggling,  and  so)  contest. 

certe,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  certus, 
certain],  certainly,  assuredly,  at 
any  rate. 

certo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [intens. 
of  cern5,  decide,  f r.  certo-  (st.  of 
perf.  part.'  certus)],  decide  by  con- 
test, struggle,  vie. 

certus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  cerno, 
decide],  decided,  fixed,  particular ; 
certain,  assured,  undoubted;  cer- 


tiorem  facere,  to  inform  ;  certior 
fieri,  to  be  informed. 

cervus,  -i,  m.  [conn.  w.  cornu, 
horn],  (horned  animal,  and  so) 
stag. 

cesso,  -are,  -av!,  -atus  [intens.  of 
cedo,  go,  retire], loiter,  abate,  cease. 

*ceterus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  usu.  pi., 
the  OTHER,  the  remaining,  the  rest 
of;  subst.,  ceteri,  -orum,  the  rest. 

Cicero,  -onis,  m.,  Cicero  (the 
celebrated  Roman  orator;  lived 
106-43  B.C.). 

circiter,  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace. 
[circo-  (st.  of  civcns),  circle],  round 
about,  about. 

circuitus,  -us,  m.  [circu(m)-Vi-, 
go  around] ,  going  around,  circuit. 

circum,  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace. 
[ace.  of  circus,  circle],  around, 
about. 

circum-do,  -are,  -dedi,  -datus 
[circum,  around;  do,  put],  put 
around,  surround,  build  around, 
enclose. 

circuni-daco,-ere,-duxi,-ductus 
[circum,  around;  duco,  lead],  lead 
around. 

circum-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus 
[circum,  around;  fero,  bear], 
carry  round,  pass  round. 

circum-munio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus 
[circum,  around;  mtinio,  wall], 
wall  around,  fortify,  protect. 

circum-sto,  -are,  -steti  [cir- 
cum, around;  sto,  STAwd],  BTKnd 
around,  surround. 

circum-venio,-ire,-veni,-ventus 
[circum,  around;  venio,  come], 
surround,  envelop;  surround  in  a 
hostile  manner,  oppress,  defraud. 

citerior,  -ius,  adj.  [comp.  of 
citer,  belonging  to  this  side], 
HITHER,  on  this  side. 

citra,  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace. 
[abl.  fem.  of  citer,  belonging  to 
this  side],  on  this  side  of. 

civilis,  -e,  adj.  [civi-  (st.  of 
civis),  citizen],  pertaining  to  citi- 
zens, civil. 

civis,  -is,  c,  citizen,  fellow-citi- 
zen. 


clvitSs 


colo 


253 


civitas,  -litis,  f.  [civi-  (st.  of 
civis),  citizen],  citizenship ;  citi- 
zens; community,  state. 

clam,  adv.,  secretly,  stealthily; 
prep.  w.  abl.,  without  the  knoicl- 
■"^ge  of. 

clamito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [intens. 

f  clamo,  call],  cry  out,  call  out. 

clamor,  -oris,  m.  [base  clam- 
(in  cliimo),  call],  calling,  shout. 

clareo,-ere[claro-(st.ofclarus), 
^' right],  be  bright. 

clarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [v'cLa-,  call, 
sound,  conn.  w.  clamo,  call  out], 
clear-sounding  ;  bright ;  illustriotts, 
renoicned,  held  in  honor. 

classis,  -is,  y.,  fleet. 

claudo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  shut, 
close ;  agmen  claudere,  to  bring 
up  the  rear. 

Clemens,  -entis,  adj.,  mild, 
gentlBt  forbearing.,  merciful,  clem- 
ent. 

cliens,  -entis,  m.  [=  cluens, 
pres.  part,  of  clneo,  hear,  obey, 
used  subst.],  (one  who  hears  or 
obeys,  and  so)  dependent,  retainer, 
client. 

Clodius,  -il,  M.,  Publius  Clodius 
Pulcher  (opponent  of  Cicero, 
"whose  banishment  he  procured; 
killed  by  Milo  52  B.C.). 

Cn.  abbr.  of  Gnaeus,  -i,  m., 
Gnaeus  (a  Rom'iU  praendmen  or 
first  name). 

co-emo,  -ere,  -eml,  -emptus 
[co{m)-,  together  ;  emd,  buy],  buy 
up. 

co-e5,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus 
[co(m)-, together ;  eo,  go],  go  to- 
gether to  form  a  whole,  unite,  com- 
bine. 

coepi,  coeptus,  def.,  began. 

co-erceo,-ere,-cuT,-cltus[co(m)-, 
completely;  arceo,  shut  up],  en- 
close, encompass ;  restrain,  confine. 

coglto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [co(m)-, 

K'thfr ;  agito,  drive'],   (drive  a 
;iiatt4.'r  to  aud  fro  in  the  mind,  \ 
and  so)  weigh  carefvXly,  ponder,  | 
think,  reflect. 

cognatio,-oiils,F.[co(iD)Wgna-,  | 


be  born  with],  being  born  loith; 
blood-relatio  nship;  Kindred  family. 

co-gnomen,  -iuis,  N.  [co(ra)-, 
icith,  i.e.  in  addition  to;  (g) no- 
men,  name],  family  name,  sur- 
NAME  (the  third  in  order  of  the 
names  of  a  Roman  citizen,  being 
preceded  by  the  praenomen,  or 
name  of  the  individual,  and  the 
nomen,  or  name  of  the  gens  to 
which  the  individual  belonged ; 
e.g.,  Marcus  (praenomen)  Tullius 
(nomen)  Cicero  (Cognomen). 

co-gnosco,  -ere,  -gnovi,  -gnitus 
[co(m)-,  completely,  thoroughly; 
(g)  nosco,  become  acquainted  with] , 
become  thoroughly  acquainted  with, 
ascertain,  learn ;  recognize ;  in 
perf . ,  KNOW ;  diligentius  cogno- 
scere,  to  gain  a  more  thorough 
acquaintance  with,  or  a  more  ac- 
curate Ksowledge  of 

cogo,  -ere,  coegi,  coactus 
[co(m)-,  together;  ago,  drive], 
drive  together,  collect;  compel, 
force,   constrain. 

cohors,-rtls,F.,  enclosure;  (body 
of  men  enclosed,  and  so)  cohort 
(the  tenth  part  of  a  legion ;  it  was 
divided  Into  three  maniples  and 
—  as  each  maniple  contained  two 
centuries — into  sixcenturies ;  the 
number  of  men  in  a  cohort  varied 
at  different  periods  from  300  to 
600,  but  in  Caesar's  time  the  co- 
hort contained  about  600  men). 

cohortatio,  -onis,  f.  [cohorta- 
(st.  of  cohortor),  exhort],  exhor- 
tation, encouragement. 

co-hortor,  -ari,  -atus  [co(m)-, 
intens.;  hortor,  exhort],  exhort, 
encourage,  admonish;  eohortairi 
inter  se,  to  exhort  one  another. 

col-Iaudo,  sec  conlaudo. 

coUega,  see  conlega. 

coMigo,  see  conligo. 

COlIls,  -is,  M.  HILL. 

col-loco,  see  conh)cr). 
oolloqnium,  sec  conlofiuium. 
col-ioquor,  see  conlociuor. 
colluvid,  see  conluvio. 
colO»  -ere,  coloi,  cultus  [Vcol-, 


254 


coloiius 


coiiatiis 


till],  till,  cultivate;  honor,  rever- 
ence, worship. 

colonus,  -i,  M.  [conn.  w.  colo, 
till],  tiller  of  the  soil ;  colonist. 

color,  -oris,  m.,  color. 

com-baro,  -ere,  -fissT,  -tistus 
[com-,  completely ;  *buro,  hum], 
hum  up,  consume. 

comes,  -itis,  c  [com-Vi-,  go  with], 
(one  who  goes  with,  and  so)  com- 
rade, companion. 

commeatus,  -us,  M.  [commea- 
(st.  of  commeo),  go  to  and  fro], 
passing  to  and  fro  ;  train,  convoy  ; 
supplies. 

com-meinoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[com-,  completely  ;  memoro,  call  to 
mind],  call  to  mind  in  detail,  call 
to  mind,  mention,  recount. 

com-mendo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[com-,  completely;  manclo,  commit] , 
commit  icithout  reservation,  com- 
mit, intrust. 

com-meo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-, 
hahitually ;  meo,  go,  pass],  go  to 
and  fro,  go. 

com-niiniis,  adv.  [com-,  to- 
gether;  mauus,  hand],  hand  to 
hand,  at  close  quarters. 

eom-mitto,  -ere,  misi,  -missus 
[com-,  together  ;  mitt5,  send,  make 
go],  comhine  into  a  whole;  (w. 
proelium)  join,  give,  begin,  engage 
in;  commit,  intrust. 

commode,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of 
commodus,  convenient],  conven- 
iently, easily;  judiciously,  skill- 
fully. 

commodum,  -i,  n.  [n.  of  adj. 
commodus,  convenient,  used 
subst]  convenience,  advantage. 

com-moveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -motus 
[com-,  completely,  thoroughly ; 
moveo,  move],  set  in  violent  motion, 
disturb,  disquiet,  alarm. 

commanico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[conn.  w.  communis,  common], 
8hare,hestqw:  communicarecum, 
share  with,  impart  to ;  join,  unite, 
add:  cumdotibuscommunicare, 
to  add  to  the  doiories. 

com-muiils,  -e,  adj.  [com-,  mu- 


tiially ;  munis,  under  obligation. 
cf.  immfmis],  common,  general. 

commutatio,  -5nis,  M.  [com- 
mutii-  (st.  of  commuto),  change], 
change,  alteration. 

com-muto,  -are,  -avi,-atus  [com-, 
completely  ;  muto,  change],  change 
completely,  alter  entirely,  change, 
transform  ;  exchange. 

com-paro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-, 
completely,  and  so  carefully  ;  par5, 
prepare],  prepare  carefully,  gather, 
collect. 

com-paro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [com-, 
together;  paro,  make  equal,  ex- 
change], compare. 

com-pello,  -ere,  -pulT,  -pulsus 
[com-,  together;  pello,  drive], 
drive  in  a  body. 

com-perio,  -ire,  -peri,  -pertus 
[com-Vper-,  penetrate  completely. 
cf.  experior],  ascertain  with  cer- 
tainty, ascertain,  establish  by  proof, 
find  out. 

com-plector,  -i,  -plexus  [com-, 
together;  plecto,  braid],  (braid 
together,  and  so)  enFOLD,  em- 
brace, clasp;  grapple. 

com-pleo,  -ere,  -plevi,  -pletus 
[com-,  completely;  *pleo,  fill], 
FILL  completely,  fill,  complete. 

com-plures,  -a  (-ia) ,  gen.,  -ium, 
adj.  [com-,  together ;  plures,  sev- 
eral], several. 

com-pono,  -ere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tus  [com-,  together ;  pono,  put], 
put  together,  adjust;  compose,  pac- 
ify, settle. 

com-porto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[com-,  together;  porto,  bring], 
bring  together,  collect. 

com-prehendo,  -ere,  -hendl, 
-hensus  [com-,  completely;  pre- 
hendo,  grasp],  grasp  completely  or 
firmly ;  take,  seize;  arrest. 

coiiata,  -orum,  n.  [n.  pi.  perf . 
part,  of  Conor,  endeavor,  used 
subst.],  endeavors,  undertak- 
ing._ 

conatiis,  -us,  m.  [cona-  (st.  of 
Conor),  endeavor],  endeavoring; 
^fforti  undertaking. 


con-cedo 


con-loquor 


255 


con-cedo,  -ere,  -cessT,  -cessus 
[com-,  inteus.;  cedo,  go,  give 
way],  yield,  submit  to,  comply  with 
one's  req\i£st;  graiH,concede,permit. 

con-cido, -ere,  -cicll  [com-,  to- 
gether, in  a  heap;  cado,  fall],  fall 
to  the  ground,  fall. 

coneillo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con- 
cilio-  (St.  of  concilium),  assem- 
bly'], assemble,  bring  together; 
reconcile ;  ii'in,  procure. 

conoiliam,  -ii,  N.  [com-v'cal-, 
call  together],  (calling  together, 
and  so)  assembly,  company ;  coun- 
cil:  per  concilium,  in  public 
council. 

con-curro,  -ere,  -curri  (-cu- 
curri),  -cursura  [com-,  together; 
curro,  run],  run  together,  rush 
together,  hasten  in  a  body,  flock. 

con-deinno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[com-,  inteus.;  damno,  conf/e/n/»], 
condemn. 

condicio,  -onis,  f.  [com-Vdlc-, 
say  icith,  and  so  agree  together], 
agreement,  .^stipulation,  condition, 
terms;  condition,  lot. 

con-dono,  -are, -avi, -atus  [com-, 
iutens. ;  douo,  give],  give  up; 
overlook. 

con-daco,  -ere,  -duxT,  -ductus 
[com-,  together ;  duco,  lead],  lead 
or  bring  together;  collect. 

con-fero,  conferre,  contulT, 
conlatus  [com-,  together;  fero, 
BEAR,  wmng],  -Riling  together,  col- 
lect; compare;  BUing  to  beak, 
apply,  bestoxn  upon  ;  se  conferre, 
to  betake  one's  self. 

c5n-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus 
[com-,  complftdy ;  facid,  do], 
bring  to  completion,  complete, 
finish,  bring  to  an  end,  accomplish, 
carry  out ;  (of  a  list  or  register) 
make  out. 

con-fido,  -ere,  -fl.sos  [com-, 
comphtrly;  ^(\q,  trust],  trustfully, 
confide  in,  rely  on,  depend  on. 

con-flrmo,  -arc,  -avi,  -atus 
[com-,  intens. ;  flrmo,  make  firm], 
make  firm,  establish;  assure,  reas- 
sure; assert. 


con-fligo,  -ere,  -flixi,  -flictus 
[com-,  together;  fligo,  strike], 
(strike  together,  and  so)  1.  tr., 
contrast,  oppose  ;  2.  intr.,  contend, 
flght. 

con-gredior,  -gredi,  -gressus 
[com-,  icith  ;  gradior,  s^ep,  walk], 
meet  with  ;  engage,  fight. 

con-icio  (pronounced :  cou- 
jicio),  -ere,  -jecT,  -jectus  [com-, 
together;  jacio,  throw],  throw  to- 
gether ;  throWs  cast,  hurl ;  drive ; 
in  fugam  conlcere,io7)M^  tofiight. 

conjunctiin,  adv.  [ace.  used 
adv.,  fr.  coni-yljug-,  YOKE  together, 
Join],  jointly,  together. 

conjunctio,  -ouis,  f.  [com-Vjug-, 
YOKE  together],  (yoKing  together, 
and  so)  union,  intimacy. 

con-jungo,  -ere,  -junxi,  -junc- 
tus  [com-,  together;  juugo,  join], 
join,  unite. 

con-junx,  -jugis,  c.  [com-,  to- 
gether;  vjug-,  yoke],  (YOKE-f el- 
low,  aud  so)  spouse;  wife. 

conjuratio,  -onis,  f.  [conjura-, 
swear  together],  (swearing  to- 
gether, and  so)  conspiracy. 

con-juro,  -are,  -fivl,  -atus  [com-, 
together;  juro,  swear],  swear  to- 
gether, conspire. 

coii-laiido,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[com-,  intens.;  laudo,  commend], 
commend  highly,  applaud. 

con-legiv,  -ae,  m.  [com-Vleg-, 
depute  with],  (fellow-deputy,  and 
so)  colleague,  ofiicial  associate. 

con-ligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-, 
together;  llgo,  fasten],  fasten  to- 
gether. 

eon-llgo,  -ere,  -legi,  -lectus 
[com-,  together;  lego,  gather], 
gather  together,  gather,  collect. 

con-loco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-, 
together;  loco,  place],  place  to- 
gether, place,  station,  establish, 
settle ;  give  in  marriage. 

conloqiiiiiin,-ii,  N.  [com-Vloqu-, 
talk  with] ,  con  versation,  conference. 

con-loquor,  -i,  -cut us  [com-, 
with ;  loquor,  talk],  converse^  con' 
ferf  have  a  conference  with. 


256 


conluvio 


consuetudo 


conluvio,  -onis,  r.  [com-\/luv-, 
wash  together],  (collected  wash- 
ings, and  so)  dregs,  offscourings ; 
turba  et  conluvio,  vile  rabble. 

Conor,  -ari,  -atus,  endeavor,  at- 
tempt, undertake. 

con-sanguinei,  -orum,  m.,  adj. 
used  subst.  [com-,  denoting  con- 
nection;  ssingumeus,  pertaining  to 
blood],  (those  connected  by  blood, 
and  so)  blood-relations,  kinsmen. 

con-scisco,  -ere,  -scivl  or  -scii, 
-scitus  [com-,  together,  in  a  body ; 
scTsco,  decree],  decree  in  a  body 
or  in  common ;  adjudge  j  inflict; 
sibi  mortem  consciscere,  to  com- 
mit suicide. 

conscius,  -a,  -um,  adj .  [com-Vsci-, 
know  with],  knowing  in  conjunc- 
tion with  others;  conscious. 

conscriptus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part, 
of  conscribo,  enroll],  enrolled: 
patres  conscript!,  conscript 
FATHERS  (a  title  used  in  formal 
addressesbeforetheRomau  senate. 
The  term  conscrlpti  was  at  first  ap- 
plied to  the  new  senators  enrolled 
from  the  ranks  of  the  equites  in 
the  early  days  of  the  republic,  and 
the  original  form  of  address  was 
patres  et  cbnscripti. 

con-secro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-, 
wholly  ;  sacro,  make  sacred],  con- 
secrate, dedicate. 

consensus,  -us,  m.  [com-  sent- 
(base  in  sentio),  perceive  oy  feel 
with  or  in  common],  (feeling  in 
common,  and  so)  consent. 

con-sentio,  -ire,  -sensi,  -sensus 
[com-,  together,  in  com  mon;  sentio, 
feel] ,  agree ;  conspire. 

con-sequor,  -T,  -cutus  [com-, 
close  upon ;  sequor,  follow],  fol- 
low close  upon,  follow  after,  follow, 
ensue. 

con-servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-, 
intens. ;  servo,  keep],  maintain, 
preserve,  save. 

consessus,  -Qs,  M.  [com-,  to- 
gether;  Vsed-,  sit],  (sitting  to- 
gether, and  so)  assembly. 

cou-sldo;   -ere,  -sedi,  -sessum 


[com-,  together;  sido,  sit],  sit 
down  together,  settZc,  establish 
one's  self ;  post  one' s  self ;  encamp. 

consilium,  -ii,  n.  [conn.  w. 
consulo,  deliberate],  deliberation, 
counsel ;  plan,  design,  purpose.,  in- 
tention, scheme;  measure,  line  of 
conduct,  course,  policy;  advice; 
sagacity  ;  council. 

con-sisto,  -ere,  -stiti  [com-, 
intens.;  sisto,  STAnd],  come  to  a 
halt,  STOP,  take  a  position  ;  STxnd, 
maintain  ojie's  footing  or  position, 
make  a  STA7id;  settle;  (w.  in  and 
abl.)  consist  in  or  of. 

conspectus,  -us,  m.  [com-Vspec-, 
SPY  (all  parts  together,  and  so)  at 
a  glance],  sight  at  a  glance,  sight; 
presence. 

con-spicio,  -ere,  -spexT,  -spectus 
[com-,  together  (all  parts  being 
taken  in  at  a  glance)  ;  specio,  look 
at] ,  catch  sight  of  descry,  see. 

conspicor,-arT,-atus[com-\fspec- 
(through  presumed  noun  stem), 
SPY  (all  parts  together,  and  so) 
at  a  glance] ,  catch  sight  of,  descry, 
see. 

constantia,  -ae,  f.  [c5nstant- 
(st.  of  p.  a.  constans),  STAuding 
firm],  firmness,  constancy. 

con-stituo,  -ere,  -ul,-utus  [com-, 
together,  and  s,o  firmly  ;  statuo,  set 
up],  (set  up  firmly,  and  so)  station, 
post;  establish,  appoint;  arrange, 
fix,  settle  upon,  decide  upon;  decide, 
resolve  ;  de  controversiis  consti- 
tuere,  to  settle  or  decide  disputes. 

con-sto,  -are,  -stiti  [com-,  with  ; 
sto,  STAwd],  ST  And  with;  be  in 
agreement  with;  impers.,  be  set- 
tled, undisputed,  generally  under- 
STOorZ,  well  known. 

con-suesco,  -ere,  -suevT,  -suetus 
[com-,  intens. ;  suesco,  become  ac- 
customed] ,  become  accustomed,  ac- 
custom one's  self;  in  perf.,  be  ac- 
customed. 

consuetudo,  -inis,  f.  [con- 
sue(to)-  (st.  of  consuetus),  ac- 
customed], habit,  manner,  custom, 
usagej  practice. 


consul 


corpus 


257 


consul,  -is,  M.,  consul  (one  of 
the  two  highest  Roman  magis- 
trates chosen  annually  under  the 
republic). 

consularis,  -e,  adj.  [consul-  (st. 
of  consul),  consu/],  hdonging  or 
pertaining  to  a  consul,  consular. 

consulatus,  -us,m.  [consul-  (st. 
of  consul),  consul],  consulship. 

consulo,  -ere,  -uT,  -tus,  reflect, 
deliberate,  take  counsel;  (w.  dat.) 
take  thought  for,  have  regard  for, 
have  an  eye  to;  (w.  ace.)  consult 
(for  advice). 

con-sQmo,  -ere,  -silmpsT, 
-sumptus  [com-,  completely  ;  sumo, 
take],  take  up  completely ;  consume. 

aon-surgo,  -ere,  -surrexi,  -sur- 
rectum  [com-,  together;  surgo, 
rise],  rise  in  a  body,  stand. 

contag^io,  -onis,  f.  [com-Vtag-, 
touch  together],  contact. 

conteinptio,  -onis,  f.  [com- 
Vtem-,  cut  up  (com  is  inten^.)], 
(cutting  treatment,  and  so)  con- 
tempt, scorn,  defiance. 

conteinptus,  -a,  -um  (p.  a.  of 
contemno,  despise],  contemptible. 

conteiuptus,  -us,  m.  [com-Vtem-, 
cut  up  (com-  is  intens.)],  (cut- 
ting treatment,  and  so)  contempt. 

con-teiid5,  -ere,  -di,  -tus  [com-, 
Intens.;  tendo,  stretch],  stretch 
vigorously,  strive;  hasten;  con- 
tend, struggle;  vie;  contend  suc- 
cessfully, prevail. 

contentioy  -onis,  f.  [com-Vten-, 
stretch  vigorously,  struggle],  strug- 
gling, contention,  dispute. 

contexo,  -ere,-xui,-xtus  [com-, 
together  ;  texo,  weave],  weave,  join, 
or  put  together,  frame,  construct. 

coutiiiens,  -entis  [p.  a.  of  con- 
tine5,  hold  together],  uninter- 
rupted. 

contlnenter,  adv.  [continent- 
(st.  of  contincns),  uninterrupt- 
ed], uninterruptedly,  continuously. 

contineo,  -€re,  -tinuT,  -tentus 
[com-,  together ;  teneo,  hold],  hold 
together,  hold,  keep;  hound,  con- 
fine; hem  in,  hold  in  check,  restrain. 


contingo,  -ere,  -tigi,  -tactus 
[com-,  completely,  closely ;  tango, 
touch],  touch,  be  contiguous  to. 

continuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [com- 
Vten-,  stretch  together'},  (stretching 
or  hanging  together,  and  so) 
successive,  continuous. 

contra,  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace, 
against. 

controversia,  -ae,  F.  [contro- 
verso-  (st.  of  controversus),  oppo- 
site], (opposition,  and  so)  dis- 
pute, controversy. 

contumelia,  -ae,  f.,  abuse,  in- 
sult, indignity,  reproach :  per  con- 
tumeliam,  by  injurious  reports, 
through  slanderous  accusations; 
buffeting,  violence. 

con-venio,  -Ire,  veni,  -ventus 
[com-,  together;  venio,  come], 
COME  together,  assemble;  con- 
venit,  it  is  agreed  upon. 

conventus,  -us,  m.  [com-Vven-, 
COME  together],  meeting  ;  court. 

con-verto,  -ere,  -ti,  -sus  [com-, 
intens.;  vert5,  turn],  turn  about, 
change  the  direction  of,  reverse  : 
conversa  signa  inferre,  to  face 
about  and  advance  against. 

conviviam,  -ii,  n.  [convlva-  (st. 
of  convlva),  table  companion], 
eating  together  ;  banquet. 

eon-voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-, 
together  ;  voco,  call],  call  together, 
call,  convoke,  assemble. 

copia,  -ae,  v., abundance,  supply ; 
in  pL,  supplies,  stores,  wealth,  re- 
sources, numbers;  troops,  forces. 

copiosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [copiu- 
(st.  of  c5piae),  wealth],  abound- 
ing in  wealth,  well  supplied, 
rich. 

copula,  -ae,  F.,  grapnel  hook  (by 
which  vessels  were  fastened  to- 
gether in  battle). 

cor,  cordis,  n.,  heart. 

Corinthus,  -I,  f.,  Corinth  (com- 
mercial city  of  Peloponnesus  on 
the  isthmus  of  Corinth). 

coruu,  -us,  N.,  iiouN;  (of  an 
army)  wing. 

corpus,  -oris,  n.,  body. 


258 


cor-runipo 


currus 


cor-rumpo,  -ere,  -rupi,  -ruptus 
[com-,  completely ;  riimpd,  break'], 
destroy ;  (of  an  opportunity)  sacri- 
fice. 

cor-ruo, -ere, -ui  [com-,  together; 
ruo,  faW],  fall  together,  fall  icith 
a  crash,  tumble  down,  fall. 

cottidianus  or  eotidianus,  -a, 
-um,  adj.  [st.  cottidi-  (iucottidie), 
every  day],  belonging  to  every  day, 
daily. 

cottidie  or  cotidie,  adv.  [loc. 
fm.  of  quot,  HOW  many ;  loc.or abl. 
fm.  of  dies,  day],  (on  as  many 
days  as  tliere  are,  and  so)  daily. 

Cotus,  -1,  M.,  Cotus  (a  prominent 
Aeduan) . 

Crassus,  -T,  m.,  Publius  Licinius 
Crassus  (one  of  Caesar's  lieuten- 
ants). 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  adj.,  fre- 
quent, numerous. 

crebro,  adv.  [n.  abl.  of  creber, 
frequent],  often,  frequently,  many 
times. 

credibilis,  -e,  adj.  [base  cred- 
(in  credo),  believe],  worthy  of  be- 
lief, credible. 

credo,  -ere,  -did!,  -ditus  (w.  ace. 
and  dat.)  intrust;  (w.  dat.  pers.) 
trust,  believe,  put  confidence  in., 
take  the  advice  of;  (w.  ace.  and 
inf.,  or  abs.)  believe,  suppose. 

cremo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  consume 
by  fire,  burn. 

creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  make., 
choose,  elect. 

cresco,  -ere,  crevT,  cretus  [Vcre-, 
make;  conn.  w.  creo],  (begin  to 
make  itself,  and  so)  come  forth, 
grow,  increase,  become  great. 

Creta,  -ae,  v.,  Crete  (island  in 
the  Mediterranean). 

crimen,  -inis,  n,  [\fcri-,  sift], 
(that  which  sifts,  and  so)  judicial 
decision;  accusation,  charge,  re- 
proach. 

crimiiiosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [cri- 
min-  (st.  of  crimen),  reproach], 
reproachfid. 

cruciatus,  -lis,  M.[cruciri-(st.  of 
crxxcib),  torture],  torture,  torment. 


crudelis,  -e,  adj.,  cruel. 

crudelitas,  -atis,  f.  [crudeli- 
(st.  of  crudelis),  crt/e/],  cruelty. 

crudeliter,  adv.  [crudeli-  (st. 
of  crMelis),  cruel],  cruelly. 

culpa,  -ae,  v.,  fault,  blame. 

cultus,  -us,  M.  [Vcol-,  till],  till- 
ing, cultivation,  labor;  mode  of 
life,  condition  as  to  civilization; 
civilization,  culture. 

cum,  prep.  w.  abl.,  ivith ;  cum 
is  appended  enclitically  to  the 
abl.  of  pers.  and  rel.  prons. ;  as, 
vobisciim,  with  you. 

cum,  conj.  [for  quom,  ace.  fm. 
of  pron.  St.  quo-,  WHic/i],  at  winch 
time,  WHEN,  wiiEsever ;  since,  in- 
asmuch as,  as;  though,  although. 

cumulo,  -are,  -fivi,  -atus  [cumu- 
lo-  (st.  of  cumulus),  heap],  gather 
into  a  heap,  augment  (by  piling:  up). 

cunctatio, -ouis,  f.  [cuncta-  (st. 
of  cunctor),  delay],  delaying,  de- 

cunctus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [con- 
tracted fr.  conjunctus,  perf.  part, 
of  conjungo.  yoke  together],  (all 
united  into  one  body,  and  so) 
vjhole,  entire,  all;  n.  pi.  used 
subst.,  all  things,  everything. 

cupide,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  cupi- 
diis,  desirous,  eager],  eagerly,  ar- 
dently. 

cupiditas,  -atis,  f.  [cupido-  (st. 
of  cupidus) ,  desirous] ,  desire,  long- 
ing;  passionate  or  covetous  desire. 

cupidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [conn.  w. 
cupio,  desire],  desirous. 

cupio,  -ere,  -ivT  (-ii),  -itus,  de- 
sire ;  vnsh  icell  to. 

cur,  adv.  [=  old  fm.  quor  (for 
*qiiar),  fr.  qua  re,  because  ofwiiich 
or  wnAt  thing],  why,  wuErefore. 

cura,  -ae,  r.,  anxiety,  solicitude, 
care,' concern. 

euro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [cura-  (st. 
of  cura),  care],  take  care. 

curriculum,  -T,  n.  [base  curr- 
(in  curro),  run],  running ;  course. 

currus,  -lis,  M.  [base  curr-  (in 
curro),  run],  (that  which  runs, 
and  so)  chariot,  triumphal  car. 


custwlia 


de-fero 


259 


custmlia,  -ae.  F.  [custod-  (st. 
of  custds),  f/uard],  (fuardianship, 
protection  ;  in  pi.,  guards. 

cust^idio,  -Ire,  -ivT  or  -ii,  -itus 
[custod-  (St.  of  custos),  guard~\, 
'jitnrd,  watch  over. 

c  us  tos,  -odis,  c . ,  guard,  guardia  n . 

D. 

dainno,  -ilrc,  -iivT, -atus  [damno- 
(st.  of  daiiinum),  loss],inHict  loss 
upon,  harm,  damage;  condemn. 

de,  prep.  w.  abl.,  (of  place)  doicn 
from,  from;  (of  time)  in,  during, 
about :  de  t<»rtia  vigllia,  in  the 
THIRD  WATCH ;  (of  the  cause  from 
which  a  thiiiij  proceeds)  for:  qua 
de  causa,/or  wuicJi  reason, so;  (of 
the  subject  of  tliought,  discussion, 
etc.)  of,  ahoxd,  concerning,  upon, 
over;  niereri  de,  to  deserve  at 
the  hands  of;  contendere  de,  to 
stHve  or  contend  for. 

<lebeo,  -ere,  -buT,  -bitus  [de, 
'rom;  habeo,  have~\,  (have  from 
.•mother,  mid  so)  owe,  he  under 
obligation,  ought. 

de-cedo,  -ere,  -cessT,  -cessum 
[de, /rom;  cedo,  go'},  imthdraio, 
depart  from,  depart ;  die,  decease. 

decoMi,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  ten. 

decent  et  novem  or  decern  no- 
vem,    indecl.    num.    adj.,    nine- 

1  KKX. 

de-oerno,   -ere,   -crevT,   -cretus 
[de,  from,  out ;   cernd,  separate, 
sift],  (sift  or  separate,  as  the  true 
from   the    false,   the    important 
from  the  unimportant,  etc.,  and 
8o)  decide;  (jjive  official  expres- 
sion to  one's  decision,   aud  so) 
'f'.  decree;  appoint. 
de-certo,  -are,  -avT,  -Stus   [de, 
iiiLens.,  and  so  to  the  end,  out; 
^ri6,jlght],  fight  it  out,  fight,  con- 
ffnd. 
decet,  -ere, -cult,  impers.  [Vdec-, 
'<em;    conn.  w.  decus,  Corneli- 
as, and  dlffnus,  xnorthy"},  it  is  he- 
iiiing,  it  is  proper. 
declma  for  deeiinia,  -ac,  v.  (usn. 
in  pi.)  [fem.  of  decimns,  iv.sth 


(sc.  pars,  part)], Tithe  (tax  levied 
on  landholders  in  the  Roman 
provinces). 

decimus,  -a,  -um,  ord.  num.  adj. 
[decern,  ten],  Tv.sth. 

decipi5,  -ere,  -cepT,  -ceptus  [de, 
giving?  a  bad  sense  to  the  verb; 
capio,  take  (cf.  the  English  *  take 
in')],  deceive. 

de-clino,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [de, 
from;  *clTno,  bend},  turn  aside 
from,  and  so  hare  recourse  to. 

declivis,  -e,  adj.  [de-clivo-  (st. 
of  clivus,  hill),  down  hill},  slop- 
ing. 

decretum,  -i,  n.  [n.  perf .  part, 
of  decerno,  decide,  decree,  used 
subst.],  (what  has  been  decided 
or  decreed,  aud  so)  official  decis- 
ion, decree,  ordinance. 

decus,  -oris,  n.  [Vdec-,  esteem; 
conn.  w.  decet,  it  is  becoming,  and 
dignus,  worthy},  comeliness;  or- 
nament; honor;  DiGnity  of  be- 
havior. 

de-decus,  -oris,  n.  [de,  w.  neg. 
force;  decus,  honor},  di.'fhonor, 
disgrace,  infamy;  act  of  baseness, 
deed  of  infamy. 

de-do,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus  [de, 
from,  away,  up;  do,  give},  give 
up,  surrender,  devote. 

de-duc6,  -ere,  -dfixT,  -ductus 
[de,/ro7n,  away ;  dilcd,  lead},  lead 
out,  withdraw,  carry  off,  bring 
down,  bring  away,  recall. 

de-fatig;b,  -are,  -fivi,  -atus  [de, 
intcns.,  utterly,  out ;  fatigo,  ipeary}, 
tire  out,  exhaust. 

de-fendo,  -ere,  -fendi,  -fensus 
[de,  from,  off;  ♦fcndo,  strike, 
thrust},  ward  off,  repel;  defend, 
protect.  ^ 

defSnsfS,  -dnis,  f.  [de-v'fend-, 
thrust  ofr\,  (thrusting  off  assail- 
ants, and  so)  defence. 

defensor,  -oris,  m.  [de-Vfend-, 
thrxist  off},  (thrnster  off  of  assail- 
ants, and  so)  defender. 

de-fer5,  -ferre,  -tulT,  -liitus  [de, 
from;  fero,  mung},  wning  from, 
and  so  report. 


260 


de-ficio 


desipiens 


de-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [de, 
from,  off;  facio,  make],  (make  off, 
break  loose  from,  and  so)  for- 
sake, desert,  abandon  ;  fail,  cease, 
he  wanting. 

de-fugio,  -ere,  -fugi  [de,  from; 
f  iigio,  flee],  flee  from,  avoid,  shun. 

de-icio  (pronounced:  dejicio), 
-ere,  -jeci,  -jectus  [de,  doivn  ;  jacio, 
throw],  throw  down,  cast  down; 
unhorse  ;  disappoint. 

dein-ceps,  adv.  [dein  (abridged 
fra.  of  deinde),  thereafter,  next; 
v'cap-,  take],  (taking  place  next, 
and  so)  in  succession. 

de-leo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus  [de, 
from,  out;  *leo,  for  which,  lino, 
smear,  blot],  blot  out.,  obliterate; 
destroy. 

de-libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de, 
intens.,  ivell,  thoroughly ;  *libero 
(cf.  librS,  balance)],  weigh  well, 
weigh,  deliberate. 

delictum,  -i,  n.  [u.  perf .  part, 
of  delinqiio,  transgress,  used 
subst.],  transgression,  offence. 

de-ligo, -ere,  -legl,  -lectus  [de, 
from,  out;  lego,  gather,  pick], 
pick  out,  select,  choose. 

dementia,  -ae,  f.  [dementi-  (st. 
of  demens),  out  of  one's  senses, 
mad],  madness,  folly. 

de-minuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus  [de, 
fi-om,  away;  minuo,  make  less, 
lessen].,  lessen  by  taking  away, 
diminish,  take  away. 

de-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus 
lde,down ;  mitto,  cast],  cast  down. 

demum,  adv.  [superl.  fm.  of  de, 
down,  from] ,  (downmost,  farthest 
from,  and  so)  at  last,  at  length. 

denarius,  -ii,  m.  [masc.  of  adj. 
denarius,  containing  ten  (sc.  num- 
mus,  coi7i)],  (coin  containing 
[originally]  ten  asses)  denarius 
(a  Roman  silver  coin  equivalent 
in  value  to  about  IG  cents). 

densus,  -a,  -uin,  adj.,  dense. 

de-pello, -ere,  -pull,  -pulsus  [de, 
from,  away;  pello,  drive],  drive 
away,  avert. 

de-poDo,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus 


[de,  away,  aside  ;  pbnb,place,put'], 
put  or  lay  aside,  drop. 

de-populor,  -ari,  -atus  [de, 
intens.,  utterly;  populor,  lay 
icaste],  lay  waste  utterly,  lay  waste, 
ravage. 

deprecator,  -oris,  M.  [depreca- 
(st.  of  deprecor) ,  pray  away,  avert 
by  prayer],  (one  who  averts  a 
threatened  evil  by  entreaty,  and 
so)  intercessor. 

de-primo,-ere,  -press!,  -pressus 
[de,  down;  prem5,  press],  press 
down,  depress,  sink. 

de-rogo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [de, 
denoting  withdrawal  or  reversal 
of  action;  rog5,  (of  a  law)  pro- 
pose for  enactment],  (withdraw  a 
proposal  for  enactment,  and  so) 
repeal  (applied  to  part  of  a  law)  ; 
take  away,  withdraw,  withhold. 

de-scendo,-ere,-scendi,-scensus 
{(\.Q,  down ;  scando,  climb],  climb 
down,  descend ;  have  recourse,  re- 
sort. 

de-scisco,  -ere,  -scTvi  (-ii), 
-scltum  [de,  denoting  withdrawal 
or  reversal  of  action ;  scisco,  ap- 
prove, assent],  (withhold  assent, 
and  so)  withdraiv,  revolt. 

de-sero,  -ere,  -ruT,  -rtus  [de,  de- 
noting withdrawal  or  reversal  of 
action;  sero, join],  desert,  aban- 
don. 

deserter,  -oris,  isr.  [de-v'ser-,  de- 
sert], deserter. 

deslderium,  -ii,  n.,  longing,  re- 
gret (for  the  absence  of  something 
needed). 

desidia,  -ae,  f.  [desid-  (st.  of 
*dese&,  gen.  -idis),  idle],  idleness, 
inactivity. 

designatus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part, 
of  designo,  designate,  elect],  elect- 
ed, elect  (term  applied  to  a  person 
already  elected  to  an  office,  but 
not  yet  inaugurated). 

de-silio,  -Ire,  -lu!  [de,  down; 
salio,  leap] ,  leap  dotcn. 

desipiens,  -entis  [p.  a.  of  de- 
sipio,  be  childish],  childish,  in 
one's  dotage. 


de-sisto 


di-mitto 


261 


de-sisto,  -ere,  -stiti  [tie,  from, 
off;  sisto,  STAndJ,  desist;  (w. 
abl.)  desist  (from),  abandon. 

de-spero,  -are,  -fivi,  -atus  [cle, 
\v.  neg.  force;  spero,  hopel,  de- 
spair. 

de-spicio,  -ere,  -spexl,  -spectus 
[de,  down;  specio,  look],  look 
down  upon,  despise. 

de-spolio,  -iire,  -fivi,  -atus  [de, 
iuteus. ;  spolid,  strip,  rob],  strip, 
rob,  despoil. 

destino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  make 

/'(St_^ 

de-sum,  deessc,  defui  [de, 
from;  sum,  be],  bk  wanting,  fail, 
desert,  abandon. 

desuper,  adv.  [de,  from  ;  super, 
aho\Y.],  from  a?>ovE. 

de-terreo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus  [de, 
from,  off;  terreo,  frighten],  fright- 
en off,  deter. 

de-traho,  -ere,  -traxi,  -tractus 
[de,/ro7/i,  off;  traho,  draw^,  witli- 
draw,  take  away,  seize,  snatch. 

detritnentum,  -i,  N.  [de-Vtri-, 
ritb  away],  (result  of  rubbing 
away,  and  so)  loss,  damage,  detri- 
ment. 

deus,  -T,  M.  [conn.  w.  dies],  god, 
deity. 

de-voveo,  ■  -ere,  -vovl,  -votus 
[de,  iuteus. ;  voveo,  promise  sol- 
emnly, vow],  solemnly  promise  to 
sarrijice,  devote,  vow. 

dexter,  (-tera)  -tra,  (-terum) 
trum,  adj.,  right. 

dico,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [as  if  fr. 
St.  dico-,  found  only  in  com- 
pounds, a.s  veridicus,  truth-tell- 
ing;  conn.  w.  dico],  (or Ig. ) /)ro- 
cUiim ;  (usu.)  give  up,  devote,  ded- 
icate. 

dico,  -ere,  dixT,  dlctus  [Vdic-, 
"int  out,  show],  say,  express,  give 

/iression  to,  tell,  talk  of,  men- 
tion; call,  name;  Jus  dicere,  <o 
administer  justice  ;  pauca  dicere, 
'"  speak  briefly. 

dictator,  -oris,  m.  [dicta-  (st. 
t  dicto),  prescribe,  dictate],  dic- 
tator. 


dictum,  -I,  N.  [perf.  part,  of 
dico,  say,  used  subst.],  what  is 
said,  saying;  word  of  command, 
order. 

dies,  -ei  (-ei,  -e),  M.  (sometimes 
V.  in  sing.)  [conn.  w.  deus],  day  ; 
time. 

dif-fero,  diflerre,  distull,  dilatus 
[dis-,  in  different  directions  ;  fero, 
beak]  ,  carry  in  different  directions ; 
differ  (this  meaning  appears  to  be 
confined  to  the  pres.  system). 

dif-ficilis,  -e,  adj.  [dis-,  w.  neg. 
force;  facilis,  easy],  hard,  diffi- 
cult. 

difflcultas,-atis,  f.  [difficuli-  (st. 
of  difticul,  old  form  of  difhcilis), 
difficult],  difficulty. 

dignitas,  -atis,  r.  [digno-  (st.  of 
diguus),  worthy],  icorth,  dignity; 
standing,  position. 

dignus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  icorthy. 

diligens,  -entis,  adj.  [p.  a.  of 
dlligo,  esteem],  (esteeming,  and 
so)  devoted  (to),  attentive,  diligent. 

diligenter,  adv.  [diligent-  (st. 
of  diligens),  attentive],  attentively ; 
thoroughly;  diligeiitius  cogiio- 
scere,  to  gain  a  more  accurate 
KXOw/etZr/e  of. 

dlligentia,  -ae,  f.  [diligeut-  (st. 
of  diligens),  attentive],  careful- 
ness, attentiveness,  diligence. 

di-ligo,  -ere,  -lexi,  -lectus  [dis-, 
apart;  lego,  choose],  (show  one's 
esteem  for  an  object  by  choosing 
it  in  preference  to  others,  and  so) 
esteem  highly,  love. 

di-mico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [dis-, 
implying  two  contestants,  and 
so  against ;  mico,  dart  to  and  fro], 
(dart  to  and  fro  against,  and  so) 
contend. 

dimicliuni,  -11,  n.  [n.  of  adj. 
dimidlus,  half,  used  subst. ;  fr. 
dis-,  in  TWO  aud  medius,  mii)1>/c], 
half 

di-mitto,  -ere,  -raisi,  -missus 
[dis-,  in  different  directions ;  mltto, 
send],  (send  In  dlflerent  direc- 
tions, and  so)  d/smiaa,  disband, 
break  tfp,  dissolve  ;  forego,  lose. 


262 


Oio 


domus 


Dio  or  Dion,  -onis,  m.,  Dion 
(emineut  Syracusan,  l)rother-in- 
law  of  l^ionysius  1.,  and  friend 
of  Plato;  assassinated  B.C.  353). 

Dionysius,  -il,  m.,  Dionysius  (1. 
the  elder,  tyrant  of  Syracuse  B.C. 
405-367;  2.  the  younger,  tyrant 
of  Syracuse  B.C.  367-343). 

Dis,  -Itis,  M.  [conn.  w.  deus  and 
dies].  Dis  (the  god  of  the  under 
world),  Pluto. 

dis-cedo,  -ere,  -cessT,  -cessum 
[dis-,  apart;  cedo,  ^/o],  (jo  apart, 
icithdraw,  depart,  disperse  :  disce- 
dere  ab,  desert,  abandon :  disce- 
dere  ab  armis,  to  lay  down  one's 
arms. 

disciplina,  -ae,  F.  [discipulo- 
(st.  of  discipuUis),  lear7ier'],  in- 
struction, tuition;  system  (e.g., 
the  Druidical  system),  DOC^rmes, 
discipline. 

discipulus,  -1,  M.  [conn.  w. 
disco,  learn'],  learner,  pupil. 

disco,  -ere,  didici  [inceptive  fr. 
Vdic-,  point  out,  show'] ,  (begin  to 
point  out,  and  so)  learn;  study, 
receive  instruction. 

dis-curro,  -ere,  -curri  or  -cu- 
currT,  -curkum  [dis-,  in  different 
directions ;  curro,  run] ,  run  in  dif- 
ferent directions,  scatter,  disperse. 

dis-lcio  (pronounced:  disjicio), 
-ere,  -jecT,  -jectus  [dis-,  asunder, 
in  pieces;  jacio,  throio],  lay  in 
ruins,  raze,  destroy. 

dis-pono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus 
[dis-,  apart,  at  intervals;  pono, 
place] ,  station  at  intervals. 

dis-puto,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [dis-, 
separately, in  detail ;  puto,  reckon] , 
reckon  in  detail  or  by  items;  ex- 
amine, discuss. 

dissensio,  -onis,  f.  [dis-,  apart, 
at  variance  ;  base  sent-(in  sentio) , 
perceive,  feel],  disagreement,  dis- 
sension, discord. 

dis-sero,  -ere,-ui,  disertus(adj.) 
[dis-,  at  intervals  ;  ser5,  jom,  bind 
together],  (arrange  Avords  in  con- 
nected discourse,  and  so)  1.  tr., 
discuss;  2.  intr.,  discourse,  talk. 


dis-tiueo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus  [dis-, 
asunder ;  teneo,  keep],  keep  asun- 
der, keep  apart. 

din,  adv.  [conn.  w.  dies,  day, 
time],  for  a  long  time,  long.  Comp., 
diutius, /or  a  longer  time,  longer; 
for  too  long  a  time,  too  long. 

diversus,  -a,  -um  [perf .  part,  of 
divcrtd,  t^irn  in  different  direc- 
tions] ,  oj)posed. 

Divico,  -onis,  M.,  Divico  (a 
prominent  Helvetian;  defeated 
Lucius  Cassius  Longinus  B.C.  107; 
Avas  ambassador  to  Caesar  B.C. 
58). 

divido,  -ere,  -vTs!,  -visus,  divide, 
separate. 

divinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [divo-  (st. 
of  divus),  f/ocZ],  pertaining  to  the 
gods,  divine,  sacred. 

divisus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part,  of 
divido,  divide],  divided. 

Divitiacus,  -T,  m.,  Divitiacus  (1. 
chief  of  the  Aeduans  and  brother 
of  Dumnorix;  2.  chief  of  the 
Suessiones). 

divitiae,  -arum,  f.  [divit-  (st.  of 
dives),  rich],  riches,  wealth. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus  [Vda-,  give], 
give,  awards  assign,  afford,  allow, 
grant. 

doceo,  -ere,  -cm,  -ctus  [v/doc-, 
show,  teach;  conn.  w.  disco  and 
dico],  TEACH,  instruct,  shovj,  de- 
clare, tell,  point  out. 

doctor,  -oris,  m.  [Vdoc-,  teach], 

TEACHer. 

doctus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  doceo, 
teach],  learned. 

doleo,  -ere,  -uT  [conn.  w.  dolor, 
q.  v.],  feel  pain;  grieve  for,  be 
afflicted  at. 

dolor,  -oris,  m.  [Vdol-,  teak, 
split;  conn.  w.  doleo,  feel  pain], 
pain ;  mortification. 

dolus,  -1,  M.,  deceit,  treachery. 

domesticus,  -a,  -um  [conn.  w. 
domus,  house,  home],  domestic, 
native,  private. 

dominus,  -i,  M.,  master,  lord. 

domus,  -us,  f.  [v/dom-,  build], 
(that  which  is  built,  and  so)  house, 


dos 


eloquens 


263 


houK. ;  family,  household,'  domi 
(loc.),  <((  home,  in  peace;  doin5 
Tabl. ) ,  from  home. 

dos,  Vldtis,  F.  [Vdo-,  give'],  dowry, 
ia(irri(tge  portion. 

Druides,  -uni,  M.,Z7rw/</s(priests 
of  the  Gauls). 

dubito,  -are,  -avi,-atiis[conn.\t. 
(Uibiiis,  doubffnf],  doubt;  hesitate. 

dubius,  -a.  -urn,  adj.  [conn.  w. 
duo,  two],  doubtful. 

duoenti,  -ae,  -a  [st.  of  duo,  two  ; 
St.  of  centum,  HUNpret?],  two 
uv  sored. 

duco,  -ere,  duxT,  ductus,  lead, 

in(j,  take,  escort ;  ordinein  dfi- 
tere,  to  command  a  century,  to  be 
a  centurion;  put  off,  delay;  con- 
sider, hold,  acAiount,  reckon,  deem. 

ductor,  -oris,  m.  [Vdue-,  lead], 

iider,  commanding  oj^er. 

dulcis,  -e,  adj.,  sweet;  aqua 
dulcis,  fresh  loater. 

duiii,  conj.,  while,  as  long  as; 
jiroviiled,  if  only  ;  until. 

dummodo,  conj.  [dum,  as  long 
as,  provided;  modo,  only],  pro- 
vided only,  if  only. 

Dumnacus,  -i,  M.,  Dumnacus 
leader  of  the  Andes,  a  tribe  in 

•  Itic  (iaul,  north  of  the  Loire). 

Duinnorix,  -i^is,  m.,  Dumnorix 
prominent  Aeduan,  brother  of 
Dlvitlacus). 

duo,  -ae,  -o,  num.  adj.,  two. 

duodeidin,  iudecl.  num.  adj. 
[duo,  TWO ;  deeem,  tkn],  TWKLve. 

diiodeciniuH, -a,  -um,  ord.  num. 
adj.[(hiodecim,TWKLVf!],TWKLFif/i. 

duocleni,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num. 
idj.  [duo,  TWO ;  deni,  tk.n  apiece'], 
1  WKi.v/'  apiece. 

diirUia,  -ae,  F.  [dura-  (st.  of 
•  1 11  rus) ,  hard] ,  hardness  ;  rigorous 
mode  of  life;  hardship. 

dux,  duels,  c.    [Vduc-,   lead], 

ader,  guide,  conductor. 

K. 
e,  see  ex. 

Kburones, -tun,  M.,lhc£burones 
tribe  in  Belgic  Gaol). 


e-dlsco,  -ere,  -didici  [ex,  thor- 
oughly;  disco,  learn],  learn  by 
heart. 

e-do,  -ere,  -did!,  -ditus  [ex, 
forth;  do,  give,  p^it],  put  forth, 
bring  forth,  produce;  publish;  (of 
punishment)  execute,  inflict. 

e-doceo,  -ere,  -cuT,  -ctus  [ex, 
thoroughly  ;  doceo,  teach] ,  tkacmi 
thoroughly,  inform  in  detail,  train 
thoroughly  in,  set  forth  in  detail. 

e-duco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus 
[ex,  forth,  out;  duco,  lead],  lead 
out  or  forth  ;  (of  swords)  draw. 

ef-fero,  efferre,  extull,  elatus 
[ex,  forth,  out;  ferd,  \u\ing], 
BRing  forth  ;  Bii/nr/  out,  publish. 

ef-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [ex, 
out,  completely;  facio,  make], 
work  out,  accomplish,  bring  to 
pass,  cause,  produce,  make,  render, 
form. 

ef-flagito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ex, 
intens. ;  Mg'ito,  demandurgently], 
demand  with  earnestness.,  impor- 
tune for. 

ef-fugio,  -ere,  -fugi  [ex,  forth, 
away;  in^^ib,  flee^,  escape. 

eirugium,  -ii,  N.  [ex-v'fu^-,  flee 
from,  escape],  flight ;  means  of  es- 
cape. 

egeo,  -ere,  egui,  lack,  need,  re- 
quire. 

ego,  gen.  mei,  pers.  pron.,  I; 
mlhi  (dat.  of  ref.)  in  my  eyes. 

e-gredior,  -i,-gressus  [ex,  forth  ; 
gradior,  step.,  walk],  go  or  come 
forth  or  out,  withdraw. 

egregius,  -a,  -um,adj.[e-greg(e) 
(abl.  of  grex,  herd),  out  of  the 
herd],  (out  of  the  common  herd, 
and  so)  eminent,  illustrious, 

e-lcio  (pronounced:  ejicio), 
-ere,  -jecT,  -jectus  [ex, /or//i;  jacio, 
cast],  cast  forth  or  out,  drive  out, 
expel;  se  eioere  In  (w.  ace),  to 
make  a  raid  on. 

ejus  modi  or  ejusinodi  [is, 
that,  such ;  mo(Uis,  manner,  kind], 
of  such  a  kind,  such. 

eloquens,  -entis  [p.  a.  of  clo- 
quor,  speak  out],  eloquent. 


264 


e-mitto 


ex-clpio 


e-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus 
[ex,  forth,  out;  inittd,  send,  let 
go'\,  send  out,  let  loose. 

emo,  -ere,  emi,  emptus  [Vem-, 
take'],  (orig.  meaning,  take;  cf. 
adimo  and  sumo),  buy. 

Eiiipedocles,  -is,  M.,  Empedo- 
cles  (natural  philosopher  of  Agri- 
gentum  in  Sicily;  flourished 
about  the  middle  of  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, B.C.). 

eniin,  conj.  [strengthened  fm. 
of  nam,  /or]  (placed  after  the  first 
word,  or  after  two  or  more  closely 
connected  words) ,  indeed,  in  fact, 
for. 

Ennius,  -il,  m.,  Quintus  Ennius 
(the  father  of  Koman  epic  poet- 
ry; lived  289-169  B.C.). _ 

e-nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex, 
out,  openly ;  nfiutio,  declare'],  di- 
vulge, report. 

eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum  [Vei-,  T-, 
or  i-,  go],  go,  depart ;  die. 

eo,  adv.  [case  fm.  of  pron.  is, 
that],  to  that  place,  thither. 

eodem,  adv.  [case  fm.  of  idem, 
the  same;  cf.  eo], to  the  same  place. 

eques,  -itis,  m.  [equo-  (st.  of 
equus),  horse],  horseman;  in  pi., 
horsemen,  horse;  knight  (the 
knights  constituted  an  order  in 
Rome  intermediate  in  rank  be- 
tween the  patricians  and  the  ple- 
beians). 

equester, -tris,  -tre,  adj.  [equit- 
(st.  of  eques),  horseman],  pertain- 
ing to  cavalry,  cavalry  (adj.). 

equitatus,  -us,  M.  [equita-  (st. 
ofequito),  ride],  riding;  cavalry. 

equito,  -are,  -avi,  -atura  [equit- 
(st.  of  eques),  horseman],  (be  a 
horseman  or  act  as  a  horseman, 
and  so)  ride. 

equus,  -1,  M.,  hoj'se. 

erga,  prep.  w.  ace,  towards. 

ergo,  adv.,  therefore,  then. 

e-rigo,  -ere,  -rexi,  -rectus  [ex, 
from  below,  up;  rego,  make 
straight],  erect,  raise. 

e-ripio,  -ere,  -ripui,  -reptus  [ex, 
from,   away;    rapio,  seize],  take 


away  by  force,  seize,  wrest,  deprive. 

erro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, ^wander ; 
err,  be  mistaken. 

e-rumpo,  -ere,  -riipi,  -ruptus 
[ex,  forth ;  rumpo,  burst,  break], 
break  forth,  make  a  sally. 

eruptio,-onis,  F.  [e-s/rup-,  break 
^rth],  (breaking  forth,  and  so) 
sally,  sortie. 

essedum,  -i,  n.  [Celtic  word], 
two-wheeled  war  chariot  (used  by 
the  Gauls  and  Britons). 

et,  conj.  (for  distinction  be- 
tween et  and  other  conjunctions 
meaning  and,  see  '  and '  in  the 
English-Latin  vocabulary),  and; 
et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  .  and. 

etlam,  conj,  [et,  arid ;  jam,  now, 
furthermore],  also,  even. 

etiam  si  or  etiamsi,  conj. 
[etiam,  even;  sT,  if],  even  if,  even 
though,  although. 

e-voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex, 
forth;  voco,  call],  call  forth, 
summon. 

ex  or  e,  prep.  w.  abl.  (for  dis- 
tinction between  ex  and  other 
prepositions  meaning  from,  see 
'from'  in  the  English-Latin  vo- 
cabulary), out  of,  from;  (by  dif- 
ference of  idiom)  on  :  ex  itinere, 
on  the  march;  (after  a  supeii.) 
in;  by  reason  of,  because  of,  in 
conformity  with. 

ex-agito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ex, 
forth,  out;  agito,  di'ive  violently], 
drive  violently  forth ;  harass,  dis- 
quiet. 

exanimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
animo-  (st.  of  exanimus),  lifeless], 
(make  lifeless,  and  so)  deprive  of 
life ;  in  pass.,  perish. 

ex-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus 
\qx,  forth,  out ;  cedo,  go],  go  forth, 
withdraw,  depart. 

ex-cello,  -ere,  excelsus  (adj.) 
[ex.,  from  below,  up  ;  *cello,  raise], 
1.  tr.,  raise  up;  2.  intr.,  rise;  be 
prominent  or  distinguished,  excel. 

ex-clpio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [ex, 
from,  out;  capio,  take],  take  out ; 
except;  capture;  intercept. 


ex-cito 


exterus 


265 


ex-cito,  -are,  -avi,  -fitus  [ex, 
''irth,  out;  cito,  cdll],  call  forth, 

imulate,  excite,  rouse. 

ex-clamo,  -are,  -avI,  -situs  [ex, 
out;  clamo,  call^,  call  out. 

ex-cludo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus  [ex, 
out;  claudo,  shiit],  shut  out,  ex- 
clude. 

ex-crucio,  -iire,  -avT,  -atus  [ex, 
inteus. ;  crucio,  torture],  torture 
excessively,  torture. 

ex-cuso,  -are,  -avT,  -iitus  [ex, 
from;  causa,  charge  (tlirough 
*caus6 ;  cf.  causor)],  release  from 
a  ch(ir<je,  excuse  ;  se  excusare,  to 
apologize. 

exempjum,  -T,  N,  [ex-Vera-,  take 
out],  (what  is  taken  out  to  serve 
as  a  sample,  and  so)  copy,  image; 
example,  precedent;  punishment 
intficted  by  way  of  warning. 

ex-eo,  -Ire,  -il  (-ivi)  -itus  [ex, 
"Xt;  eo,  go],  go  out,  go  away,  go 
''>rth. 

ex-erceo,  -ere,  -cui,  -citus  [ex, 
j'rth,  on;  arceo,  drive],  drive  on, 
keep  busy,  exercise,  train. 

exercitatio,  -ouis,  F.  [exercita- 
(st.  of  exercito) ,  exercise  frequent- 
ly, practise],  practice,  experience. 

exercitus,  -us,  m.  [exerce-  (st. 
of  exerceo),  train],  (lit.,  training, 
and  so,  used  concretely)  a  trained 
body  of  men,  an  army. 

ex-haurio,  -Ire,  -hausl,  -haustus 
[ex,  out  of,  off;  haurio,  draw, 
drain],  drain  off. 

eximius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ex-Vem-, 
t'lke  out],  (taken  out  of  the  com- 
mon herd,  and  so)  exceptional, 
extraordinary,  especial. 

ex-i.stimo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ex, 
lit;   aestimo,  reckon  or  think], 

"lue,  reckon;  consider,  think, 
'I  rem. 

ex-opto,  -are,  -avi,  -Etus  [ex, 
i  II tens. ;  opto,  desire"},  desire  eam- 
'  stly,  long  for. 

expedio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -Ii,   -Itus 

'  x-pcd-  (st.  of  pes,  foot),  foot- 

,'rce],   (make   foot-free,  and  so) 

M/tFETTer,   extricate t   disentangle. 


set  free;  (reflexively)  take  care 
of  itself. 

expeditns,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  cx- 
pedio,  disentangle],  unincumbered, 
free  from  obstructions. 

ex-pello,  -ere,  -pull,  -pulsus  [ex, 
out;  pello,  drive],  drive  out,  ex- 
pel, banish. 

ex-perior,  -irl,  -pertus  [ex-Vper-, 
penetrate  or  test  thoroughly,  cf. 
comperio],  test  thoroughly,  try, 
make  trial  of,  make  tnal,  measure 
strength  with. 

ex-pleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus  [ex, 
completely  ;  *  ple5,  fill],  fill  up, 
complete. 

explorator,  -oris,  M.  [expldra- 
(st.  of  exploro),  search  out], 
searcher  out,  explorer ;  scout. 

ex-pono,  -ere,  -posul,  -positus 
[ex,  forth;  pono,  put,  set],  set 
forth,  explain,  point  out. 

ex-pugno,  -are,  -fivi,  -jltus  [ex, 
oiit,  to  the  end;  pfigno,  fight], 
(fight  to  the  end,  and  so)  take  by 
assault. 

ex-sequor,  -I,  -cutus  [ex,  out, 
to  the  end;  sequor,  follow],  follow 
to  the  end ;  execute,  maintain. 

exsilium,  -ii,  n.  [exsul-  (st.  of 
exsul),  exile],  being  an  exile,  han- 
ishjnent,  exile. 

ex-specto,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [ex, 
forth,  out;  specto,  look],  look  for, 
look  forward  to,  await,  wait  for ; 
wait ;  wait  to  see. 

ex-stinguo,  -ere,  -nxi,  -nctus 
[ex,  completely  ;  stinf^uo,  quench], 
quench  completely ;  extinguish ; 
annihilate. 

ex-sto,  -are  [ex,  out;  sto, 
»T\nd],  RTAnd  out.,  be  conspicu- 
ous ;  be  extant. 

ex-struo,  -ere,  -struxi,  -struc- 
tus  [ex,  from  below,  up;  struo, 
build],  heap  up,  raise,  construct. 

ex-sul,  -Is,  c,  exile. 

ex-8iilto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [ex, 
from  below, up ;  nalto, leap,  dance], 
leap  up ;  revel,  exult. 

♦exterus,  -tera,  -terura,  adj. 
[comp.  ftn.   fr.   ex,  out],  on  the 


266 


extermino 


ferax 


outer  side,  on  the  outside.  Superl., 
extremus,  -a,  -um,  last,  remotest, 
extreme,  farthest,  (in  agreement 
w.  subst.)  remotest  part  of . 

extermino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex, 
out  of,  beyond;  terminus,  boun- 
dary (through  presumed  adj. 
St.)],  drive  beyond  the  boundaries, 
banish. 

ex-timesco,  -ere,  -mui  [ex, 
intens.;  *timesc6,  /ear],  fear  or 
dread  greatly. 

ex-torqueo,  -ere,  -torsi,  -tortus 
[ex,  from;  torqueo,  wresf],  wrest 
from,  take  away  forcibly,  extort. 

extra  [abl.  fern,  of  *exterus, 
used  adv.],  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace, 
beyond. 

extremus,  see  *extcrus. 

F. 

fabula,  -ae  [Vfa-,  say,  teW], 
(what  is  told,  and  so)  story; 
play. 

fades,  -e,  r.  [Vfac-,^  shine,  ap- 
pear ;  of.  fax,  torch'],  appearance, 
face,  visage,  countenance. 

facile,  adv.  [n.  ace.  of  facilis, 
easy,  used  adv.],  easily,  readily. 
Comp.,  facilius,  more  easily,  more 
readily. 

facilis,  -e,  adj.  [Vfac-,  do], 
(capable  of  being  done,  and  so) 
easy. 

facilitas,  -atis,  f.  [facili-  (st. 
of  facilis),  easy],  ease;  affability, 
courtesy. 

facilius,  see  facile. 

facinus,  -oris,  n.  [Vfac-,  do], 
DEEcZ,  act ;  misDF.Kd,  crime ;  mala 
facinora,  acts  of  lawlessness. 

facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus  (for 
the  pass.,  fio,  fieri,  factus  is  used) 
[Vfac-,  DO,  make],  do,  make,  pros- 
ecute, commit,  perpetrate;  cause, 
produce,  bring  to  pass  ;  grant,  fur- 
nish, give  ;  act,  do  ;  render  ;  ali- 
quem  certiorem  facere,  to  in- 
form ;  iter  facere,  to  march ;  vim 
facere,  to  resort  to  force ;  facere 
non  possum  quin,  /  cannot  help. 

factio,    -onis,     f.    [Vfac-,    do, 


make],  Doing,  making;  party 
spirit;  faction,  division,  political 
party. 

factum,  -1,  N.  [n.  perf.  part,  of 
facio,  do],  deed,  act,  proceeding, 
exploit. 

facultas,  -atis,  f.  [faculi-  (one 
fm.  of  the  St.  of  facilis),  ready, 
apt],  readiness,  aptitude,  capabil- 
ity; opportunity;  abundance. 

fallo,  -ere,  fefelli,  falsus  [Vfal-, 
make  fall,  trip,  deceive],,  deceive, 
disappoint. 

falsus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  fallo, 
deceive],  deceptive,  false. 

falx,  falcis,  f.,  hooked  knife, 
pruning  hook;  hook  (implement 
used  in  sieges  for  pulling  down 
w^alls) . 

Mma,  -ae,  f.  [Vf  a-,  make  known, 
say],  (what  is  said,  and  so)  com- 
mon talk,  report ;  good  name,  rep- 
utation. 

familia,  -ae,  f.  [famulo-  (st.  of 
famulus),  servant],  (collection  of 
servants,  and  so)  slaves  of  a 
household ;  family  (descendants 
of  a  common  ancestor)  ;  ances- 
try;  pater  familias  or  famili- 
ae,  master  of  a  house,  head  of  a 
family. 

familiaris,  -c,  adj.  [familia-  (st. 
of  familia),  household], pertaining 
to  a  household  or  family:  res 
familiaris,  patrimony,  property; 
intimate;  siibst.,  trusted  friend. 

familiaritas, -atis,  F.  [familiari- 
(st.  of  familiaris),  intimate].,  inti- 
macy. 

Faunius,  -ii,  M.,  Gajus  Fannius 
Strabo  (son-in-law  of  Laelius, 
and  one  of  the  characters  in 
Cicero's  work  on  Friendship). 

fas,  N.  def.  [Vfa-,  make  knovm, 
say ;  conn.,  therefore, with  fama], 
(the  divine  Avord  or  command, 
and  so)  divine  law;  translated 
adj.,  right,  lawf id,  proper. 

faveo,  -ere,  favi,  fautum,  favor, 

ferax,  -acis,  adj.  [v/fer-,  bear], 
(apt  to  bear,  and  so)  productive., 
fertile. 


fere 


frigiis 


267 


fere,  adv.,  nearly,  almost,  about, 
xubstantially,  for  the  most  part, 
almost  all ;  chiefly ;  (jenerally. 

fcro,  ferre,  tull,  Ifitus  [pres., 
vfer-,  BEAU;  perf.,  vtol-,  lift,  bear ; 
perf.  part.,  V(t)la-,  bear"],  reau, 
carry,  BRing,  contribute  ;  endure ; 
regard,  consider;  fertiir,  is  said; 
fcrendus  (j^eruiidive),  sufferable. 

ferreus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ferro- 
(st.  of  ferrum),  iroii],  of  iron; 
iron-hearted,  nnfeelimj. 

ferns,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wild,  fierce. 

fessus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  ireai'y. 

fcstino,-are,  -avi,  -atus  [festino- 
(st.  of  festinus),  hasty~\,  hasten. 

fides,  -ei,  F.  [v'fld-,  trust],  faith, 
trust,  confidence;  keeping,  protec- 
tion. 

Hdus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [s'fld-,  trusf], 
tru.'ity,  faithful. 

fifiiur»,-ae,v.[\lA^,-, shape'}, .Hhape. 

filia,  -ae,  f.  [fern,  of  filius, 
.«o/i],  daughter. 

filiola,  -ae,  i'.  [fern,  of  dim. 
filiolus,  little  son],  little  daughter. 

filiiiK, -il,  M.,  son;  in  pi.,  also 
children. 

finio,  -Ire,  -IvI  or  -U,  -Itus  [flnl- 
(st.  of  finis),  end],  put  an  end  to, 
limit,  fix,  determine;  compute, 
reckon. 

Hnis,  -is,  m.  (sometimes  f.  in 
siniT-),  limit,  boundary,  frontier; 
end;  in  pL,  land  included  icithin 
boundaries,  and  so  territories, 
territory,  eMates. 

finltimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [fini- 
(st.  of  finis),  limit],  bordering  on, 
adjacf<nt,  neighboring ;  subst.,  fi- 
nitImi,-orum,M.,  neighbors,  neigh- 
boring tribes. 

fio,  fleri  (f actus,  see  facio), 
become,  be  made,  be  Done,  be  com- 
mitted, be  in  progress,  happen,  take 
place;  ccrtlor  fieri,  to  be  in- 
rhrme.d;  fit,  the  result  is. 

firmo,  -are,  -uvi,  -atus  [tlrmo- 
(st.  of  llrmus),  firm],  make  firm, 
.strengthen. 

firmus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  firm, 
strong,  stable,  steadfast. 


flagitium,  -il,  N.  [vflag-,  burn], 
.shameful  act  (done  in  the  heat  of 
passion),  disgraceful  act. 

fianima,  -ae,  f.  [for  *flagma, 
fr.  vflag-,  biirn],  flame. 

flaveo,  -ere  [fliivo-  (st.  of 
flavus),  yellow]  be  yelloic. 

fleo,  -ere,  -ovT,  -etiis,  laeep. 

floreo,  -ere,  -rul  [tlos-  (st.  of 
flos),  flower  (-s-  becomes  -r-  be- 
tween two  vowels)],  be  in  flower, 
blossom;  flourish;  p.  a.  florens, 
-entis,  flourishing. 

fiuetus,  -us,  M.  [Vflugu-,  flow], 
flowing  ;  wave,  billow. 

fluinen,  -inis,  n.  [Vllu(gu)-, 
flow],  (that  which  flows,  and  so) 
river. 

fons,  fontis,  m.,  spring,  foun- 
tain. 

foris,  adv.  [abl.  pi.  used  adv.], 
out  of  DOCKS,  abroad. 

fors  (nom.),  forte  (abl.),  f. 
(used  in  these  two  cases  only) 
[\fer-,  itEAiJ,  wwing],  (what  brings 
itself,  and  so)  chance. 

fortis,  -e,  adj.,  brave. 

fortiter,  adv.  [forti-  (st.  of 
fortis),  brave],  bravely,  courage- 
ously, icith  bravery,  with  courage, 
with  fortitude. 

fortitudo,  -inis,  v.  [forti-  (st. 
of  fortis),  brave],  courage,  forti- 
tude. 

fortuna,  -ae,  f.  [conn.  w.  fors, 
chance],  fortune;  good  fortune, 
success  ;  m  isfortune. 

fortunatus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of 
fortuno,  make  jJi'osperous],  fortu- 
nate. 

fossa,  -ae,  f.  [fem.  of  perf.  part, 
of  fodio,  dig,  used  subst  (sc. 
terra)],  ditch,  moat. 

frafcineiitunt,  -I,  x.  [Vfrag-, 
liUEAK],  (result  of  breaking,  iukI 
so)  fragment. 

frango,  -ere,  fregi,  fractus 
[Nfrag-,  break],  break,  crush. 

f rater,  -tris,  .m.,  buotmeh. 

freqiicns, -entis,  adj.,  crowded, 
in  great  numbers. 

firigus, -oris,  n,,  cold,  frost. 


268 


frons 


gero 


frons,  frontis,  f.,  brow,  front. 

Fronto,  -onis,  m.,  Marcus  Cor- 
nelius Fronto  (celebrated  orator, 
native  of  Cirta  in  Nuniidia,  flour- 
ished in  the  second  century  a.d.). 

fructuosus,-a,-um,adj.,  [fructu- 
(st.  of  fructus),  fruit~\,  fruitful, 
productive. 

frnctus,  -us,  m.  [Vfrugu-,  enjoy'], 
(enjoyment,  and  so)  fruit,  prod- 
uce, profit,  income. 

frumentarius,  -a,  -um,  adj. 
[f  rumen  to-  (st.  of  frfimentum), 
grain],  pertaining  to  grain;  res 
frumentaria,  provisions. 

frumentum,  -i,  n.  [\/fru(gu)-, 
enjoy],  (means  of  enjoyment,  and 
so)  grain  (usu.  harvested) ;  in 
pi.,  grain  (especially,  standing 
grain). 

fruor, -1,  friictus  [Vfru(gu)-,  en- 
joy], derive  enjoyment  from,  en- 
joy. _ 

frustra,  adv.  [conn.  vf.  fraus, 
deceit],  in  vain. 

fuga,  -ae,  f.  [Vfug-,  hend,  turn 
aside,  flee],  flight. 

fugio,  -ere,  fug!  [Vfug-,  bend, 
turn  aside,  flee  ;  cognate  w.  Eng. 
BOw],/ee. 

fugo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [fuga-  (st. 
of  tn^Si),  flight],  put  to  flight. 

fugitivus,  -T,M.  [adj. used  subst., 
fr.  Vfug-,  bend,  turn  aside,  flee], 
fugitive,  deserter. 

fnmus,  -T,  m.,  smoke. 

fiindainentum,  -T,  n.  [funda- 
(st.  of  fundd),  BOTTom,  make  se- 
cure], (means  of  making  secure, 
and  so)  foundation. 

fundo,  -ere,  fudl,  fusus,  pour. 

fungor,  -1,  functus,  discharge, 
perform. 

fnnis,  -is,  m.,  rope. 

funus,  -eris,  n.  [said  to  be 
conn,  w.  fumus,  smoke.,  and  hav- 
ing reference  primarily  to  the 
burning  of  the  body  after  death], 
funeral,  funeral  rites. 

fur,  furis,  c.  [conn.  w.  v'fer-, 
beau],  (one  who  carries  off,  and 
so)  thief. 


Fig.  3. 
Helmet     of      a 
Romansoldier, 
from    the   col- 
umn of  Trajan. 

Netherlands, 


furor,  -oris,  m.  [Vfur-,  rage], 
madness,  insane  folly,  fury. 

furtim,  adv.  [ace.  used  adv. ; 
conn.  w.  ffir,  thief],  stealthily. 

furtum,  -I,  N.  [conn.  w.  fur, 
thief],  theft. 

G. 

Galba,  -ae,  m.,  Servius  Svlpi- 
cius  Galba  (one  of  Caesar's  lieu- 
tenants in  Gaul). 

galea, -ae ,  f.  ,  hel- 
met;  see  Fig.  3. 

Galli,  -drum,  m., 
the  Gauls  (inhabi- 
tants of  Gaul ;  see 
Gallia). 

Gallia,  -ae,  f., 
Gaul  (Transalpine 
Gaul  comprised 
substantially  mod- 
ern France,  the 
and  Switzerland ; 
Cisalpine  Gaul  comprised  the  val- 
ley of  the  Po  in  northern  Italy). 
Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Gallic, 
of  the  Gauls  (see  Galli  and  Gallia). 
Gallus,  -T,  M. ,  Gajus  Sulpicius 
Gallus  (celebrated  for  his  knowl- 
edge of  Greek  and  astronomy; 
famous  also  as  an  orator ;  lived 
in  the  second  century  b.c). 

Gallus,  -T,  M.,  a  Gaul  (see 
Gallia). 

gaudium,  -iT,  N.  [conn.  av.  gau- 
deo,  rejoice],  Joy. 

Genava,  -ae,  f.,  Geneva  (on 
Lake  Geneva  at  its  outlet  into  the 
Ehone). 

gener,  -eri,  m.,  son-in-law. 
gens,  gentis,  f.   [Vgeu-,    beget, 
give  birth  to],  offspring,  race, peo- 
ple, YiKtion,  tribe. 

genus,  -eris,  n.  [Vgen-,  beget, 
give  birth  to],  birth;  stock,  race, 
family ;  kinc?,  class,  order,  mode. 

Gergovia,  -ae,  f.  ,  Gergovia 
(town  of  the  Arverni  in  Celtic 
Gaul). 

Germani,  -orum,  m.,  tlie  Ger- 
mans. 

gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus  [Vges- 


^igriio 


Hiberus 


269 


(-8-  becomes  -r-),  carry'],  carry, 
conduct,  manage,  transact,  per- 
form, do,  carry  on,  wage  y  in  pass., 
be  in  progress. 

gigno,  -ere,  genuT,  genitus 
[Vgu-  (reduplicated)  and  gen-, 
beget,  give  birth  to],  bring  forth, 
bear. 

gladiator,  -oris,  M.  [gladiii- 
(st.  of  *gladio),  flght  with  the 
.-iirord  (gladius)],  (one  avIio  tights 
with  the  sword,  and  so)  gladiator. 

gladius,  -il,  M.,  sword  (straight 
and  two-edged)  ;  see  Fig.  4. 


ng.4. 

Sword  of  a  Roman  soldier,  from  the 
Museo  Borbonico. 

gloria, -ae,  y.,  glory,  renown. 

glorior,  -arl,  -atus  [gloria-  (st. 
of  gloria), _^/o/y],  glory,  boast; 
idem  gloriari,  to  make  the  same 
boast ;  hoc  gloriari,  to  make  this 
boast. 

gradus,  -us,  m.,  step  ;  stage. 

Graecia,  -ae,  r.,  Greece. 

Graeciis,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  Greek. 

grandis,  -e,  adj.,  full-grown; 
qtiidam  grandis  natu,  a  [man] 
advanced  in  years. 

gratia,  -ae,  f.  [grato-  (st.  of 
gratus) ,  pleasing,  grateful] ,  favor, 
friendship,  credit,  influence,;  good 
will,  gratitude. 

gratulor,  -an,  -atus  [♦gratulo- 

-t.  of  ♦gratulus,  perhaps  dim.  of 
.ifitus),  s<nneichat  pleasing],  man- 
ifr.Ht  pleasure^  imsh  joy,  congratu- 
late. 

gratus,  -a,  -urn  [p.  a.  f r.  v'gra-, 
lintd  di'ar,  desire^,  (held  dear,  de- 
sire<l,  and  so)  pleasant,  agreeable, 
gratifying,  acceptable,  welwrne ; 
grateful ;  deserving  of  gratitude. 

gravis,  -e,  adj.,  heavy;  severe, 
hard,  opprcHsire,  unfortunate; 
^^ravlor  aotiis,  advanced  age. 

graviter,  adv.  [gravi-  (st.  of 
-ravis),  heavy],  heavily ;  severely, 
harshly. 


gubernator,  -oris,  m.  [guberna- 
(st.  of  guberno),  steer],  steers- 
man, pilot. 

H. 

habeo,  -ere,  -«T,  -itus,  have, 
hold,  keep;  (of  confidence)  re- 
pose; (of  an  address)  deliver; 
consider,  esteem,  regard,  deem; 
gratiam  habere,  to  feel  or  cher- 
ish gratitude  ;  habere  iinniunita- 
teni,  to  enjoy  immunity. 

haesito,-rire,  -rivi,-atum  [iutens. 
of  haerco,  stick  fast],  be  at  a  loss, 
hesitate. 

Hannibal,  -alis,  M.,  Hannibal 
(leader  of  the  Carthaginians  in  the 
second  Punic  war,  n.c.  218-201). 
Hellespontus,  -i,  m.,  the  Helles- 
pont (mod.  Dardanelles,  strait 
connecting  the  sea  of  Marmora 
and  the  Aegean  sea). 

Helvetii, -orum,  m.,  theHelvetii 
or  Helvetians  (a  tribe  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Celtic  Gaul  occupying 
that  part  of  modern  Switzerland 
which  lies  betw  een  lakes  Geneva 
and  Constance). 

hereditas,  -fitis,  f.  [hered-(st.  of 
heres),  heir],  heirship,  inheritance. 
Hermes  or  Her- 
ma,  -ae,  m.,  Hermes- 
pillar  (a  four-cor- 
nered post  or  pedes- 
tal terminating  in 
a  carved  head,  often 
that  of  the  god 
Hermes;  these  were 
frequently  to  be 
found  in  Athens  in 
streets  and  public 
places,  and  before 
private  houses);  see 
Fig.  5. 

hiberna,  -orum, 
N,  [n.  pi.  of  hlber- 
nus,  pertaining  to 
tmnter,  used  subst. ; 
.so.  ca.stra],  winter- 
quarters. 
Hiberus,  -I,  m.,  the  Ebro  (a 
river  in  Spain). 


Fig.  6. 

IlermeH-pillar, 

from  the 

cnpito]  lit 

Koine. 


270 


hie 


Ignis 


hie,  liaec,  hoc,  demonstr.  pron., 
(used  adj.)  this;  (used  subst.) 
this  man,  etc.,  he,  etc.  (emphatic)  ; 
hie  .  .  .  ille :  the  latter  .  .  .  the  for- 
mer; of  (pertaining  to)  the  lat- 
ter .  .  .  of  (pertaining  to)  the  for- 
mer. 

hie,  adv.,  here;  upon  this,  here- 
upon. 

hiemo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [hiem- 
(st.  of  hiems),  icinter^y  pass  the 
winter,  icinter. 

hiems  (hiemps),  -emis,  f.,  win- 
ter. 

Hilotae,  -arum,  m.,  Helots  (the 
servile  class  in  Sparta). 

Hispania,  -ae,  f.,  Spain. 

historia,  -ae,  f.,  history. 

hodie,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  pron. 
St.  ho-,  this ;  abl.  fm.  of  dies, 
day'] ,  to-day  ;  at  the  present  day. 

hodlernus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [conn. 
w.  hodie,  to-day],  of  this  day; 
hodlernus  dies,  this  day,  to- 
day. 

homo,  -inis,  c.  [conn.  w.  humus, 
ground],  (son  of  earth,  and  so) 
human  being,  man ;  fellow. 

honesto,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [ho- 
nesto-(st.of  honestus),/>o/iora&Ze], 
clothe  with  honor,  adorn,  dignify, 
embellish. 

honestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [conn. 
w.  honos,  honor],  honorable,  loorthy 
of  honor. 

honori-ficus,-a,-um,adj.[hou6s- 
(st.  of  honos) ,  honor;  Vfac-,  make] , 
(making  honor,  and  so)  honora- 
ble. 

honos  or  honor,  -oris,  m.,  hon- 
or, dignity,  estimation;  honoris 
causa,  out  of  compliment  to,  out  of 
respect  to. 

hora,  -ae,  r.,  ij[our  (the  Ro- 
mans divided  the  interval  between 
sunrise  and  sunset  into  twelve 
parts  called  hours ;  accordingly, 
their  hour  did  not  have  a  fixed 
value,  but  varied  in  length  accord- 
ing to  the  season). 

hortor,  -ari,  -atus,  encourage, 
urge,  exhort. 


hortus,  -1,  M.  (conn.  w.  cohors, 
q.v.],  (enclosure,  and  so)  GxiiDen. 

liospes,  -itis,  c,  host;  guest 
(whether  friend  or  stranger) ,  . 

hostis,  -is,  c,  stranger,  foreign- 
er ;  enemy  (especially  a  public 
enemy  in  contrast  to  inimicus,  a 
private  enemy)  :  in  pi.,  enemy,  a 
hostile  army. 

hue,  adv.  [case  fm.  of  pron.  st. 
ho-,  this,  with  demonstr.  ending 
-c(e)],  to  this  place,  to  this  point, 
hither. 

humanitas,  -atis,  f.  [humauo- 
(st.  of  humanus) , human;  refined], 
humanity ;  refinement  (of  manners, 
language,  etc.,  resulting  from  a 
liberal  education,  and  so)  accom- 
plishments. 

humanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [conn, 
w.  homo,  man],  human ;  humane; 
refined,  highly  civilized. 

humilis,  -e,  adj.  [humo-  (st.  of 
humus),  ground],  (pertaining  to 
the  ground,  and  so)  low;  insig- 
nificant, weak. 

humus,  -I,  F.,  ground. 


ibi,  adv.  [pron.  st.  i-  (of  is), 
that,  w.  loc.  suff.],  in  that  place, 
there. 

ictus,  -us,  M.  [Vic-,  hit],  hitting ; 
blow. 

idem,  eadem,  idem  [is,  that,  vf. 
demonstr.  suff.],  the  same ;  trans, 
adv.,  also,  likewise,  again. 

idoneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  suitable; 
convenient,  accessible. 

idus,  -uum,  F.,  the  Ides  (one  of 
the  three  points  in  the  month 
from  which  theRomansreckoned ; 
the  Ides  fell  on  the  thirteenth 
except  in  March,  May,  July,  and 
Octol)er,  when  they  fell  on  the 
fifteenth). 

igitur,  conj.  (usu.  placed  after 
the  first  word  of  the  sent.),  then, 
therefore,  accordingly. 

ignavia,  -ae,  f.  [ignavo-  (st.  of 
ignavus),  idlel^,  idleness,  sloth. 

ignis,  -is,  M.,firc. 


isriioi'o 


iii-cendo 


271 


ignoro,  -aro,  -fivl,  -fitns  [conn. 
w.  lirnfinis,  ignorant^,  not  know, 
be  ignorant  of. 

i-gno8co,  -ere,  -^novT,  -gnotum 
[i(n)-,  not;  (g)uosco,  take  steps 
fo  know],  (not  inquire  into,  and 
so )  overlook .  pa  rdo  n . 

ille,  ilia,  illiid,  tlemonstr.  pron., 
(used  subst.)  he,  shf,  iv;  (used 
adj.)  thai;  the  well  knoicn,  thar 
.  .  .  of  old,  of  yore;  the  following  ; 
hie  .  .  .  ille,  the  latter  .  .  .  the 
former;  in  pi.,  those,  they ;  ille 
ferreus,  so  iron-hearted. 

illo,  adv.  [ca«e  fm.  of  ille, 
that],  to  that pdace,  thither. 

iniber,  -bris,  m.,  rain,  rain- 
storm. 

iiiiinanis,  -c,  adj.,  monstrous, 
imMKnse,  huge. 

im-matOru^  -a,  -uin,  adj.  [in-, 
not;  raatfirus,  ripe,  seasonable'], 
unseasonable,  before  one's  time. 

iininolo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [in, 
«/)ON ;  mola,  sarrijicial  meal 
(throuifh  presumed  adj.  st.)], 
(sprinkle  sacrificial  meal  on  the 
victim  to  be  sacriliced,  and  so) 
snerijiee,  immolate. 

im-mortalis,  -e,  adj.  [in-,  not; 
niortalis,  mortal'],  immortal,  un- 
dying,  perpetual ;  translated  adv., 
forever. 

im-ninnis,  -e,  adj.  [in-,  not; 
miinis,  under  obligation  ;  cf.  com- 
munis], eyempt. 

immunitas,  -atis,  F.  [Immuni- 
(st.  of  immunis),  exempt],  exr 
emption,  immunity. 

Impedimentiim, -T,  N.  [impedi- 
(.st.  of  impedio),  hinder],  hind- 
ranee,  impediment ;  in  pi.,  bng- 
gnge. 

impedio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus 
[In-ped-  (st.  of  pes),  having  the 
VKKT entangled],  (cause  one's  feet 
to  become  entann^led,  and  so) 
impede,  hinder,  interfere  with, 
prerent. 

im-peI15,  -ere,  -pull,  -pulsus 
[In.ON,  Against ;  pcllo, drive^,drive 
ON  or  Against,  urge  o.\,  impel. 


ini-pondeo,  -ere  [in,  over ;  pen- 
deo,  hang],  hang  over,  impend, 
threaten. 

iiiiperator,  -oris,  m.  [impera- 
(st.  of  impero),  command],  com- 
mander, general. 

Im-peritusr,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-, 
not;  peritus,  experienced],  inex- 
perienced, Jj'svn.s.ctixed,  vsskiUed. 

imperiuin,  -il,  n.  [conn.  w.  im- 
pero, command],  order,  command; 
power,  direction,  authority,  con- 
trol ;  persons  in  power ;goverument. 

im-pero,  -are,  -avT,  -jitus  [in, 
withis,  thoroughly;  paro.  pre- 
pare], (lit.,  prepare  thoroughly, 
work  over,  and  so)  command,  di- 
rect, govern  ;  demand,  make  a  req- 
uisition for. 

im-petro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [in, 
(hy  appeal)  to;  patro,  bring  to 
jmss],  bring  to  pass  by  entreaty, 
obtain  a  request. 

impetus,  -us,  m.  [in-Vpet-,  Jly  at, 
fall  upo's],  (falling  upon,  and  so) 
oyset,  attack. 

im-pius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-,  not; 
pins,  dutifid,  reverent],  vyidutiful, 
irreverent,  impious,  wicked. 

im-ploro,  -fire,  -avl,  -atus  [in, 
to  ;  ploro,  cry  o^it],  cry  out  to,  call 
upon,  ask  beseechingly,  entreat, 
implore. 

iiii-piidens,  -entis,  adj.  [in-, 
not;  pudcns,  modest],  shameless. 

impulsor,  -oris,  m.  [in-Vpol-, 
push  on],  (one  who  pushes  on, 
and  so)  instigator,  urger ;  impul- 
8or  esse,  to  urge. 

in,  prep.  w.  ace.  and  abl.  1.  w. 
ace:  isto,  to,  towards,  for ;  in 
favor  of;  \gainst,  over;  2.  w. 
abl.  :  IN,  ON,  IN  the  midst  of.  Amid, 
IN  the  case  (f:  in  armis,  under 
arms;  in  irxilimUncuif  is  width ; 
in  cdnspectuni,  in  sight. 

incendiiim,  -ii,  n.  [in-Vcand-, 
set  fire  to],  setting  fire  to;  fire, 
conjtagratiftn. 

in-cendo,  -ere,  -cendi,  -census 
[ill,  to;  ♦cando  (y!ca,iid-),  set  fire], 
set  fire  to,  burn;  fire,  infiame. 


272 


inceptum 


mj^ens 


inceptum,  -T,  n.  [n.  perf  part,  of 
incipio,  begin],  (that  which  has 
been  begun,  and  so)  attempt,  un- 
dertaking. 

in-cido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -casus  [in, 
upON;  cado,  fall],  fall  wpoN; 
happen,  occur,  arise. 

in-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [in, 
upo^;  capio,  lay  hold],  (lay  hold 
upon,  and  so)  begin. 

in-colo,  -ere,  -m  [in,  ix;  colo, 
dwell],  inhabit;  dwell. 

Incolumis,  -e,  adj.,  v^injured, 
vsharmed. 

incommodum,  -i,  n.  [n.  of  adj . 
inconimodus,  inconvenient,  used 
subst.],  inconvenience,  disadvan- 
tage, injury,  harm,  disaster,  de- 
feat. 

in-credibilis,  -e,  adj.  [in-,  not; 
credibilis,  credible],  incredible. 

in-crepito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in, 
to.  Against;  crepito,  rattle  much, 
make  a  loud  noise],  call  out  to; 
exclaim  Against,  rebuke,  chide. 

incursio,  -onis,  F.  [in-curr-  (base 
in  curro),  rush  in  or  Against],  in- 
cursion, iNroad. 

in-cuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in. 
Against;  causa,  charge  (through 
presumed  denom.  vb.  *causo ;  cf. 
causor)],  bring  a  charge  Against, 
Jind  fault  with,  complain  of,  blame, 
upbraid. 

inde,  adv.,  from  that  place, 
thence;  next  in  order. 

Indicium,  -il,  n.  [indie-  (st.  of 
index),  he  who  or  that  which  points 
out], pointing  out,  informing;  in- 
formation, testimony. 

in-dico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in,  to- 
loards ;  dico,  make  known,  and  so 
point),  point  out,  disclose,  reveal, 
betray. 

indigeo,  -ere,  -ui  [indigo-  (st. 
of  indigus) ,  in  ivant] ,  be  in  want 
of,  need,  stand  in  need  of. 

indigne,  adv.  [abl.  form  of  in- 
dignus,  vsworthy],  UNioorthily, 
\jndeser7)edly. 

in-dignus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-, 
not;  dignus,  worthy],  v'sworthy. 


in-dnco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus 
[in,  iNto;  duco,  lead],  lead  i^ to. 

indulge©, -ere,  -si,  -tus,  indulge. 

induo,  -ere,  -ui,  -iitus  [indu, 
ON;  "ivi-,  clothe], put  o^. 

industria,  -ae,  F.,  industry. 

in-eo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus  [in, 
iNto ;  eo,  go],  go  iNto,  enter ;  enter 
upo'N  or  iN^o,  begin,  form. 

inermis,  -e,  adj.  [in-,  without; 
armo-  (st.  of  arma,  arms)],  with- 
out arms,  vsarmed. 

infamia,  -ae,  f.  [infami-  (st.  of 
infamis),  disreputable],  disrepute, 
dishonor,  disgrace,  infamy. 

in-felix,  -icis,  adj.  [in-,  not; 
fellx,  happy],  vshappy. 

inferior,  -ius,  adj.,  comp.  of 
inferus,  q.  v. 

In-fero,  inferre,  intuit,  inlatus 
[in,  prep.,  Against;  fero,  bear], 
(of  war)  wage  or  carry  on 
Against,  (of  arms  or  standards) 
carry  iNto,  carry  Against;  inflict; 
(w.  in  and  ace.)  cast  i^to  ;  vim  et 
manus  inferre,  to  lay  violent 
hands  w^ON. 

Inferus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  below. 
Comp.,  inferior,  -ius,  lower.  Su- 
perl.,  infimus,  -a,  -um,  lowest, 
lowest  part  of,  at  the  bottom. 

Infestus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  *in- 
fendo,  strike  ov  thrust  Against ;  cf. 
defendo,  strike  or  thrust  off], 
(dashed  against,  and  so)  hostile, 
oppose!) ;  Infestis  signis  consist- 
ere,  to  come  to  a  halt  and  assume 
the  defensive. 

infimns,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  superl. 
of  inferus,  q.  v. 

in-firmus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-,  not; 
flrmus,  firm],  xueak,  feeble,  infirm. 

in-fluo,  -ere,  -xi,  -xum  [in,  iNto  ; 
fluo,  flow],  flow  T^to,  flow. 

ingenium,  -il,  n.  [in-Vgen-,  beget 
in],  (what  is  born  in  one,  and  so) 
disposition;  mind. 

ingens,  -entis,  adj.  [in-,  out  of, 
beyond;  genti-  (st.  of  gens)  KiNdf, 
class],  (beyond  its  kind,  and  so) 
great  (in  an  exaggerated  degree), 
huge  ;  a  great  quantity  of. 


iii-gredior 


inter-cludo 


273 


iii-gredior,  -T,  -gressus  [in,  in«o; 
gradior,  step],  go  iNio,  enter; 
walk. 

in-icio  (pronounced:  injicio), 
-ere,  -jeci,  -jectus  [in,  ixio;  jacio, 
throic'],  throioi^to,  infuse^  impart. 

inimicitia,  -ae,  ¥.  [iniinlco-  (st. 
of  inimlcus),  hostile,  VN/riendly'}, 
hostiUty,  enmity. 

iu-imicusy  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-, 
not ;  amicus,  fnendly],  vsfriendly, 
hostile;  subst.,  personal  enemy 
(opp.  hostis, public  enemy),  enemy. 

iniquitas,  -atis,  f.  [inlquo-  (st. 
of  iniquus),  uyjust],  injustice. 

in-iquus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [in-,  not; 
aequus,  fair'],  ux/air;  unreason- 
able. 

initiuin,  -il,  N.  [inWi-,  go  iNto, 
begiri],  beginning  ;  first  principles, 
elements. 

injoria,  -ae,  f.  [in-,  not;  jus- 
(st.  of  jus),  right  (-8-  becomes 
-r-)],  (violation  of  right,  and  so) 
injury,  wrong,  v^ijust  treatment, 
oppression;  injuria,  wrongfully, 
vsjustly,  without  provocation. 

iu-lacrimo,  -are,  -avT,  -atuin  [in, 
at;    lacrimo,    shed  tears],  shed 

TEARS,  ir.eep. 

in-licio,  -ere,  -lexi,  -lectus  [in, 
isto ;  ♦lacio,  lure],  lure  mto,  entice, 
decoy,  seduce. 

inlustris,  -e,  adj.,  distinguished, 
illustrious,  high,  exalted. 

in-nocens,  -entis,  adj.  [in-,  not; 
nocens,  criminal,  guilty'],  guiltless, 
innocent ;  subst,  the  innocent. 

inopia,  -ae,  F.  [inopi-  (st.  of 
inops),  xoithout  resources],  want; 
necessitous  condition. 

in  primi.s,  inprimiH,  or  impri- 
mis, (among  tlie  first,  and  so) 
especially,  particularly. 

inquam,  def.,  /  say;  inquit, 
says  he ;  said  he. 

Insfinid,  -Ire,  -Tvi  and  -il,  -Ttum 
[insano-  (st.  of  Insunus),  //;sa/»e], 
be  insane. 

inscientia,  -ae,  V.  [inscient- 
(st.  of  insciens),  in^rpprienced], 
inexperience. 


I  iii-scribo,  -ere,  -scripsi,  -scrip- 
tus  [in,  on;  scribd,  write],  in- 
scribe, entitle. 

fn-sequor,  -T,  -cutus  [in,  close 
upon;  sequor,  follow],  follow 
close  upon  or  after,  pursue. 

inslgne,  -is,  N.  [n.  of  adj.  insi- 
gnis,  marked],  distinguishing 
mark,  badge. 

insolenter,  adv.  [insolent-  (st. 
of  lusolens),  insolent],  insolently.^ 

in-stituo,  -ere,  -uT,  -utus  [in, 
isto ;  stsitub,  place],  (place  into, 
and  so)  fix,  establish,  institute. 

Institatuin,  -i,  x.  [n.  perf .  part, 
of  Tnstituo,  establish],  (what  is 
established,  and  so)  institution, 
regulation,  usage. 

In-struo,  -ere,  -struxT,  -structus 
[in,  into;  struo,  build],  build  in- 
to;  draw  up,  arrange. 

Insula,  -ae,  f.,  island. 

in-sum,  inesse,  TnfuT  [in,  in; 
sum,  be],  bem,  belong  to. 

integer,  -gra,  -gram,  adj.  [in- 
Vtag-,  not  touch],  untouched, 
whole;  in  integrum,  to  a  for- 
mer condition. 

integro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [inte- 
gro-  (st.  of  integer),  whole], 
make  whole,  renew. 

intel-lego,  -ere,  -lexT,  -lectus 
[mtQT,  between,  into;  lego,  see], 
see  into,  unuKiistand,  know  ;  per- 
ceive, be  aware. 

in-tempestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-, 
not;  *iQmpeiitus,  seasonabl p.],  un- 
seasonable ;  inteiiipostu  nocte, 
at  an  unseasonable  hour  of  the 
NIGHT,  late  at  night. 

inter,  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace. 
[comp.  fm.  of  in,  in],  between, 
.Kniong ;  inter  se,  (according  to 
the  context)  .Kmong  themselves,  to 
one  anoTiiKK,  from  one  rtwoTHKR, 
one  anoTiiEii,  icith  each  othkr, 
etc. 

inter-cSdo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessuna 
[inter,  between;  cedo,  go],  go  be- 
tween, interrene. 

inter-cludo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus 
[inter,    between;    claudo,    shut], 


274 


inter-dico 


is 


shiit  off  (by  interposing  some- 
thing), sh^it  out,  cut  off. 

inter-dico,  -ere,  -clTx!,  -dictus 
[inter,  hetween ;  dicb,  spea¥\,  for- 
bid, prohibit,  exclude. 

interdum,  adv.  [inter,  hetween  ; 
CiMva.,  whiW],  sometimes,  occasion- 
alhj. 

interea,  adv.  [inter,  xmong ; 
ace.  pi.  n.  ea  (orig.  ea),  these 
things,  of.  antea  w.  foot-note], 
meaniuhile. 

Inter-eo,  -Tre,  -ii,  -itum  [inter, 
xmong ;  co,  go,  he  lost'],  (be  lost 
among  other  things,  and  so)  per- 
ish, hecome  extinct. 

inter-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus 
[inter,  xmong ;  facio,  put.,  make 
go,  cause  to  he  lost.  cf.  intereo], 
(cause  to  be  lost  among  other 
things,  and  so)  dispatch,  kill,  put 
to  death. 

interim,  adv.,  meanwhile. 

Inter-iino,  -ere,  -emi,  -emptus 
[inter,  (out  from)  xmong;  emo, 
take'],  (talce  an  object  out  from 
its  surroundings,  and  so)  kill. 

Interior,  -ius,  adj.  [comp.  of 
*interus],  iNX^r;  the  interior  of. 

inter-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus 
[inter,  hetiveen,  and  so,  in  the  midst; 
mitto,  let  go],  (leave  off  in  the 
midst,  and  so)  interrupt,  intermit; 
let  pass,  suffer  to  elapse. 

inter-pono,  -ere,  -posui,-positus 
[inter,  hetween;  pbnb, place],  inter- 
pose. 

interpreter,  -ari,  -atus  [inter- 
pret- (st.  of  interpres),  interpret- 
er], explain,  expound,  interpret. 

inter-rogo,  -are,  -iivT,  -atus 
[inter,  hetween  (the  questioner 
and  tlie  person  questioned) ;  rogo, 
ask],  interrogate,  question,  ask. 

Inter-sum,  -esse,  -fui  [inter,  he- 
tween ;  sum,  he],  be  hetween,  inter- 
vene ;  take  part  ix,  have  to  do 
with;  attend  to,  superintend ;  im- 
pers.,  interest,  it  concerns,  it  inter- 
ests, it  is  impjortant. 

intervallum,  -i,  N.  [inter,  he- 
tween,   and  so  within;    vallum, 


rampart],  (space  within  the  ram- 
part, i.e.  between  tlie  rampart 
and  the  soldiers'  tents,  and  so) 
interval,  distance. 

in-tueor,  -eri,  -itus  [in,  at,  on  ; 
tueor,  look],  look  at,  gaze  ox. 

intiis,  adv.  [in,  Y^],\riithi^. 

in-utilis,  -e,  adj.  [in-,  not ;  utilis, 
useful],  useless,  'unprofitable;  in- 
jurious. 

in-vado,  -ere,  -vast  [in,  isto ; 
vado,  go],  go  I'sto,  enter,  invade, 
rush  IN,  fall  upon,  take  possession. 

in-venio,  -ire,  -venT,  -ventus 
[in,  upOT^;  venio,  come],  come 
lipoid,  find  (by.  accident;  cf. 
reperio,  which  often  means 
'fiud  by  searching'). 

inventor,  -oris,  m.  [in-Vven-, 
COME  ?<jJON,  discover].,  discoverer, 
inventor,  contriver. 

in-victus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-,  not; 
victus  (perf.  part,  of  vinco),  con- 
quered], \jWonq\iered  ;  invincible. 

in-video,  -ere,  -vidi,  -visus  [in, 
askance  at;  video,  look],  look 
askance  at ;  envy. 

invidia,  -ae,  f.  [invido-  (st.  of 
invidus),  envious],  envy ;  obloquy, 
odium,  unpopularity. 

invitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unwilling. 

ipse,  ipsa,  ipsum,  demonstr. 
pron.,  self,  himself,  herself,  itself; 
mere,  very,  in  person. 

ira,  -ae,  f.,  anger,  passion. 

iracundia,  -ae,  F.  [iriicundo- 
(st.  of  iracundus),  passionate], 
passion. 

iracundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [Tra- 
(st.  of  *iror),  be  angry],  passion- 
ate, cholenc. 

irascor,  -T,  Tratus  [incept,  fr. 
Ira-  (st.  of  *Tror),  be  angry],  give 
vmy  to  passion,  be  angry ;  iratus, 
-a, -um,  p.  a.,  angry,  in  anger. 

ir-rumpo,  -ere,  -rupT,  -ruptus 
[in,  iN^o;  rumpo,  burst],  burst  or 
rush  into. 

is,  ea,  id,  demonstr.  pron.,  1. 
adj.,  this,  thar,  such,  of  such  a 
kind ;  2.  subst.,  this  one,  thar  one, 
he,  she,   rr;  in  pi.,   these,   those. 


iste 


lac 


275 


they ;    eo  .  .  .quo,  Ity  that  .  .  .  hy 
y^iMch,  the  .  .  .  the. 

isto,  ist<i,istud,demoiistr.proTi., 
THAT  of  yours,  that;  (with  con- 
temptuous implication)  that, 
iTiAT  one  ;  ista  Veritas,  the 
truth  coming  from  you. 

ita,  adv.,  in  such  a  iray,  so, 
Tiivs ;  ita  .  .  .  iit^  so  .  .  .  as. 

Italia,  -ae,  v.,  Italy. 

itaqiie, conj.[ita, so  ;  -que,  and], 
and  so,  TiiKrcfore. 

item,  adv.  [conn.  w.  ita,  so], 
likewise. 

iter,  itiueris,  N.  [s'i-,  ^/o],  jo?<r- 
"-y,  march  J  marching,  passage; 
"•ay,  roady  route,  line  of  march ; 
iter  facere,  to  march. 

iteriim,  adv.,  again,  a  second 
tiiw. 

J. 

jaceo,  -ere,  -cui  [intr.  fm.  conn, 
w.  jacio,  throve],  (be  thrown,  and 
-o)  lie,  lie  prostrate. 

jacio,  -ere,  jecT,  jactus,  throw, 

r-lSt. 

jam,  adv.,  now ;  already ;  at 
once,  forthwith  ;  even. 

janua,  -ae,  v.,  street  door,  door. 

Juba,  -ae,  m.,  Juba  (king  of 
Numidia  and  opponent  of  Caesar). 

Jubeo,  -ere,  jussT,  jussus,  order. 

jucundus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [conn, 
w.  juvo,  help],  (helpful,  and  so) 
idi'asant,  agreeable. 

ju-dex,  -icis,  c.  [jus-  (st.  of 
jus),  what  is  binding ;  ^iX\c-,  point 
oMi],(one  who  points  out  what  is 
binding,  ?.<'.  justice,  and  so)  judge. 

Judieiiim,  -ii,  N.  [judic-  (st.  of 
j  n  ( 1  e  .\  ) ,  judge  ] ,  judg  m  c  n  t,  decisio  n , 
}«'nt('.nce ;  in  Judicium  vocfire, 
to  summon  before  the  nmrt. 

JSdic5,  -are,  -avT,  -fitus  [jfidic- 
-t.  of  judex),  judge],  judge; 
/lonouncc,  proclaim;  consider, 
'I fern,  think. 

jiigum,  -T,  N.  [Vjug-,  YOKK], 
voKK;  (mountain)  ridgp. 

.lulianuH,-a,  -um,adj.[.Jullo-(st. 
of  Julius)],  Julian  {i.e.,  belong- 
ing to  Julius  Caesar). 


jnmentum,  -i,  n.  [vju(g)-, 
yoke],  (that  which  is  yoked,  and 
so)  beast  oflmrden. 

Juppiter,  Jovis,  M.  [Jovi-  (for 
Diovi-,  St.  of  Diovis),  god  of 
heaven;  pater,  fatheii],  Jupiter 
(supreme  deity  of  the  Komans). 

Jura,  -ae,  :m.,  the  Jura  moun- 
tains (a  chain  extending  from  tlie 
liliine  to  the  Rhone  and  separa^ 
ing  the  Sequani  from  the  Hel- 
vetii). 

jus,  juris,  N.  [vju-,  bind,  conn, 
w.  vjug-],  (that  which  is  binding, 
and  so)  right,  justice ;  authority; 
one's  rights,  redress ;  in  pi.,  rights, 
authority;  jus  dicere,  to  pronounce 
judgment,  to  administer  justice. 

jusjurandum,  jurisjilrandl,  x. 
[jus,  ichat  is  binding ;  gerundive 
of  jilro,  swear],  oath. 

jussu,  M.  (in  abl.  sing,  only) 
[fr.  sanie  root  as  jubeo,  order], 
at  the  bidding. 

jilstitia,  -ae,  f.  [justo-  (st.  of 
j  Qstu  s) ,  just] ,  justice. 

Justus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [jus-  (st.  of 
jus),  right],  founded  in  right, 
just;  regular,  proper,  due,  usual. 

juvontus,  -litis,  F.  [juven-  (st. 
of  juvenis),  youx^/],  youth. 

juvo,  -are,  jfivi,  jutus,  help, 
aid,  assist,  benefit. 

K. 

Karthag^Oy  see  Carthago. 

L. 

li^  abbr.  of  Lacius,  -ii,  m.,  Lucius 
(Roman  praenomen  or  first  name). 

Labienus,  -I,  m.,  Titus  .ittius 
Labienus  (Caesar's  clilef  lieuten- 
ant in  tlie  (iallic  war,  58-50  n.c). 

labor,  -oris,  m.  [\'Iab-,  lay  h(dd 
''/]>  (l«yhJg  hold  of,  and  so)  labor, 
toil,  excrtinii. 

labor,  -1,  lapsus  [Vlab-,  glide, 
fall],  glide,  fall,  sink ;  err. 

lal>oro,  -iire,  -avT,  -atus  [labor- 
(st.  of  labor),  labor],  labor;  strug- 
gle again. 'ft  odds. 

lac,  lactis,  n.,  milk. 


276 


liacedaemon 


levo 


Ijacedacinon,  -onis,  ¥.,  Lacedae- 

mon  or  Spnrt'C  (chief  city  of 
Lacouia,  in  relopoiniesns). 

Lacedaemonii,  -oruin,  m.,  Lace- 
daemonians (inhabitants  of  Lace- 
tlaemou,  q.  v.). 

lacertiis,  -i,  M.,  upper  arm,  arm; 
ill  pi.,  also  muscle,  hrawn. 

lacesso,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus,  clial- 
lencje,  irritate,  attack. 

lacrima,  -ae,  F.,  tear. 

lacus,  -us,  M.,  lake. 

Ijaeca,  -ae,  m.,  Marcus  Porcius 
Laeca  (one  of  Catiline's  accom- 
plices in  the  conspiracy  of  63  B.C.) . 

Liaelius,  -ii,  M.,  Gajus  Laelius 
(friend  of  Scipio  Africanus  the 
younger,  and  principal  character 
in  Cicero's  work  on  Friendship ; 
flourished  in  the  latter  half  of 
the  second  century  B.C.). 

laetitia,  -ae,  f.  [laeto-  (st.  of 
laetus) , joyful^ ,  joy. 

laetor,  -ari,  -atus  [laeto-  (st.  of 
laetus),  jo?//z(Z],  he  joyful,  rejoice; 
rejoice  at. 

lapis,  -idis,  m.,  stone. 

largior,  -iri,  -itus  [largo-  (st.  of 
largus),  ahundanf],  bestow  lavish- 
ly, he  lavish  of. 

late,  adv.  [abl.  fm,  of  latus, 
wide'],  ividely ;  quam  latissime, 
as  vjidely  or  extensively  as  possible. 

Latinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Latin 
(pertaining  to  Latium,  q.  v.). 

latitude,  -inis,  f.  [lato-  (st.  of 
latus),  hroad],  hreadth,  extent. 

Tjatium,  -ii,  n.,  Latium  (district 
in  Italy  containing  the  city  Rome). 

Latovici,  -drum,  m.,  the  Latovici 
(German  tribe,  neighbors  of  the 
Helvetii). 

latro,  -5nis,  m.,  rohher. 

latrocinium,  -ii,  n.  [conn.  w. 
latrocinor,  rob  on  the  highway'], 
robbery. 

latus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  broad,  ex- 
tensive. 

latus,  -eris,  n.,  side,  flank. 

laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [laud- 
(st.  of  laus),  praise],  commend.^ 
praise. 


laus,  laudis,  f.,  praise,  commen- 
dation ;  glory,  distinction,  renown. 

lector,  -oris,  m.  [v/leg-,  read], 
reader. 

legatio,  -onis,  f.  [lega-  (st.  of 
lego),  depute],  deputing;  deputa- 
tion, embassy. 

legatus,  -i,  M.  [perf.  part,  of 
lego,  depute],  (one  commissioned 
or  deputed,  aud  so)  ambassador, 
envoy  ;  lieutenant  (the  legati  were 
experienced  officers  commanding 
separate  divisions  of  the  army 
under  the  general  direction  of 
the  commander-in-chief ;  often 
in  special  exigencies  they  exer- 
cised independent  command). 

legio,  -onis,  f.  [Vleg-,  pick, 
gather],  (a  levy,  and  so)  legion 
(a  full  legion  in  Caesar's  time 
contained  about  6000  men;  the 
legion  was  divided  into  ten  co- 
horts, each  cohort  into  three 
maniples,  and  each  maniple  into 
two  centuries). 

legionarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [le- 
gion- (st.  of  legio),  legion],  per- 
taining to  legions,  legionary. 

lego,  -ere,  legi,  lectus  [v'leg-, 
pick,  gather],  gather ;  select;  read. 

Lemannus,  -i,  M.,  (ancient  name 
of)  Lake  Geneva. 

Liemnos  or  Liemnus,  -i,  f.,  Lem- 
nos  or  Lemnus  (island  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  Aegean  sea). 

Lemovices,  -um,  m.,  the  Lemo- 
vices  (tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul,  w^estof 
the  Arverni). 

lenio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus  [leni- 
(st.  of  lenis),  soft],  make  soft, 
soothe. 

Lentulus,  -i,  M.,  Puhlius  Cor- 
nelius Lentulus  S%ira  (one  of  Cat- 
iline's accomplices  in  the  conspir- 
acy of  63  B.C.). 

leo,  -onis,  m.,  lion. 

Lepidus,  -i,  m.,  Manius  Aemil- 
ius  Lepidus  (consul  QQ  B.C.). 

levls,  -e,  adj.,  lAQiit,  slight. 

levo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [levi-  (st. 
of  levis),  LiGii^],  lAGiiten,  relieve, 
release. 


lex 


niag^is 


2T 


lex,  lesfis,  f.,  law. 

libeuter,  adv.  [libent-  (st.  of 
libens),  iriUing],  mlUnghj,  cheer- 
fnllij. 

liber,  -brl,  M.,  book,  treatise, 
trork. 

liber,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  free,  un- 
restricted. 

libcralis,  -e,  adj.  [IThero-  (st. 
of  liber),  free'\,  belong ing  to  a 
freeman.;  liberal,  lavish. 

liberaliter,  adv.  [ITberali-  (st. 
of  llberfilis),  pertaining  to  a  free- 
man'}, (in  a  manner  becoming  a 
freeman,  and  so)  graciously,  cour- 
teouslg. 

libere,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  ITber, 
free'],fre^y,  icithout  constraint. 

liberi,  -drum,  yi.  [masc.  pi.  of 
adj.  liber,  free,  used  subst.],  (the 
free  members  of  the  household  in 
distinction  from  the  slaves,  and 
so)  children  (with  reference  to 
tlieir  parents;  cf.  pueri,  children 
in  general). 

libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [libero- 
(st.  of  liber), /ree],  set  free,  free, 
liberate,  relieve,  release. 

libertas,  -atis,  f.  [libero-  (st. 
of  \\hi:Y),  free'],  freedom,  liberty. 

llbet,  -ere  -buit  or  -bitum  est 
(older  forms,  lubet,  etc.,  Vlub-, 
desire ;  cognate  w.  Euglieh  lovk], 
it  is  pleasing  or  agreeable ;  mthi 
llbet,  /  am  disposed. 

licet,  -ere,  -cuit  or  -citum  est 
[Vlic-,  leave  free  (through  pre- 
sumed adj.)],  it  is  permitted,  it  is 
lafrful,one  is  at  liberty,it  is  possible. 

IJIiigones, -urn  (arc.  Lingonas), 
M.,  the  Lingones  (tribe  in  Celtic 
Haid  near  the  sources  of  the 
Ma  rue  and  Meuse). 

lingua,  -ac,  F.,  TONGUE;  lan- 
guage. 

Liscus,  -T,  M.,  Liscus  (proini- 
neut  Aeduan  of  Caesar's  time). 

LItavlcctifl,  -T,  M.,  Litaviccus 
'  Aeduan  of  Caesar's  time). 

littera,  -ae,  f.,  letter  (of  the 
alphabet),  character;  in  pi.,  letter 
(epistle),    dispatch,    letters,    dis- 


patches;   litteris    maudare,    to 

commit  to  icriting. 

litus,  -oris,  k.  ,  shore  (of  the  sea ; 
cf.  ripa,  bank  of  a  river). 

loco,  -are,  -iivT,  -iitus  [loco-  (st. 
of  locus),  place'],  place. 

locus,  -1,  M. ;  in  pi.,  (usu.)  loca, 
-orum,  N.,  (sometimes)  loci, 
-orum,  M.,  place,  sj)ot,  site,  posi- 
tion ;  room ;  rank. 

longe,  adv.  [abl.  f m.  of  longus, 
LONG],/rtr;  by  far ;  for  a  long 
time,  LONG. 

loiigiiiquus,  -a,-um,  adj.  [conn, 
w.  longiis],  LONG,  j.O'SG-continued. 

longitudo,  -inis,  f.  [longo-  (st. 
of  longus),  long],  LK^Gth. 

longus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  long; 
navis  longa,  ship  of  u^ar. 

loquor,  -T,  -cutus  [Vloqu-,  sounds 
sjyeak],  speak. 

luceo,  -ere,  luxi  [conn.  w.  lux, 
LiGHi],  be  LiGiif,  shine. 

ludus,  -T,  M.,  game. 

lugeo,  -ere,  luxT,  mourn,  lament. 

lumen,  -inis,  n.  [\l\u(c)-,  shine], 
(that  which  shines,  and  so)  ligh^. 

liina,  -ae,  f.  [v'lu(c)-,  shine]^ 
moon. 

lustrum,  -1,  N.  [Vlou-,  tcash]^ 
purificatory  sacrifice. 

lux,  lilcis,  F.  [Vluc-,  shine], 
LIG^^ 

Lycus,  -T,  M.,  Lycus  Can  Athe- 
nian, father  of  Thrasybulus ;  lived 
in  the  flfth  century  b.c). 

M. 

M.,  abbr.  of  Marcus,  -T,  m. 
(Roman  praenomenorllrstname). 

M*,  abbr.  of  3Ianius,  -ii,  m. 
(Homan  praenomen  or  llrst  name). 

machinatio,  -onis,  f.  [mfichi- 
na-  (st.  of  raachiuor),  devise], 
(devising,  and  so)  mechanism; 
engine. 

machinor,  -firl,  -atus  rmfuthina- 
(st.  of  mfichina),  machine],  in- 
vent, contrive,  devise. 

magis,  adv.  [for  *inaglus,  n. 
ace.  sing.  comp.  ofadj.  used  adv.], 
More. 


2T8 


magister 


mehercle 


magister,  -tri,  m.  [Vmag-,  be 
great,  he  powerful,  w.  double 
comp.  stiff.  :  -is  =:  -ius,  and  -ter], 
(he  who  is  greater  or  more 
powerful,  and  so),  master. 

magistratus,  -us,  M.  [magistra- 
(st.  of  *niagistro),  be  master], 
(being  master,  and  so)  office  of  a 
magistrate,  magistracy ;  magis- 
trate. 

inagnificus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [ma- 
gno-  (St.  of  nmgnus) ,  great ;  Vfac-, 
i>o],  (of  great  deeds,  and  so) 
magnificent,  glorious,  splendid. 

magnitudo,  -inis,  F.  [magno- 
(st.  of  magnus),  greaf],  greatness, 
size,  bulk,  extent,  magnitude. 

magnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [Vmag-, 
be  great'] ,  great,  large ;  magni 
(gen.  of  value),  greatly,  highly. 
Comp.,  major, -us,  g^rea^er;  older, 
elder ;  pi.  subst.,  majores,  ances- 
tors ;  majores  natu,  elders,  old 
men.  Superl.,  maximus,  -a,  -um, 
greatest;  quam  maximus  (with 
or  without  some  form  of  possum), 
greatest  possible. 

major,  -us,  see  magnus. 

male,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  malus, 
had] ,  badly,  ill. 

maleficium,  -ii,  n.  [maleflco- 
(st.  of  maleflcus),  mischievous], 
mischief. 

malo,  malle,  malu!  [mage 
(=magis),  rather;  volo,  loish], 
ivish  rather,  choose  rather,  prefer. 

malus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  bad,  evil, 
mischievous,  evil-minded ;  wretched, 
unfortunate;  subst.,  mialum,  -i, 
N.,  evil.  Comp.,  pejor,  -us,  worse. 
Super!.,  pessimus,  -a,  -um,  worst. 

mandatum,  -T,  n.  [n.  perf .  part, 
of  mand5,  command],  injunction, 
order,  commission,  message. 

mando,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [mauu- 
(st.  of  manus),  hand;  do,  give 
(through  presumed  adj.  st.)], 
(put  into  one's  hands,  and  so) 
commit,  intrust;  order,  command. 

mane,  adv.,  early  in  the  morn- 
ing. 

maneo,  -ere,   mausi,    mansuni 


[Vman-,  think],  (stand  wrapt  in 
thought,  and  so)  wait,  remain, 
abide,  continue;  manere  in,  to 
remain  in,  to  abide  by. 

manus,  -us,  v.,  hand  ;  art ;  force, 
band;  in  manibus,  in  jwepara- 
tion;  vim  et  manus  Inferre, 
to  lay  violent  hands  upoN. 

Marcius,  -ii,  M.,  Quintus  Mar- 
cius  Rex  (consul  68  B.C.). 

mare,  -is,  N.,  sea;  mari,  on 
the  sea,  by  sea. 

maritimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [mari- 
(st.  of  mare),  sea],  belonging  to 
the  sea,  maritime. 

Mars,  Martis,  m..  Mars  (Mars 
was  originally  a  Roman  agricul- 
tural divinity,  but  early  came  to 
be  identified  with  the  Greek  god 
Ares;  hence  he  is  generally 
viewed  as  the  god  of  war). 

Massiva,,  -ae,  m.,  Massiva 
(grandson  of  the  Numidian  king 
Masinissa;  assassinated  at  the 
instigation  of  JugurthaB.c.  108). 

mater,  -tris,  f.  [v/ma-,  /orm, 
fashion,  make],  mother. 

materia,  -ae,  f.  [mater,  moth- 
er], (mother-stuff,  and  so)  mate- 
rials; timber. 

mature,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  ma- 
turus,  ?'ipf?],  seasonably;  speedily. 

maturo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [matu- 
ro-  (st.  of  maturus),  ripe],  ripen; 
hasten. 

maturus,  -a,  -um,  adj. [conn.  w. 
mane,  early  in  the  morning],  Hpe. 

maxime,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of 
maximus,  greatest],  especially, 
Most  of  all,  Most. 

maximus,  -a,  -um,  see  magnus. 

mediocris,  -e,adj.  [conn.  w.  me- 
dius,  MiDD^e],  MiDDling ;  slight. 

medius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  miDule, 
MiDDle  part  of,  in  the  mirnyle ;  per 
medios,  through  the  MiY>st  of  them. 

mehercle  or  mehercule  [me, 
ace.  pers.  pron.  w.  vowel  short- 
ened (sc.  juves) ;  hercle  or  her- 
cule,  voc.  of  Hercules],  (Her- 
cules, [help]  me!  and  so)  by 
Hercules  ! 


nielior 


minor 


279 


meMor,  -ius,  see  bonus. 

membrum,  -T,  N.,  limh,  member. 

nieinini,  def.  (only  in  perf. 
system,  w.  meaning  of  pres.) 
[v'men-,  think  ;  of.  mens],  think  of, 
remember,  cherish  the  memory  of; 
mention,  make  mention  of. 

memor,  -oris,  adj.  [Vmor-  (re- 
duplicated), tarry  over,  brood; 
conn.  w.  mora,  delay'},  mindful, 
thoughtful,  recalling. 

ineinoria,  -ae,  F.  [memori-  (st. 
of  memor),  mindful],  remem- 
brnnrf,  memory ;  time;  memoriae 
proditum  est,  the  story  runs  (lit., 
it  has  been  handed  down  to  mem- 
ory). 

memoro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [me- 
mori- (St.  of  memor),  mindful], 
(make  mindful,  call  to  mind,  and 
so)  mention,  recount. 

3Ienapii,  -orum,  m.,  the  Menapii 
(tribe  in  the  northern  part  of 
Belgic  Gaul). 

mens,  mentis,  f.  [Vmen-,  think], 
MIND,  the  intellectual  faculties; 
disposition;  opinion;  purpose,  in- 
tention. 

mensis,  -is,  m.  [conn.  w.  metior, 
measure],  (measure  of  time,  and 

so)  MON^^. 

mentior,  -TrI,  -Ttus  [menti-  (st. 
of  mens),  mind  (with  special  ref- 
erence to  the  imagrlnation)],  (draw 
upon  the  imagination,  inveut,  ro- 
mance, and  so)  lie,  speak  falsely. 

mcrcator,  -oris,  m.  [merca-  (st. 
of  mercor),  trade],  trader,  mer- 
chant. 

mereatura,  -ae,  F.  [mercSr  (st. 
'f  nmrcor),  trade],  trade,  traffic, 
ommerce:  in  pi.,  commercial 
intnsactions. 

mcrces,  -cdls,  f.  [codd.  w.  mer- 
cator  and  mercatura],  hire,  pay. 

Mercuriug,  -il,  m.  [conn.  w. 
the  foregoing  words],  Mercury 
(Roman  god  of  commerce  and 
gain;  later  identified  with  Greek 
god  Hermes,  and  so  viewed  as 
herald  and  messenger  of  the  gods, 
presider  over  roads,  etc.). 


mereor,  -eri,-itus,  deserve,  merit. 

3Iessalla,  -ae,  m.,  Messa//a(M(is- 
sala). 

-met  (pron.  suft".  appended  for 
emphasis  to  certain  forms  of  the 
pers.  and  poss.  prons.),  self. 

metior,  -iri,  inensus  [conn.  w. 
modus,  MF.Asure,  and  mensis, 
Mox^/i],  measure.,  estimate,  judge. 

metiio,  -ere,  -uT,  -fitus  (once) 
l^metu-  (st.  of  metus),/ear],/e«r. 

metus,  -us,  m.,  fear,  apprehen- 
sion. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  pron.,  my  ; 
mea  interest,  it  interests  me,  it 
is  of  importayice  to  mk. 

miles,  -itis,  m.,  soldier. 

milltaris,  -e,  adj.  [milit-  (st.  of 
im\ci>),  soldier],  pertaining  to  sol- 
diers, military ;  res  militaris,  the 
military  art. 

militia,  -ae,  f.  [milit-  (st.  of 
miles),  soldier],  xmrfare,  military 
service;  militiae,  abroad,  in  the 
field. 

mille,  in  sing.,  indecl.  adj., 
thousand;  also  in  nom.  and  ace. 
sing.  (w.  part.  gen.),subst.,  thou- 
sand: mille  passuum,  a  thousand 
paces,  a  mile  ;  in  pi.,  milia  (millia) 
(w.  part,  gen.),  subst.,  thousands : 
milia  passuum  or  milia  (sc. 
passuum),  miles. 

3Iiltiades,  -is,  m.,  Miltiades 
(celebrated  Athenian  general ;  de- 
feated the  Persians  in  the  battle 
of  Marathon  b.c.  490). 

mina,  -ae,  f.  [borrowed  from 
the  Greek],  mina  (sum  of  money 
equivalent  to  about  .31 H). 

Minerva,  -ae,  v.,  Minerva  (god- 
dess of  wisdom,  of  the  arts  and 
sciences,  of  spinning  and  weav- 
ing, etc.). 

minimus,  -a, -um,  see  parvus. 

minime,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  mini- 
mus, lea.Ht],  least,  least  of  all. 

minitor,  -url,  -atus  [intens.  of 
minor,  threaten;  formed  as  if  the 
perf.  part. were minitun], threaten, 
menace. 

minory  -us,  see  parvus. 


280 


minus 


mos 


minus,  adv.  [ace.  ii.  sing,  of 
minor],  leas ;  not ;  minus  valere, 
not  to  he  strong  enough,  to  be  too 
weak. 

minao,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus  [conn. 
\v.  minor,  less^,  lessen,  diminish; 
check, prevent ;  (of  disputes)  settle. 

mirabilis,  -e  [mira-  (st.  of  mi- 
ror),  wonder  af]^  to  he  wondered 
at,  wonderful. 

miror,  -ari,  -atus  [miro-  (st.  of 
mirus),  wonderful'],  iconder  at, 
admire,  wonder. 

mIrus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [\/(s)mi-_, 
SMiZe],  wonderfid,  strange;  milii 
mirum  videtur,  I  am  at  a  loss  to 
understand. 

miser,  -era,  -eriim,  adj.,  wretch- 
ed, unfortunate. 

misereor,  -eri,  -eritus  or  -ertus 
[misero-  (st.  of  miser),  icretched], 
(be  wretclied  in  another's  belialf, 
and  so)  feel  pity,  pity,  have  com- 
passion. 

miseret,  -ere,  -eritum,  impers. 
[misero-  (st.  o^  miser),  ivretched], 
it  distresses,  it  moves  to  pity  ;  me 
miseret,  I  pity,  I  am  sorry  for. 

misericordia,  -ae,  f.  [raiseri- 
cordi-,  (st.  of  misericors),  ten- 
der-iiKAUTed] ,  tender-niiARTedness, 
compassion,  pity. 

miseri-cors,  -cordis,  adj.  [mi- 
sero- (st.  of  miser),  wretched; 
cordi-  (st.  of  cor),  heart],  tender- 
iiKAKTcd,  compassionate. 

miseror,  -ari,  -atus  [misero-  (st. 
of  miser),  ivretched],  express  pity 
for,  lament,  hewail. 

Mithridates,  -is,  m.,  Mithridates 
(kiug  of  Pontus  and  enemy  of 
the  Roman  people;  committed 
suicide  G3  b.c). 

mitis,  -e,  adj.,  mild. 

mitto,  -ere,  misi,  missus,  send. 

modeste,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of 
modestus,  temperate],  temperately. 

modestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [conn, 
w.  modus,  MKASure],  (measured, 
observant  of  due  restraint,  and 
so)  modest. 

modicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [modo- 


(st.  of  modus)  ,MEASM?'e] ,  moderate. 

modo,  adv.  [abl.  of  modus, 
MEASwre,  \v.  final  vowel  short- 
ened], (b}'  measure,  i.e.  not  ex- 
ceeding, and  so)  only,  merely, 
hut ;  if  only ;  non  modo  .  .  .  ve- 
rum  etiam,  not  only  .  .  .  hut  also. 

modus,  -1,  M.  [Vmod-,  MEAS?«re], 
MEAsm'e,  quantity,  amount;  man- 
ner, way,  sort ;  hujusce  modi,  of 
this  sort,  the  following ,  as  follows; 
ejusmodi,  of  such  a  kind,  such ; 
ad  hunc  modum,  as  follows  ;  in 
servilem  modum,  as  in  the  case 
of  slaves. 

molestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [conn, 
w.  moles,  mass,  hurden],  hurden- 
some,  trouhlesome,  annoying. 

mollio,  -ire,  -Tvi  and  -ii,  -itus 
[molli-  (st.  of  mollis),  so/«] ,  soften. 

mollis,  -e,  adj.,  soft,  pliant, 
yielding  ;  feehle. 

momentum, -1,  N.  [^mov-, push], 
(result  of  pushing,  and  so)  move- 
ment;  weight,  importance,  moment. 

moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [v/mon-, 
think,  cause  to  think],  reMiNd,  warn. 

mons,  montis,  :\i.,  mountain. 

morbus,  -T,  M.  [Vmor-,  ivaste 
away;  conn,  w.moriorand  mors], 
disease. 

Morini,  -orum,  m.,  the  Morini 
(tribe  in  Belgic  Gaul  near  strait 
of  Dover). 

morior,  mori  (morlri),  mortuus 
[v'mor-,  waste  away;  conn.  w. 
morbus  and  mors],  die. 

moror,  -ari,  -atus  [mora-  (st.  of 
mora),  delay],  delay,  remain,  lin- 
ger. 

mors,  -tis,  f.  [v/mor-,  waste 
aicay ;  conn.  w.  morior  and  mor- 
bus], death. 

mortalis,  -e,  adj.  [morti-  (st. 
of  mors),  death],  pertaining  to 
death,  mortal ;  subst.,  human  be- 
ing, mortal,  man. 

mortuus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  mo- 
rior, die],  dead. 

mos,  moris,  m.,  custom,  wont, 
usage,  practice;  in  pL,  morals, 
character. 


moveo 


■ne 


281 


nioveo,  -ore,  raovi,  motus 
[N'mov-,  push  (through  presumed 
adj.  St.)],  move;  excite,  cause; 
affect,  disturb,  trouble;  influence. 

mulier,  -eris,  F.,  woman. 

multiplex, -icis,  adj.  [multo-(st. 
of  multus),  much;  Vplec-,  folcZ], 
maniFOLd;  plausus  multiplex, 
repeated  outbursts  of  applause. 

multitudo,  -inis,  f.  [multo-  (st. 
of  uuiltus),  much^,  great  number, 
multitude;  the  people,  the  public. 

multo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [multii- 
(st.  of  mu\ta.) , penalty ,  flne],  pun- 
ish, fine  ;  aliquem  pecunla  mul- 
tare,  to  fine  one  in  a  sum  of  money. 

multus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  much ;  in 
'pl.f  many ;  mnltum  (used  adv.), 
much,  widely ;  multo  (w.  comp.), 
much,  far;  inulta  nocte,  late  at 
NIGHT.  Trans,  adv.,  frequently. 
Corap.,  plus,  pluris,  more;  pi., 
plures,  plQra,  more  than  one,  and 
so  several.  Superl.,  plurimus, 
-a,  -ura,  most,  very  much,  very 
many,  most  numerous  ;  plurimum 
posse,  to  be  most  or  very  powerful, 
to  be  very  influential. 

Mulvius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Mulvian 
(bridge  across  the  Tiber). 

mundus,  -T,  M.,  universe,  world. 

munimcntum,  -!,  N.  [muni-  (st. 
of  munio),  fortify],  means  of  de- 
fence, fortification,  rampart. 

muiiio,  -Ire,  -iv!  or  -il,  -itus  [old 
fm.,  moenio,  fr.  moeni-  (st.  of 
mocnia,iraUs)],buildawall ;  make 
secure,  fortify. 

munitio,  -onis,  F.  [muni-  (st.  of 
munio) ,  fortify"] ,  fortification. 

mGnus,  -eris,  n.,  office,  function^ 
duty;  burden;  service;  yijl. 

murus,  -T,  M.,  wall. 

muto,  -arc,  -avT,  -atus  [for 
*motd,  intens.  of  moveo,  move ;  fr. 
moto-,  St.  of  perf.  part,  motus], 
change. 

\. 

nam,  conj.  (stands  at  the  be- 
ginning of  tlie  sentence),  for; 
(in  intorrog.  sentences  expressing 
suipii-ic  or  emotion)  hut  oi pray. 


nam  que,  conj.  [nam, /or;  que, 
and;  cf.  etenim]  (stronger  than 
nam) ,  for  indeed,  for. 

nascor,  -i,  niitus  [for  *gnascor, 
inceptive  fr.  Vgua-,  be  born],  be 
born;  anse. 

natalis,  -c,  adj.  [nato-  (st.  of 
niitus),  born], pertaining  to  one's 
birth ;  dies  natalis,  birthday. 

natio,  -onis,  f.  [for  *gnatio,  fr. 
Vgna-,  be  born],  being  born,  birth; 
race ;  nation,  people,  tribe. 

natu  (in  abl.  only),  m.  [for 
♦giiatfi,  fr.  v'gnii-,  be  born],  by  birth; 
grandis  natu,  advanced  in  years. 

natura,  -ae,  f.  [for  *gnatura,  fr. 
Vgna-,  be  born],  nature,  character; 
natura,  by  nature,  naturally. 

naturalis,  -e,  adj.  [natura-  (st. 
of  natura),  nature],  belonging  to 
nature,  natural. 

natus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part,  of 
nascor,  be  born],  born. 

navalis,  -e,  adj.  [mivi-  (st.  of 
nJivis),  ship],  belonging  ov pertain- 
ing to  ships,  naval. 

navigo,  -arc,  -avT,  -atus  [ntivi- 
(st.  of  navis),  ship;  Vag-,  drive 
(through  presumed  adj.  st.)],  sail. 

navis,  -is,  f.,  ship;  navis 
longa,  ship-ofwar,  man-of-war ; 
see  Fig.  6. 


Fig.  6. 

Nftvis  longa,  from  a  mosaic  in  u  tumb 
near  Putcoli. 

ne,  adv.  (regular  negative  w. 
hort.  and  opt.  subj.),  ^ot;  (in 
final  clauses)  that  sot,  lest;  (w. 
verbs  of  fearing)  that  or  lest. 

n6  . .  .  quidcm,  vot  even  (w. 
emphatic  word  or  words  between 
ne  and  quidem). 

-ne,  enclitic  interrog.  particle ; 
it  simply  inquires,  without  im- 
plying wliat  answer  is  expected, 
cf.  Qonuc  and  num. 


282 


l^eSpolis 


non  niillus 


Neapolis,  -is,  F.,  Naples  (New- 
toii). 

nee,  see  neque. 

necesse,  n.  adj.  used  in  nom. 
and  ace.  sing.,  necessary. 

neg-lego,  -ere,  -exi,  -ectus  [nee, 
sot ;  lego,  gather,  heed],  disregard, 
neglect;  set  at  defiance. 

nego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  deny,  say 

.  .  .  NO^. 

negotium,  -ii,  N.  [nee,  sot; 
otium,  leisure'],  business,  affair, 
matter,  enterprise,  undertaking. 

nemo  (in  place  of  gen.  neminis, 
nullms  is  used ;  in  place  of  abl. 
nemine,  nuUo,  ^i.  or  nulla,  f.  is 
used),  c.  [ne,  sot,  so;  hemo 
(homo),  man],  so  one,  sobody. 

neque  or  nee,  conj.  [ne  (w. 
vowel  shortened),  sot;  -que,  and], 
and  sot,  seither,  sor ;  neque  .  .  . 
neque  or  nee  .  .  .  nee,  seither  .  .  . 
sor. 

Nervii,  -orum,  m.,  the  Nervii 
(tribe  in  Belgic  Gaul  between  the 
Sambre  and  the  Scheldt). 

ne-sclo,  -Tre,  -ivi  or  -ii  [ne,  sot ; 
scio,  k7iow],  sot  know. 

neuter,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.  [ne, 
sot;  uter,  einiKii],  NCiXHER;  in 
pi.,  neutri,  seinn^ii party. 

neve  or  neu,  conj.  [ne,  sot; 
ve,  or],  and  sot,  sor,  and 
that  sot  (takes  the  place  of 
neque  in  clauses  expressing  pur- 
pose, exhortation,  and  prohibi- 
tion). 

nex,  necis,  f.  [v/nec-,  destroy; 
conn.  w.  noceo  and  pernicies], 
death  (by  violence). 

niger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  black. 

nihil,  N.,  def.  (also  nihilum, 
-1,  N.,  and  nil)  [ne,  sot;  hilum, 
trifle,  the  least  thing],  sothing ; 
nihil  (adv.  ace.)  sot  at  all;  nihil 
posse,  to  be  loithout  any  effective 
strength. 

nimis,  adv.,  too,  excessively. 

nimius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [conn. 
w.  foregoing],  too  much,  exces- 
sive. 

nisi,  conj.  [ne,  sot;  si,  if],  if 


sot,  unless,  except;  nihil  nisi, 
sothing  but;  nisi  cum,  until. 

nitor,  -1,  nisus  or  nixus,  depend, 
rely. 

nobilis,  -e,  adj.  [s/gno-,  know], 
capable  or  worthy  of  being  KNOw;i  ; 
famous,  celebrated,  renowned ; 
high-born,  noble;  subst.,  noble- 
man, noble. 

nobilitas,  -atis,  f.  [n5bili-  (st. 
of  ndbilis),  well  KNOW?i],  fame; 
nobility,  noble  birth,  rank;  nobles, 
the  nobility. 

nobilito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [no- 
bili-  (st.  of  nobilis),  famous], 
make  famous. 

noceo,  -ere,  -m,  -itum  [v/noc-, 
destroy,  injure  (through  presumed 
adj.  St.)  ;  conn.  w.  nex  and  perni- 
cies], injure,  damage,  inflict  in- 
jury. 

nocturnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [conn, 
w.  noctu,  by  sight],  pertaining  to 
the  NIGHT,   nocturnal,  posted   by 

NIGHT. 

nolo,  n511e,  nolui  [ne,  sot; 
volo,  icish] ,  be  unwii^ung,  decline  ; 
id  nolle,  to  object  to  this. 

nomen,  -inis,  N.  [v'gno-,  know], 
(means  of  knowing,  and  so) 
NAME ;  nomine,  under  the  name, 
as,  by  way  of. 

nominatim,  adv.  [nomina-  (st. 
of  n5miuo),  n^vme],  by  name,  in 
detail. 

nomino,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [nomin- 
(st.  of  nomen),  name],  name, 
call. 

non,  adv.  [old  forms,  noenum, 
noenu,  fr.    ne,    sot,   and    unum, 

one],  sot,  NO. 

nonagesimus,  -a,  -um,  ord. 
num.  adj.,  siSBTieth. 

nondum,  adv.  [non,  no^;  dum, 
yet],  sot  yet. 

nonne  [non,  sot;  -ne,  interrog. 
particle],  interrog.  particle  intro- 
ducing questions  to  which  an 
affirmative  answer  is  expected. 

non  niillus  or  nonnullus,  -a, 
-um,  adj.  [non,  no^;  nullus,  no], 
some;  pi.  subst.,  nonnulli,  some. 


noil  nimqiiain 


ob-ses 


283 


non  nunquam  (luimquam)  or 
nonnunquam  (numquam),  adv. 
[nou,  yot ;  nunquam,  'sever'], 
sometimes. 

noniis,  -a,  -um,  ord.  num.  adj. 
[conn.  w.  novem,  Nixe],  xiN^/i. 

Xoricus,  -a,-um,  adj.,  belonging 
to  Noricum  (a  country  lying  be- 
tween tlie  Alps  and  the  Danube) 
Morican. 

nosco,  -ere,  novi,  notus  [incep- 
tive fr.  Vgno-,  know],  become  ac- 
quainted with;  acK'soYfledge ;  in 
perf.,  Kxow. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  poss.  pron. 
[nos,  ire],  our. 

novem,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  Nixe. 

novo,  -fire,  -avT,  -atus  [novo- 
(st.  of  novus),  new],  make  new, 
reNEW. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  new, 
strange;  superl.,  novlssimus, 
hindmost,  rear;  novissimum  ag- 
men,  rear ;  ab  novisslmis,  in  the 
rear. 

nox,  noctis,  f.  [Vnoc-,  destroy, 
injure;  conn.  w.  noce5],  night; 
inulta  nocte,  late  at  night. 

noxa,  -ac,  f.  [Vnoc-,  destroy,  in- 
jure; conn.  w.  noceo],  offence, 
crime. 

nObo,  -ere,  nupsT,  nuptus,  (of 
a  bride)  veil  one's  self  (for  the 
bridegroom),  and  so  marry; 
nuptuiii  (sup.)  conloc&ref  to  give 
in  marriage. 

undo,  -arc,  -avT,  -atus  [nudo- 
(st.  of  nudus),  barel,  strip,  lay 
hare. 

nacliis,  -a,  -um,  atlj.  [for  ♦nug- 
dus;  cognate  w.  English  NAKed], 
bare,  destitute. 

nugator,  -oris,  m.  [nOgOr  (st. 
of  nugor),  trifle'},  trifler. 

nuilii8,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ne,  no<; 
fillus,  AX//5,  sot  Any,  no;  annihi- 
lated ;  SUbst,  NO  ONE. 

num,  intcrrog.  particle  intro- 
dacing  questions  to  which  a  ncg. 
answer  is  expected ;  also  (in  de- 
pendent questions),  whether. 

Numantia,    -ac,   f.,   Mumantia 


(town  in  Spain  on  tlie  upper 
Douro,  destroyed  by  Scipio  Afri- 
canus  the  younger  133  B.C.). 

numen,  -inis,  n.  [Vnu-,  nod}, 
(that  which  is  expressed  by  a 
nod,  and  so)  divine  imll  or  power. 

numerns,  -i,  m.,  number;  ac- 
count, estimation,  rank. 

numquam,  see  nunquam. 

nunc,  adv.,  now. 

nunquam  or  numquam,  adv. 
[ne,  :sot;  unquam,  ever},  sever. 

n5ntio,-are,  -avi,  -atus  [nuntio- 
(st.  of  nuntius),  messenger},  an- 
nounce, report. 

nuntius,  -il,  M.  [conn.  w.  novus, 
new],  messenger ;  message, i<iews; 
order,  injunction. 

nusquam,  adv.  [ne,  No^;  us- 
quam,  anywuEre},  NOWHEre. 

O. 

o,  interj.,  O,  On. 

ob,  prep.  w.  ace,  in  vieio  of,  on 
account  of,  for. 

ob-duco,  -ere,  -duxT,  ductus  [ob, 
towards,  foi'ward  ;  duco,  di-aw}, 
draw  foi'ward,  extend. 

ob-icio  (pronounced:  objicio), 
-ere,  -jecT,  -jectus  [ob,  before, 
against;  jacio,  cast},  cast  before; 
set  against,  match. 

oblitus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  oblT- 
viscor,  forget},  forgetfid. 

oblivlscor,  -T,  -\\t\.\s,forget,  turn 
one's  thoughts  from. 

obscuritas,  -atis,  f.  [obscuro- 
(st.  of  obscurus),  obscure},  ob- 
scurity. 

ob-secro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ob, 
towards,  before;  sacro,  declare 
sacred},  (appeal  to  one  in  the 
name  of  the  gods,  and  so)  be- 
seech, implore. 

ob-8crv6,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ob, 
before;  servo,  keep},  observe, 
mark,  keep;  respect,  follow,  com- 
ply with. 

ob-ses,  -idis,  (;.  [ob,  before; 
Vsed-,  sit],  (one  who  sits  or  re- 
mains as  a  pledge,  and  so)  host- 
age. 


284 


ob-sideo 


oppidum 


ob-sideo,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessus 
[ob,  before;  sedeo,  sit],  besiege. 

ob-sto,  -lire,  -stiti  [ob,  against; 
sto,  sTA7iJ],  ST\.nd  against,  oppose. 

ob-struo;  -ere,  -struxi,  -strfictus 
[ob,  against;  struo,  buil(T],  build 
against,  barricade. 

ob-tiueo,  -ere,  -timil,  -tentus 
[ob,  against;  teneo,  hold],  lay 
hold  or;  hold;  be  in  authority 
over;  obtain. 

ob-tingo,  -ere,-tigT  [ob,  towards; 
taugo,  toiich] ,  fall  to  one's  lot. 

ob-trunco,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ob, 
implyiug  attack;  trunco,  cutoff], 
cut  down,  kill. 

obviam,  adv.  [ob,  towards,  on  ; 
via,  way],  on  the  way,  to  meet; 
obviam  ire  (w.  dat.),  to  go  to 
meet,  to  resist. 

occasio,  -ouis,  f,  [ob-sfcad-,  fall 
toioards].,  (falling  towards  one, 
aud  so)  occasion,  chance,  opportu- 
nity. 

occasus,  -lis,  m.  [ob-Vcad-,  fall 
towards,  sink  down],  (sinking,  and 
so)  setting. 

oc-cido,  -ere,  -old!,  -cisus  [ob, 
against ;  caedo,  cut] ,  kill,  slay. 

occulte,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  occul- 
tus,  secret],  secretly. 

occulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [intens. 
of  occul5,  cover  up,  fr.  occulto- 
(st.  of  perf.  part.)],  co j^ceal,  se- 
crete. 

occultus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part,  of 
occulo,  cover  up],  concE.>i.hed,  se- 
cret ;  in  occulto,  in  secret. 

occ  upo, -are, -avi, -atus  [ob-Vcap-, 
lay  hold  of  (through  presumed 
adj.  St.)  ],  take  possession  of,  seize ; 
occupy,  employ. 

oc-curro,  -ere,  -cuni  (-cucurri, 
rare),  -cursum  [ob,  tovmrds;  cur- 
ro,  run],  run  to  meet;  hasten  to 
oppose  ;  Aa««ew(againsttheenemy) 
to  the  rescue  (of  one's  friends). 

Oceanus,  -i,  m.,  ocean. 

octingenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj. 
[octin-,  conn.  w.  octo,  eight; 
-ginti,  conn.  w.  centum,  hun- 
jyred'],  eight  uuNjDrecZ. 


octo,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  eight. 

octogesimus,  -a,  -um,  ord.  num. 
adj.,  EiGHTie«/i. 

octoginta,  indecl.  num.  adj. 
[octo,  eight;  -gin-  represents 
(de)cem,  ten],  eighty. 

oculas,  -1,  M.  [fr.  Voc-,  see 
(through  presumed  subst.)],  eye. 

odi,  osus,  def.  (pres.  system 
wanting),  hate,  cherish  hatred. 

odium,  -ii,  N.  [sfod-,  hate  ;  conn, 
w.  odi],  hatred;  grudge. 

of-fero,  offerre,  obtuli,  oblatus 
[ob,  towards;  fero,  bear],  pre- 
sent, offer. 

offlcium,  -i!,  n.  [base  op-  (in 
opus),  work,  service;  s/fac-,  do], 
service,  office,  duty;  sense  of  duty; 
obedience.,  allegiance. 

omen,  -iuis,  n.,  omen. 

o-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus 
[ob,  before,  aside  ;  mitto,  let  go] , 
let  go  ;  disregard. 

omnino,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  conn, 
w.  omuis],  altogether,  in  all,  only, 
but;  in  general. 

omnis,  -e,  adj.,  all,  every. 

onus,  -eris,  N.,  burden,  weight; 
ennui. 

opes,  -um,  F.  (nom.  sing,  used 
only  as  name  of  goddess  of  Plen- 
ty), means,  resources,  property, 
wealth,  riches;  opis  (gen.  sing.), 
aid,  help,  assistance. 

opinio,  -onis,  f.  [conn.  w. 
opTnor,  be  of  opinion],  opinion, 
views,  belief,  impression ;  expecta- 
tion ;  suspicion ;  celerius  opini- 
one,  more  quickly  than  any  one 
had  supposed  possible. 

opitulor,  -ari,  -atus  [opi-  (st. 
of  opis),  aid;  Vtol-,  bear  (through 
♦opitulus)],  bring  aid,  relieve. 

oportet,  -ere,  -uit,  impers.,  it 
is  proper,  it  is  right,  it  behooves. 

oppidanus,  -a,  -unij  adj.  [oppi- 
do-  (st.  of  oppidum),  town],  be- 
longing to  the  town;  subst.,  oppi- 
dani,  -orum,  m.,  inhabitants  of  the 
town,  townspeople. 

oppidum,  -1,  N.,  town  (viewed 
as  stronghold). 


opportunitSs 


parum 


285 


Qpportanitas,  -Stis,  F.  [oppor- 
tuiio-  (st.  of  opportunus),  con- 
venient], convenience,  favorable- 
ness;  opportunity. 

opportunus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  con- 
venient, fit,  opportune. 

op-primo,  -ere,  -press!,  -pressus 
[ob,  against;  premo,  press], 
crush,  overpoiiser. 

op-pugno,  -tire,  -fivl,  -jitiis  [ob, 
against;  pfigno,/^/*^],  assault. 

optimus,  see  bonus. 

[Ops],  opis,  F.,  see  opes. 

opus,  -eris,  n.,  icork  ;  undertak- 
ing;  in  pi.,  manufactnres. 

opus,  X.,  used  as  nom.  and  ace. 
only  [same  as  foregoing],  need, 
necessity;  translated  adj.,  neces- 
sary. 

©ratio,  -onis,  f.  [ora-,  speak], 
speaking, speech,  language;  address. 

orator,  -oris,  M.  [ora-,  speak, 
plead],  speaker,  orator. 

orbis,  -is,  m.,  circle,  orb;  com- 
pact mass. 

ordo,  -inis,  m.,  row,  rank ;  com- 
pany. 

Orgetorix,  -igis,  M.,  Orgetorix 
(prominent  Helvetian  of  Caesar's 
time). 

orior,  -TrT,  ortus,  rise,  spring  up, 
take  one's  origin,  begin  ;  descend. 

drnamentum,  -T,  N.  [drna-  (st. 
of  orno),  embellish],  (means  of 
embellishing,  and  so)  mark  of 
honor,  distinction,  ornament. 

orn5,  -are,  -iivT,  -fitus,  embellish, 
adorn,  honor,  distinguish. 

5r6,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [6s-  (st.  of 
6s)  (-»-  becomes -r-),  movXh],  en- 
treat, beg,  beseech. 

ortus,  -Qs,  M.  [Vor-,  rise ;  conn, 
w.  orior],  rising;  origin. 

oseulor,  -arl,  -atus  [6sculo-  (st. 
I  osculuni),  a  kiss],  kiss. 

os-tendo,  -ere,  -tend!,  -tentus 
♦obs=ob,  toxmrds;  iandb, stretch], 
i">int  out,  show ;  make  known,  de- 
clare, give  to  understand. 

dstium,  -II,  N.  [conn.  w.  68, 
mouth],  entrance, door. 

Qtium,-!!,  n.f  leisure. 


P. 

P.,  abbr.  of  Publius,  -il,  m. 
(Roman  praenoraen  or  first 
name). 

paene,  adv.,  almost. 

paenitet,  -ere,  -uit,  impers. 
[conn.  w.  poena,  penalty],* cause 
to  repent;  me  paenitet,  /  repent, 
I  regret,  I  am  dissatisfied. 

pagus,  -T,  M.  [v'pag-,  make  fast], 
(place  enclosed  by  fixed  bounda- 
ries, and  so)  district. 

palain,  adv.,  openly,  publicly. 

Palatium,  -il,  n.,  the  Palatine 
hill  (one  of  the  seven  hills  on 
which  Rome  was  built). 

paliis,  -tidis,  f.,  swamp,  marsh. 

pando,  -ere,  pandi,  passus, 
stretch  out,  expand. 

par,  paris,  adj.,  equal;  match 
for;  of  equal  rank  or  considera- 
tion. 

paratus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  paro, 
prepare],  preparert,  ready ;   eager. 

parco,  -ere,    peperci    (pars!), 

SPARE. 

parens,  -entis,  c.  [part,  of  pario, 
bring  forth,  used  subst.],  parent. 

pareo,  -ere,  pfiruT  [Intr.  form 
conn.  w.  tr.  paro,  make  ready], 
(be  ready,  and  so)  appear;  (ap- 
pear in  response  to  orders,  and 
so)  obey. 

pariter,  adv.  [pari-  (st.  of  par) , 
equal],  equally  ;  at  the  same  time. 

paro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tr.  fm. 
conn.  w.  intr.  pareo,  be  ready], 
make  ready,  prepare;  procure,  ac- 
quire. 

pars,  partis,  f.  [v'par-,  assign, 
make  ready ;  the  same  root  is  con- 
tained in  paro  and  pareo],  (as- 
signment, and  so)  part,  volition, 
share ;  side,  direction,  quarter. 

parti-ceps,  -cipis,  adj.  [parti- 
(st.  of  pars),  part;  Vcap-,  take], 
taking  part,  sharing;  partlccps 
esse,  to  come  in  for  a  share. 

partior,  -TrT,  -Ttus  [parti-  (st.  of 
pars)  ,part],part,  divide,  distribute. 

parum,  adv.  [ace.  used  adv.; 
parum  (for  ♦sparum)  ia  conn.  w. 


286 


parvulus 


per 


pared  (for  *sparc6),  spare],  too 
little. 

parvulus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [dim. 
fr.  parvo-  (st.  of  parvus),  smaW], 
very  small,  tiny;  ab  parvulis, 
from. childhood. 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [—  *paurus 
(cf.  nervus  =  *Deurus) ;  conn.  w. 
pauci,  few],  small,  little,  slight. 
Comp.,  minor,  -us,  less,  smaller; 
minus,  used  adv.:  less;  not; 
minus  valere,  not  to  be  strong 
enough,  to  be  too  weak.  Superl., 
minimus,  -a,  -um,  very  little,  least. 

passus,  -us,  M,  [Vpat-,  spread, 
stretch;  conn.  w.  pateo],  (stretch- 
ing forth  of  the  legs  in  walking, 
and  so)  pace ;  (as  a  measure  of 
length)  five  Roman  feet  (a  little 
less  than  five  English  feet). 

pateo,  -ere,  -ui  [Vpat-,  spread, 
stretch  (through  presumed  adj. 
St.)],  be  open,  lie  open,  extend. 

pater,  -tris,  m.  [of  uncertain 
origin],  father. 

pater  familias  or  paterfami- 
lias, patris  familias,  M.  [pater, 
FATHER  ;  familia,  household  of 
slaves'],  master  of  a  house,  head  of 
a  household. 

patera,  -ae,  f.  [conn.  w.  pateo, 
through  Vpat-,  spread],  libation- 
saucer,  sacrificial  dish  ;  see  Fig.  7. 


Fig.  7. 
Front  and  side  view  of  two  paterae,  one 
with  handle,  the  other  without.    The 
illustrations  are  copies  of  bronze  origi- 
nals found  at  Pompeii. 

patienter,  adv.  [patient-  (st.  of 
patiens), />af/e/7f],  patiently. 

patlor,-!,  passus,  suffer ;  permit. 

patria,  -ae,  f.  [fern,  of  patrius, 
belonging  to  one's  fathers;  sc. 
terra],  native  country. 

pauci,  -ae,  -a,  adj.  (sing,  very 
rare)    [conn.   vv.   parvus,    small, 


q.  v.],  few,  but  FEW;  paiica, 
few  icords,  briefly ;  paucis,  in  a 
FEW  words,  briefly. 

paulisper,  adv.,  for  a  little 
while,  for  a  short  time. 

paulus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [dim.  fr. 
*pauro-=  parvo-  (stem  of  parvus) 
little],  a  little;  paulo,  by  a  little, 
a  little. 

Paullus, -T,  M.,  1.  LiLCius  Aemi- 
lius  Paullus  (Roman  consul,  killed 
in  the  battle  of  Cannae  216  b.c.)  ; 
2.  Lucius  Aemilius  Paullus  (son 
of  preceding,  defeated  Perses, 
king  of  Macedon,  at  Pydna  168 

B.C.). 

pax,  pacis,  f.  [\/pac-,  bind  fast], 
(that  which  binds  fast,  and  so) 
peace ;  pace  tua,  loith  your  per- 
mission. 

pecco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  7nake  a 
mistake,  transgress,  sin. 

pecunia,  -ae,  f.  [conn.  w. 
pecu,  cattle],  (as  cattle  consti- 
tuted the  earliest  form  of  wealth, 
therefore)  wealth,  riches  ;  money, 
a  sum  of  money. 

pedes,  -itis,  m.  [ped-  (st.  of 
pes),   foot],  YOOT-soldier. 

pedester,  -tris,  -tre,  adj.  [pcdit- 
(st.  of  \jedes),¥OOT-soldier],  p>er- 
taining  to  vooT-soldiers. 

peditatus,  -us,  m.  [pedita-  (st. 
of  pedito)  go  on  foot],  (orig., 
going  on  foot,  and  so,  used  con- 
cretely) YOOT-soldiers,  infantry. 

pejor,  -us,  comp.  of  malus,  q.  v. 

pellis,  -is,  F.  [cognate  w.English 
fell],  skin;  tent;  sab  pellibus, 
in  camp. 

pello,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  beat ; 
drive,  expel ;  rout. 

pendo,  -ere,  pependi,  pensus, 
weigh ;  pay. 

pensum,  -i,  n.  [n.  perf.  part,  of 
pendo,  weigh] ,  something  tceighed ; 
weight,  consideration,  importance  ; 
pensi  habere,  to  consider  of  im- 
portance. 

per,  prep.  w.  ace,  through;  by, 
by  means  of,  through  the  instru- 
mentality of;  per  se ;  of  himself, 


per-cipio 


per-terreo 


287 


herself,  itself  or  themselves;  through  I 
his,   iter,   it^    or  their  own   exer- 
tions. 

per-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[per,  completely;  capio,  take']., 
perceive,  learn,  understand;  re- 
ceive in  one's  own  person,  experi- 
ence. 

per-disco,  -ere,  -didici  [per, 
thoroughly;  disco,  learnl,  learn 
thoroughly,  commit  to  memory. 

per-do,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus  [per, 
through,  away;  do,  put],  make 
way  with,  destroy,  ruin.  The 
forms  of  pereo  supply  the  pass. 

per-diico,  -ere,  -dfixT,  -ductus 
[per,  through;  duco,  lead],  lead 
through,  lead;  carry,  extend,  con- 
duct. 

peregriniis,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pere- 
gro-  (St.  of  adv.  percgre,  abroad)], 
strange,  foreign  ;  subst.,  stranger, 
foreigner. 

per-eo,  -ire,  -ii  [per,  through, 
away ;  eo,  go,  pass],  perish,  be  de- 
stroyed ;  pcriit,  is  dead. 

per-facilis,  -e,  adj.  [per,  very; 
facilis,  easy],  very  easy ;  perfacile 
est,  it  is  a  venj  easy  matter. 

per-fero,  -ferre,  -tulT,  -latus  [per, 
through;  fero,  bkar],  bear  to  the 
end,  endure,  submit  to,  sustain. 

per-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus 
[per,  through;  facio,  do],  carry 
through  or  out,  accomplish;  finish, 
bring  to  completion. 

per-fruor,  -T,  -fructus  [per, 
thoroughly;  fnior,  enjoy],  enjoy 
fully. 

pcrfuga,  -ae,  M.  [perWfug-, 
pie  through  (the  lines)],  (one 
who  flees  through  the  lines,  and 
so)  deserter. 

pcrgo,  -ere,  perrexT,  perrcctus 
[per,  through,  on;  rego,  guide], 
1 .  tr.  proceed  xcUh;  2.  intr.  proceed. 

periclltor,  -arl,  -atus  [intens. 
verb;  conn.  w.  perlculum,  trial], 
make  trial  of  try,  test. 

periculosus,  -a,  -urn  [perTculo- 
(st.  of  pcru-iiIum),  peril],  full  of 
peril,  dangerous,  perilous. 


periculum,  -T,  x.  [pert-  (st.  of 
♦perior ;  cf.  experior  and  peritus), 
try,  test],  trial  ;  danger,  peril, 
nsk. 

peritus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  *perior 
(cf.  experior),  try,  test],  tried,  ex- 
perienced, skillful. 

per-maneo,  -ere,  -mans!,  -man- 
sum  [per,  through;  maneo,  s^a?/], 
stay  through,  remain,  abide,  con- 
tinue; survive. 

per-niisceo,  -ere,  -scuT,  -mTstus 
or  -mixtus  [per,  thoroughly; 
misceo,  mix],  disturb,  throw  into 
confusion. 

per-mitto,  -ere,  -misT,  -missus 
[per,  through;  mitto,  let  go] 
(orig.,  let  go  through),  intrust, 
commit. 

per-moveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -motus 
[per,  thoroughly;  moveo,  move], 
move  deeply,  influence,  alarm. 

pernicies,  gen.  -ii,  -ies,  or  -ie,  f. 
[per-v'nec-,  completely  destroy],  de- 
struction, ruin. 

perniciosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [per- 
nicic-  (st.  of  pernicies),  destruc- 
tion], destructive,  ruinous,  perni- 
cious. 

per-rnmpo,  -ere,  -rupT,  -ruptus 
[per,  through;  rumpo,  break], 
break  or  rush  through. 

per-sequor,  -T,  -cutus  [per,  per- 
sistently; sequor,  folloic],  follow 
up;  avenge. 

Perses,  -ae,  m.,  Perses  (last 
king  of  Macedonia,  defeated  by 
Lucius  Aemilius  PauUus  at  Pydiia 
1G8B.C.). 

per-solvo,  -ere,  -solvT,  -solutus 
[per,  completely  ;  solvo,  discharge], 
discharge  fully,  pay. 

per-splcioj-ere,  -spexi,  -spcctus 
[per,  through;  specio,  look],  ex- 
amine ;  perceive,  ascertain. 

pcr-8iiadco,  -ere,  -si,  -sus  [per, 
through^  to  the  end ;  suadco,  urge], 
persuade,  convince;  inculcate. 

per-torreo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus  [per, 
thoroughly;  terreo,  frighten], 
frighten  thoroughly;  paralyze 
mth  fear. 


288 


per-tlneo 


pons 


per-tineo,  -ere,  -ui  [per,  through, 
to  the  en(Z;teneo(iiitr.),co?if//7i<e], 
exT'Esd;  tex(Z. 

perturbatio,  -onis,  r.  [pertur- 
ba-  (st.  of  perturbo),  throw  into 
confusion^,  confusion,  disquiet, 
perturbation. 

per-turbo,  -lire,  -avi,  -atus  [per, 
greatly  ;  turbo,  disturb'],  throw  into 
confusion,  rout;  disturb,  disquiet^ 
discompose,  agitate. 

per-venio,  -Ire,  -venT,  -ventum 
[per,  through,  to  the  end;  venio, 
come],  arrive,  come  ;  (of  mouey) 
I'evert. 

pes,  pedis,  m.   [Vped-,  tread], 

FOOT. 

peto,  -ere,  -ivi  or-iT,  -Ttus  [v'pet-, 
fly  at,  fall] ,  fall  upon  ;  make  for, 
repair  to  ;  go  to  seek,  go  after,  seek, 
ask  for,  beseech. 

pictor,  -oris,  m.  [v/pig-,  paint], 
painter. 

pietas, -atis,  F.  [pio-  (st.  of  pins), 
dutiful,  reverential],  dutiful  or  rev- 
erential conduct ;  (with  reference 
to  the  gods)  piety ;  (with  refer- 
ence to  parents)  filial  respect. 

piget,  -ere,  -nit,  -itum,  it  irks, 
it  disgusts ;  me  piget,  /  loathe,  I 
am  disgusted. 

pilum,  -1,  N. ,  heavy  javelin. 

pingo,  -ere,  pinxi,  pictus  [Vpig-, 
paint],  paint. 

Piso,  -onis,  m.,  1.  Lucius  Cal- 
purnius  Piso  (lieutenant  of  Cas- 
sius  107  B.C.)  ;  2.  Lucius  Calpur- 
nius  Piso  Caesonius  (grandson  of 
the  preceding  and  father-in-law 
of  Caesar). 

plaeeo,  -ere,  -m,  -itus  (p.  a.) 
[conn.  w.  placo,  reconcile],  be 
pleasing  ;  impers.,  placet,  it  pleas- 
es, it  seems  good,  it  is  one's  pleas- 
ure. 

placid  us,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [conn.  av. 
placed,  he  pleasing],  calm,  placid. 

placo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [conn.  w. 
plaeeo,  he  pleasing],  reconcile  ;  ap- 
pease, propitiate. 

planities,  gen.  -ae,  f.  [plano- 
(st.  of  planus),  level],  plain. 


planus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  level,  flaiS, 
plane. 

plausus,  -tjs,  M.  [base  plaud- 
(in  plaudo),  clap],  (clapping,  and 
so)  applause. 

plebes,  F.,  archaic  form  of 
plebs,  q.  V. 

plebs,  -is,  F.  [conn.  w.  plenus, 
FULL,  through  Vple-,  fill],  the 
multitude,  the  common  people, 
commons,  lower  orders,  popu- 
JMce. 

plenus, -a, -um, adj. [Vple-,  fill], 

FULL. 

plerumque,  see  plerusque. 

plerusque,  -raque,  -rumque, 
adj.  (usu.  pi.)  [conn.  w.  plenus, 
full],  very  many,  most,  the  greater 
part;  adv.,  plerumque,  for  the 
most  part,  commonly. 

plures,  pi.  of  plus,  q.  v. 

plurimus,  -a,  -um,  superl.  of 
multus,  q.  V. 

plus,  pluris,  comp.  of  multus, 
q.  V. 

poena,  -ae,  f.,  satisfaction  ;  pen- 
alty, punishment ;  poenas  dare, 
to  give  satisfaction,  and  so  to  suf- 
fer punishment. 

Poeni,  -orum,  m.,  inhabitants  of 
Carthage,  Carthaginians  (see  Car- 
thago. The  Carthaginians  were 
descended  from  the  Phoenicians ; 
hence  the  name  Poem). 

poeta,  -ae,  m.  [borrowed  from 
the  Greek],  poet. 

pol-liceor,  -eri,  -itus  [por-  (old 
prep.),  to,  towards;  liceor,  make 
an  offer],  FRomise  (voluntarily). 

Pompejus,  Pompei,  M.,  Pom- 
pey  (celebrated  conqueror  of  the 
pirates  of  the  Mediterranean  and 
of  Mithridates ;  defeated  by  Cae- 
sar at  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  48 

B.C.). 

Pompejus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
Pompey,Pompeian  (see  preceding). 

pondus,  -eris,  n.  [conn.  w. 
pendo,  iveigh],  weight. 

pono,  -ere,  posui,  positus,  place, 
deposit;  (of  a  camp),  pitch. 

pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 


popularis 


praemium 


289 


popularis,  -e,  adj.  [popiilo-  (st. 
of  popiilus), /)eo/3/e],  belonging  to 
the  people,  popular. 

popiilor,  -aii,  -atus,  lay  waste, 
der<istate. 

populus,  -1,  M.  [conn.  w.  plebs 
and  plenus],  people. 

porta,  -ae,  F.  [v'por-,  fare,  go 
through],  gate. 

ports,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [porta« 
(st.  of  porta),  gate],  carr)/. 

portus,  -us,  M.  [Vpor-,  fare,  go 
through],  entrance;  harbor,  port. 

posco,  -ere,  poposci,  ask  urg- 
ently/or, demand. 

possessio,  -onis,  f.  [per-  (old 
prep.),?>eFORE;  v'sed-,  sit],  (sitting 
before,  and  so)  possession,  prop- 
erty. 

pos-sideo,  -ere,  -sedT,  -sessus 
[por-  (old  prep.),  beFOUE;  sedeo, 
sit],  hold,  be  master  of,  possess. 

possum,  posse,  potui  [potis, 
able;  sum,  be],  can,  be  able;  plu- 
rimum  posse,  to  be  the  most  pow- 
erful, to  have  the  most  poicer,  to  be 
very  influential;  nihil  posse,  to 
be  icithout  any  effective  strength ; 
facere  n5n  possum  quin,  /  can- 
not help. 

post,  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace,  1. 
adv.  :  aftencards,  later,  after ; 
anno  post,  the  year  after.  2.  prep. 
w.  ace,:  (of  place)  behind,  in  the 
rear  of,  next  to  ;  (of  time)  after. 

postea,  adv.  [post,  ajler;  ace 
pi.  n.  ea  (orig.  eti),  these  things ; 
of.  antea],  afterwards. 

♦po8teru»,-cra,-erum,adj.[posti. 
(st.  of  post),  after],  coming  after, 
following ;  subst.,  posteri, -drum, 
M.,  posterity.  Corap,,  posterior, 
-ius,  later.  Supcrl.,  postremus, 
-a,  -uni,  last. 

postquam  or  postquam  [post, 
'  ''-r;  (juani,  than] ^  after,  wUKn. 

|)ostremuH,  -a,  -um,  superl.  of 
i>i)stt'rus,  ({.  V. 

postulS,  -are,  -avi,  -fitus  [conn. 
w.  posco],  press  earnestly,  de- 
mand, claim,  request. 

pots  OS,  -entis  [p.  a.  of  verb 


conn.  w.  possum,  be  able],  poi'-rr- 
ful. 

potentatus,  -us,  m.  [poten^  (st. 
of^  potens),  powerful  (through 
presumed  verb  stem)],  political 
power. 

potentia,  -ae,  f.  [potent-  (st. 
of  potens),  powerful],  political 
power,  influence. 

potestas,  -litis,  f,  [potent-  (st. 
of  potens),  powerful],  power; 
sovereignty,  majesty ;  possibility. 

potior,  -TrI,  -Itus  [poti-  (st.  of 
potis),  able],  become  master  of, 
get  possession  of,  obtain;  reduce 
to  subjection. 

potius,  adv.  [n.  sing.  comp.  of 
potis,  able],  rather. 

praebeo,  -ere,-uT,  -itus  [=  prae- 
hibeo,  fr.  prae,  6eFORE;  habeo, 
hold],  offer,  produce,  v\5i\nish, 
give  ground  for. 

prae-cedo,  -ere,  -ccssT,  -cessus 
[prae,  beYonvr,  cedo,  ^70],  go  be- 
FORE,  precede ;  surj)ass,  excel. 

praeceps,  -cipitis,  adj.  [prae, 
6eFORE;  caput,  head],  he.^d 
FOREmos^,  UEAVlong  ;  steep,  preci- 
pitous. 

prae-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[prae,  bevouvr,  capio,  take^,  take 
beFoiiEha nd ;  instruct,  order,  di- 
rect. 

prae-claros,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [prae, 
exceedingly;  clarus,  illustrious], 
very  illustrious,  illustrious,  glori- 
ous. 

praeda,  -ae,  f.  [conn.  w.  i)re- 
hcndo,  seize],  booty. 

prac-dieo,  -are,  -fivT,  -atnH[prae, 
behoiiK,  and  no  publicly  ;  iVico,  de- 
clare], proclaim,  declare,  maintain, 
avoxf}. 

prae-flcio,  -ere,  -f6ci,  -fectus 
[prae,  bevonvr,  faci5,  make,  put], 
appoint  over,  place  in  command. 

prac-mittd,  -ere,  -misT,  -missus 
[prae,  Vimward ;  mitto,  send], 
send  voiiirard,  send  in  advance. 

praemium, -il,x.[=*praeimium, 
fr.  prae-Vem-,  take  /^cfohe  (oth- 
ers)], (what  one  receives  more 


290       praescriptum 


pro-euro 


than  or  in  preference  to  others, 
and  so)  reward;  privilege. 

praescriptum,  -I,  N.  [n.  perf. 
part,  of  praescribo,  prescribe'], 
dictate^  order. 

praesidium,  -it,  N.  [praeWsed-, 
SIT  ?>eFORE],  (sitting  before  for 
protection,  and  so)  defence,  pro^ 
tection,aid,  support;  guard, garri- 
son. 

prae-sto,  -are,  -it!,  -atus  (once), 
-itus  (once)  [prae,  fteFORE;  sto, 
STA7id],  (intr.  w.  dat.  pers. )  exceZ, 
suipass;  (impers.)  praestat,  it  is 
better;  (tr.)  perform ;  exhibit,  dis- 
play. 

praesto,  adv.  [superl.  fm. 
conn.  w.  prae,  6eFORE],  (in  tlie 
foremost  place,  and  so)  at 
hand. 

prae-sum,  -esse,  -fui  [prae, 
beFORE  ;  sum,  6e],  be  at  the 
head  of,  have  charge  or  com- 
mand of,  BE  invested  with,  preside 
over. 

praeter,  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace. 
[comp.  form  of  prae,  6eFORE], 
beyond;  besides;  except. 

praeterea,  adv.  [praeter,  be- 
sides; ace.  pi.  n.  ea  (orig.  ea), 
these  things;  cf.  an  tea],  besides, 
moreover,  too. 

praeter-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -mis^ 
sus  [praeter,  beyond,  by;  mitto, 
letgo~\,  let  pass,  omit,  leave. 

praeteritus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of 
praetereo,  go  by],  past. 

praetor,  -oris,  m.  [=  *praeitor, 
f  r.  prae-v/i-,  go  ftcFORE] ,  (one  who 
goes  before,  and  so)  leader  ;  prae- 
tor (Roman  magistrate  who  ad> 
ministered  justice). 

preces,  -um,  f.  (usu.  pi.),  en- 
treaties, prayers. 

prendo  =  prehendo,  -ere,  -hen- 
di,  -hensus,  grasp. 

premo,  -ere,  press!,  pressus, 
press  hard,  beset,  weigh  down, 
burden,  overpower,  distress. 

pretium,  -ii,  n.,  price. 

♦prex,  *precis,  f.,  see  preces. 

pridie,  adv.  [prl-  =  prae  (loc), 


&CFORE ;  loc.  or  abl.  form  of  dies, 
day],  the  day  fteFORE. 

primus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  superl.  of 
prior,  q.  v. 

prin-ceps,  -cipis,  adj.  [primo- 
(st.  of  primus),  firs^;  Vcap-, 
take],  (taking  the  first  place,  and 
so)  FOREmos^,  chief;  subst., 
FOREmos^  man,  leader,  Jiead. 

principatus,  -us,  m.  [princip- 
(st.  of  princeps),  vonF.most 
(through  presumed  verb  st.)], 
(being  foremost,  and  so)  foke- 
most  place,  supremacy  presidency. 

principium,  -ii,  N.  [prlncip- 
(st.  of  princeps),  FOREmos^],  be- 
ginning. 

prior,  prius,  adj.  [comp.  of  st. 
conn.  w.  prae  and  pro],  roRmer. 
Superl.,  primus,  -a,  -um,  viust, 
FOREmos^;  (in  agreement  with 
subst.,  often)  firs<  part  of;  in 
primis,  especially,,  particularly; 
adv.,  primum,  firs^. 

pristinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [prls- 
for  prios-  (st.  of  prior),  FORme?-], 
belonging  toYOiimer  times,  Yowmer, 
earlier,  ancient,  pristine. 

prius  quam  or  priusquam, 
adv.  [prius,  sooner;  quam,  J/iaw], 
fteFORE,  until. 

privatus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of 
privo,  deprive],  private;  subst., 
private  individual. 

pro,  prep.  w.  abl.,  in  front  of, 
6eFORE;  in  behalf  of,  FOR;  in  view 
of,  considering  ;  in  the  light  of,  as  ; 
in  return  for. 

probita.s,  -atis,  F.  [probo-  (st. 
of  probus),  upright,  good],  up- 
rightness, probity. 

probo,  -fire,  -avT,  -atus  [probo- 
(st.  of  probus),  good],  esteem  good, 
approve;  recommend,  make  satis- 
factory or  acceptable. 

pro-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessum 
[pro,  bcFORFl;  cedo,  go],  go  for- 
ward,  advance,  proceed. 

Procillus,  -1,  M.,  Gajus  Valerius 
Procillus  (a  Gaul  much  trusted  by 
Caesar) . 

pro-ciiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pro, 


pro-curro 


provmcift 


291 


in  behalf  of,  for  ;  euro,  take 
care'],  attend  to,  look  after,  con- 
duct, superintend. 

pro-t'lirro,  -ere,  -curri  and  -cu- 
currl,  -ciirsum  [pro,  FOiiicard; 
ciirro,  run'],  run  vomcard. 

proditio,  -onis,  F.[pr5-Vdar,gri>e 
up,  betray^  y  betrayal,  treachery, 
treason. 

proklltor,  -oris,  M.  [pro-Vda-, 
fjive  up,  betray],  betrayer,  traitor. 

pro-do,  -ere,  -did!,  -ditus  [pro, 
YORth ;  do,  give,  put],  give  or  put 
¥ORth,  make  known,  publish ;  give 
up,  betray;  hand  down  (as  by 
tradition)  ;  memoriae  proditum 
est,  the  stoi-y  runs  (lit.,  it  has  been 
handed  down  to  memory) . 

proelior,  -arl,  -atus[proelio-(st. 
of  proelium),  battle],  engage  in 
battle,  fight. 

proelium,  -ii,  x.,  battle,  fighting. 

profectio,  -onis,  f.  [pro  (w. 
vowel  shortened)  -v'fac-,  make  off], 
(making  ofl*,  and  so)  setting  out, 
departure. 

profecto,  adv.  [pro  (w.  vowel 
shortened),  for;  facto  (abl.  of 
factum),  accomplished  fact],  as- 
suredly. 

pro-flciscor,  -I,  -fectus  [pro  (w. 
vowel  shortened),  ¥Oiith,  off; 
♦faciscor  (inceptive  of  facio), 
begin  to  make],  (begin  to  make 
off,  and  so)  set  out,  depart,  pro- 
ceed; proflcisci  iu  w.  ace,  set 
out  for,  depart  to  join. 

pro-flteor,  -cri,  -fessus  [pro 
(w.  vowel  shortened),  for//*, 
openly;  fateor,  acknowledge],  de- 
clare one's  self,  give  in  one's  name, 
volunteer. 

pro-fiifflo,  -ere,  -fugl  [pro  (w. 
vowel  shortened),  voRth;  fugio, 
flee],  flee  vimth.,Jlee,  run  away. 

pr5-gnfitu8,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [pro, 
voRth,  from  ;  (g)  niitus,  born,  perf. 
part,  of  nascor],  born  from,  born, 
descended. 

pro-hlbeo,  -ere,  -nl,  -Una  [pro 
(w.  vowel  shortened),  vmxth,  off; 
habeO,  hold],  keep  offt  exclude,  cut 


off,  restrain,  prevent,  impede  ;  pro- 
hibit;  defend. 

pro-icio  (pronounced :  pro- 
jicio),  -ere,  -jecl,  -jectus  [pro, 
voRth,  off;  jacio,  cast],  cast  off. 

pro-Iato,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pro, 
YORward;  *lato  (iutens.  fr.  st.  of 
latus,  perf.  part,  of  fero),  carry], 
(carry  forward,  and  so)  defer, 
postpone. 

pro-mo veo,  -ere,  -movl,  -motiis 
[pro,  voRward;  moveo,  moye], 
move  FORicard. 

prope,  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace, 
near. 

propensus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of 
propended,  hang  voRward],  in- 
clined, disposed. 

propinquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [conn. . 
w.  prope,  near],  near;  substs. : 
propinquus,  -i,  m.,  relative,  kins- 
man; propinqua,  -ae,  v.,  female 
relative,  kinswoman. 

propior,  -ius,  adj.  [comp.  of  st. 
contained  in  prope,  near],  nearer. 
Superl.,  proximus,  -a,  -um,  near- 
est, next,  neighboring ;  proxima 
nocte,  last  night. 

pro-pono,  -ere,  -posuT,  -positus 
[pro,  voRth;  pono,  jmt,  set],  set 
YORth,  display;  make  known,  de- 
clare. 

proprius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  one's 
own,  peculiar  to  one's  self,  private, 
personal. 

propter,  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace. 
[comp.  form  of  prope,  near;  cf. 
inter  and  praeter],  close  to  ;  owing 
to,  on  account  of. 

pro-pugno, -are,  -uvl,  -atus[prr>, 
in  front;  pugno,  fight],  rush  otU 
to  fight,  make  a  sortie. 

pro-pulso,  -are,  -avI,  -atus[pro, 
voRth,  off;  pulso,  drive],  ward 
off,  repel,  avert. 

pro-rlpio,  -ere,  -ul  [pro,  voRth  ; 
rapio,  seize,  drag],  drag  FORth  ; 
w.  se,  rush  voiUh. 

pro-video,  -ere,  -vidl,  -visus 
[pro,  voRward;  video,  see],  pro- 
vide, have  in  view. 

proviucia,  -ae,  i.,  province. 


292 


proximitas 


quam  ob  rem 


proximitas,  -atis,  F.  [proximo- 
(st.  of  proximus),  next^,  near- 
ness ;  relationship. 

proximus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  superl. 
of  propior,  q.  v. 

proxime,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of 
proximus,  nearest]^  last. 

prudentia,  -ae,  F.  [prudent- 
(st.  of  prudens),  sagacious'],  sa- 
gacity, practical  wisdom,  prudence, 
skill. 

Ptolomaeus,  see  Ceraunus. 

publice,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  pu- 
blicus,  belonging  to  the  state],  in 
behalf  of  the  state,  from  a  public 
point  of  view,  as  a  measure  of  state 
voi^icy. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [=  *po- 
pulicus,fr.populo-(st.  ofpopulus), 
people] ,  belonging  to  the  people  or 
state,  public,  common;  res  pu- 
bliea,  common  weal;  common- 
wealth ;  in  publico,  in  public. 

pudet,  -ere,  puduit  or  puditum 
est,  it  shames ;  me  pudet,  /  am 
ashamed. 

pudicitia,  -ae,  F.  [pudico-  (st. 
of  pudicus),  modest],  modesty; 
chastity. 

pudor,  -oris,  m.  [base  pud-  (in 
pudet),  shame],  sense  of  shame, 
modesty. 

puella,  -ae,  f.  [=  *puerula  (-u- 
disappearedand-r-wasassimilated 
to  -1-)  dim.  fr.  puero-  (st.  of  puer) 
child],  female  child,  girl,  little  girl. 

puer,  -eri,  m.,  child  ;  boy. 

puerills,  -e,  adj.  [puero-  (st.  of 
puer),  child,  boy],  boyish,  youthful. 

pueritla,  -ae,  f.  [puero-  (st.  of 
puer),  child],  childhood,  boyhood. 

pugna,  -ae,  v.,  fight. 

paii^no,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [pugna- 
(st.  of  pn^wdi),  fight],  fight. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  adj., 
beautiful;  honorable,  glorious. 

pulvis,  -eris,  m.,  dust. 

pungo,  -ere,  pupugi,  punctus 
[Vpiig-,  thrust],  prick,  sting ;  dis- 
quiet. 

punio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus  [old 
form,  poenio,  fr.  poena-  (st.  of 


poena) ,  punishment] ,  inflict  punish- 
ment on,  punish. 

puppis,  -is,  F.,  stern. 

piirgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [=  *puri- 
go,  fr.  puro-  (st.  of  purus),  clean ; 
Vag-,  drive,  make  (through  pre- 
sumed adj.  St.)],  make  clean, 
cleanse,  purge  ;  free  from  suspicion, 
exculpate. 

puto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [puto- 
(st.  of  putus),  cleanseD],  cleanse; 
(of  trees)  prune;  (of  accounts) 
clear  up,  settle;  reckon;  think, 
suppose. 

Q. 

Q^  abbr.  of  Quintus,  -i,  m., 
Quintus  (Roman  praenomen  or 
first  name). 

quadraginta,  indecl.  num.  adj. 
[quadra-,  conn.  vv.  quattuor, 
four;  -gin-  represents  (de)cem, 
ten],  forty. 

quadringenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj. 
[fr.  St.  of  quadrmi,  distr.  num. 
adj.,  four;  -genti,  conn.  w.  cen- 
tum, nuNDrefZ],  four  iiv^Dred. 

quaero,  -ere,  -slvl  or  -sii,  -situs, 
seek,  search,  strive  to  obtain;  ac- 
quire; ask,  ask  for,  seek  to  learn, 
inquire,  make  inquiry,  inquire  for. 

quaestio,  -ouis,  f.  [base  qiiaes- 
(in  quaero,  orig.  quaeso),  in- 
quire] .  inquiring ;  investigation ; 
examination  by  torture. 

quaestus,  -us,  m.  [base  quaes- 
(in quaer5,  orig.  (\\mQsb), acquire], 
acquiring,  acquisition;  gain. 

quails,  -e,  interrog.  and  rel. 
adj.  [pron.  st.  quo-  seen  in  forms 
of  quis  and  qui],  1.  interrog.,  of 
WHAi  sort;  2.  rel.,  o/wHic/t  sort, 
as. 

quam,  interrog.  and  rel.  adv., 
HOW ;  (used  to  strengthen  superl- 
atives) quam  maximus,  as  great 
as  possible,  the  greatest  possible  : 
quam  latlssime,  as  extensively  a.-< 
possible;  (in  comparisons)  as, 
than. 

quam.  ob  rem  or  quamobreni, 
interrog.  and  rel.  adv.,  vfiiKreforc , 
for  winch  or  wiia^  reason. 


quaniquam 


Quirites 


293 


quamqiiain,  conj.  [quam,  now; 
quam,  now],  (however,  and  so) 
though,  althomjh ;  and  yet. 

quamvis,  adv.  and  couj.  [quam, 
now,  as;  vis  (volo),  you  icish'], 
as  you  WILL;  iiowerer,  uowcver 
much,  though,  although,  though 
ever  so. 

quantusy  -a,  -um,  interrog.  and 
rel.  adj.  [prou.  st.  quo-  seen  in 
forms  of  quis  and  qui],  1.  interrog., 
HOW  great,  now  much;  quanti 
(gen.  of  indef.  value),  for  how 
much.  2.  rel.  (correlating  with 
tantus)  as;  (w.  tantus  omitted) 
as  much  as ;  quauto  .  .  .  tauto, 
by  HOW  much  .  .  .  by  so  muchy  the 

.  .  .  THE. 

quare,  interrog.  and  rel.  adv. 
[abl.  of  quae  res],  why,  wiiEre- 
fore. 

quartus,  -a,  -urn,  ord.  num.  adj. 
[quattuor,  four],  fourth. 

quasi,  adv.  [quam,  as;  sT,  if], 
as  if. 

quaterni,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num. 
adj.  [quattuor,  four],  four 
[from]  each. 

quattuor,    indecl.    num.    adj., 

FOUR. 

quattuordeeiin,  indecl.  num. 
adj.  [quattuor,FOUR ;  decem,TEN], 

FOURTEEN. 

-que,  conj.,  and. 

queni  ad  moduni  or  quciuad- 
moduiii,  interrog.  and  rel.  adv., 
in  WH.vf  or  WHic/i  may. 

queror,  -T,  qiiestus,  complain. 

qui,  (luae,  quod,  interrog.,  rel., 
and  indef.  pron.,  1.  interrog.  (used 
adj.)  WHir/i,  WH.vT.  2.  rel.,  who, 
WHu7{,  WHAT,  thfiT ;  (w.  aut.  omit- 
ted) HE  WHO,  those  WHO, any  who, 
etc.;  (at  the  beginning  of  a  sen- 
tence, often)  this,  these,  etc. ;  (= 
ut  is,  etc.)  in  order  that  he,  that 
HE,  etc. ;  quo  .  .  .  eo,  by  wiiAt  .  .  . 
by  that,  the  ...  the ;  e6  .  .  .  quo, 
by  that  .  .  .  by  wmch,  the  .  .  .  the. 
'A.  (after  si  and  ng),  indef.,  any. 

quicumque,quaecumque,quod- 
ciinHiUf,  Indef.   rel.   pron.    [qui, 


rel.  pron. ;  -cumque,  indef.  suft'.], 
wiioerer,  WHATere?-;  any  what- 
ever. 

quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam 
and  (subst.)  quiddam,  indef. 
pron.  [qui,  rel.  pron. ;  -dam,  pron. 
suff.],  a,  a  certain,  some  one. 

quidein,  adv.,  indeed;  ne  .  .  . 
quidem  (with  emphatic  word  or 
words  between  ne  and  quidem), 
sot  even. 

quiesco,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus  (p.  a.), 
become  quiet,  go  to  rest,  refrain 
from  action. 

quietus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  qui- 
esco, be  quiet],  quiet,  at  rest. 

quilibet,  quaelibet,  quodlibet 
and  (subst.)  quidlibet,  indef.  rel. 
pron.  [qui,  rel.  pron. ;  libet,  it  is 
pleasing],  any  you  idll,  any  what- 
ever. 

quin,  conj.  [qui,  abl.  f  m.  of  rel. 
pron.  qui;  ne,  sot],  who  .  . .  No<, 
that,  but  that,  so  that  :sot.,  from  or 
xdthout  (w.  part.). 

quiiidecim,  indecl.  num.  adj. 
[quTnque,  five;  decem,  ten], 
fifteen. 

quini,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num.  adj. 
[quinque,  five],  five  apiece. 

quinquagiuta,  imlecl.  num. adj. 
[quTnquiX-,  conn.  w.  quinque,  five  ; 
-gin-  represents  (de)cem,  ten], 
fifty. 

quinque,  indecl. num. ad  j.,  five. 

quiuqueaulum,  -ii,  n.  [quln- 
quenni-  (st.  of  quTnquennis),  of 
five  years],  a  period  of  five 
years. 

quintus,  -a,  -um,  ord.  num.  adj. 
[quinque,  five],  fifth. 

Quirites,  -iuuj,  m.  [Curl-  (st. 
of  Cures,  town  of  the  Sabines)], 
Quirites  (i.e.,  inhaljitants  of  Cures. 
After  the  union  of  the  Sabines 
with  the  Romans,  tlic  name  Qui- 
rites was  applied  to  the  combined 
people  when  acting  in  a  civil 
capacity ;  the  name  lionidnl,  on 
the  otlier  hand,  was  applied  to 
tlieni  when  acting  in  a  military 
capacity) ;  fellow  citizens. 


294 


quis 


red-eo 


quis,  quid,  iuterrog.  and  iudef. 
pron.,  1.  inteiTOg.,  who,  what; 
(occasional!)'  used  adj.)  what; 
neut.  sing.  ace.  quid  (used  adv.), 
WHY.  2.  (after  sT  and  ne)  indef., 
any  one,  any  thing ;  (occasionally 
used  2id].)any  ;  si  quid,  if  anything , 
if  at  all. 

quispiam,  quaepiam,  quodpi- 
amand  (subst.)  quidpiam  or  quip- 
piam,  indef.  pron.,  any  one, 
any. 

quisquam,  quicquam  or  quid- 
quam  (pi.  and  f em.  sing,  wanting), 
indef.  pron.  (used  when  a  neg.  is 
expressed  or  implied),  any  one, 
any  thing. 

quisque,  quaeque,  quodque  and 
(subst.)  quicque  or  quidque,  iu- 
def. pron.,  every  one,  each  one, 
every,  each;  nobilissimus  quis- 
que, all  the  nobility ;  antiquissi- 
mum  quodque  teinpus,  priority 
(of  occupation)  in  each  instance. 

quivis,  quae  VIS,  quod  vis  and 
(subst.)  quidvis,  indef.  pron. 
[qui,  rel.  pron.;  vTs  (volo),  you 
wish],  any  you  jylease,  any  what- 
ever ;  any  one  you  please,  any  one 
^YH  \tever. 

quo,  adv.  [case  fm.  of  pron.  st. 
quo-],  WHither;  (at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  sentence,  often)  thither, 
there. 

quo,  con  j .  [neut.  abl.  of  rel.  pron. 
qui]  (—  ut  eo,  usu.  w.  comp.), 
that  thereby,  in  order  that,  that. 

quoad,  adv.  [qu5  (w.  vowel 
shortened),  wuither ;  ad,  to], 
(how  long,  and  so)  as  long  as; 
until. 

quod,  conj.  [neut.  ace.  of  rel. 
pron.  qui],  because,  that. 

quominus,  ccfnj.  [quo,  neut. 
abl.  of  rel.  pron.  qui ;  minus,  less, 
not'},  that  thereby  the  less,  so  that 
not,  from  (w.  part.). 

quoniam,  conj.  [quom  =  cum, 
since;  jam,  now},  seeing  that. 

quot,  indecl.  interrog.  and  rel. 
adj.,  how  many ;  as. 

quot     annis     or      quotannis 


[quot,  now  many,  as  many  as; 
annis,  abl.  pi.  of  annus,  year}, 
(on  as  manj'  years  as  there  are, 
and  so)  every  year,  annually. 

quotieus,  adv.  [quot,  hoav 
many},,  how  often,  how  many 
times  ;  as  often  as. 

R. 

ratio,  -onis,  r.,  account,  com- 
putation; list,  register;  business 
matter,  transaction ;  manner,  way, 
method,  procedure. 

ratis,  -is,  v.,  float,  raft. 

RauricI,  -orum,  m.,  the  Raurici 
(tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul,  neighbors 
of  the  Helvetians). 

recens,  -entis,  adj.,  recent. 

re-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[re(d)-,  again,  back;  capio,  take}, 
take  back;  receive;  se  recipere, 
to  betake  one's  self,  return,  flee  for 
refuge,  recover  ;  se  lude  recipere, 
to  come  off. 

re-cito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re(d)-, 
intensive;  cito,  recite},  recite. 

re-cognosco,  -ere,  -gnovl, 
-guitus  [re(d)-,  again;  c5gnosco, 
become  acquainted  with},  recall  to 
mind,  revietc. 

recorder,  -ari,  -atus  [re(d)-, 
again;  cord-  (st.  of  cor),  heart 
(through  presumed  adj.  st.)], 
(take  to  heart,  and  so)  think  over, 
reflect  on,  review,  recall. 

recte,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  rectus, 
uight]  ,  lllGllTly. 

rectus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  reg5], 
RIGHT,  fitting. 

re-cuso, -are, -avI,  -atus  [re(d)-, 
against ;  causa,  objection  (through 
denom.  vb.  *causo;  cf.  causor)], 
make  objection  against,  refuse; 
recusare  de,  to  make  objection  to, 
to  object  to. 

red-do,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus  [red-, 
back;  do,  give},  give  back,  return, 
restore  ;  accord,  award,  grant,  pay. 

red-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  [red-,  back  ; 
eo,  go},  go  or  come  back,  return; 
come  for  settlement,  come  in  the 
last  resort. 


red-iffo 


re-peto 


295 


red-igo,  -ere,  -egi,  -actus  [red-, 
back;  a.}^d,  drive,  bring^^  bring 
back,  reduce. 

red-imo,  -ere,  -erai,  -emptus 
[red-,  back;  emo,  hny'\,  buy  back, 
redeem  ;  contract  for,  farm  ;  pur- 
I'hdfii-.  procure. 

rt^d-integro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[red-,  tujain;  integro,  makewhole'], 
make  irhole  again,  renew. 

re-dueo,  -ere,  -dfixT,  -ductus 
[re(d)-,  back;  duco,  lead],  lead 
or  bring  back. 

re-fercio,  -Ire,  -si,  -tus  [re(d)-, 
iuteiis. ;  farcio,  stuff,  craw],  Jill 
full,  croicd. 

re-fero,  -ferre,  rettulT,  relatus 
[re(d)-,  bark;  fero,  beau],  beau, 
carry  or  nmng  back,  report;  re- 
ferre  ad  senatuin,  to  lay  a  matter 
before  the  senate. 

re  fert  or  refert,  -ferre,  -tulit, 
//  matters,  it  is  of  importance. 

re-fugio,  -ere,  -fugi  [re(d)-, 
back ;  ingxb, flee'], Jleeback,  retreat. 

regalis,  -e,  adj.  [reg-(st.  of  rex), 
king],  pertaining  to  a  king,  royal. 

regio,  -onis,  f.  [Vreg-,  guide,  di- 
rect], direction  ;  boundary-line ;  ter- 
ritory, region ;  province,  district. 

regius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [reg-  (st. 
of  Tl:\)yking],  pertaining  to  a  king, 
royal,  regal. 

regno,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [regno- 
r^t.  of  regnura),  sovereignty],  exr 

'ise  sovereignty,  reign. 

regnum,  -T,  N.  [Vreg-,  guide,  di- 
rect], kingdom;  sovereignty,  royal 
power. 

regu,  -ere,  rexT,  rectus  [Vreg-, 
guide,  direct],  direct;  ride,  preside 
over. 

re-laxo, -are, -avT,  -atus  [re(d)-, 
iiiteus. ;   lax5,  loosen],  relax,  un- 

hrud. 

religid,  -onis,  F.  [re(d)-Vlcg-,  go 
over  again,  regard  attentively],  (re- 
gard for  the  gods,  and  so)  relig- 
ion :  superstition,  anrrfdness,  sanc- 
tity;  in.  pi.,  religious  matters,  re- 
ligious rites,  matters  pertaining  to 
the  toorship  of  the  gods. 


re-llnquo,  -ere,  -llqui,  -lictus 
[re(d)-,  back,  behind;  linquo, 
leave],  leave  behind,  leave. 

reliquus,-a,  -um,  adj.  [re-v'liqu-, 
leave  behind],  remaining,  other, 
rest  of;  subst.,  the  i*est. 

re-maneo,  -ere,  -raiins!  [re(d)-, 
back,  behind;  maueo,  stay],  stay 
behind,  remain. 

reinedium,-ii,  n.,  remedy,  means 
of  defence. 

Re  mi,  -drum,  m.,  the  Remi  (tribe 
in  Belgic  Gaul  on  the  Marne). 

remigium,  -ii,  x.  [remig-  (st. 
of  remex),Roiocr],KOiPin</;  oaiis; 
woicers. 

re-miniscor,  -i  [re(d)-,  again ; 
♦miuiscor,  call  to  min^Z],  recall  to 

MIX(Z. 

re-mitto,  -ere,  -mlsT,  -missus 
[re(d)-,  back;  mitto,  send,  let 
go],  send  or  let  go  back  ;  relax,  en- 
feeble, 

re-moveo,  -ere,  -movl,  -motus 
[re(d)-,  back,  away;  moved, 
move],  remove,  dismiss. 

re-iuuueror,  -ari,  -atus  [re(d)-, 
back,  171  return;  muueror,  bestow], 
recompense. 

Remus,  -T,  >r.,  one  of  the  Remi 
(see  Kemi),  a  Reman. 

re-novo,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [re(d)-, 
again;  novo,  make  new],  rexEW. 

re-Duntio,  -are,  -avT,  -fitus 
[re(d)-,  back;  nuntio,  bring  word], 
bring  back  word,  report. 

re-pello,  -ere,  reppuli,  repulsus 
[re(d)-,  back;  pello,  drive],  drice 
back. 

rcpente,  adv.  [case  fm.  of  re- 
pens,  sudden],  suddenly. 

rcpentiuus,-a,  -um  [repent-  (st. 
of  repens),  sudden],  sudden. 

re-perio,  -Ire,  repperl,  repertus 
[re(d)-,  again;  parid,  procure], 
find,  find  out  (by  making  in([uiry) 
learn,  ascertain.,  discover ;  invent, 
devise. 

re-pet5,  -ere,  -ivl  or  -ii,  -Ttns 
[re(d)-,  again;  petd,  demand], 
demand  back,  demand;  lay  claim 
to. 


296        re-prehendo 


sacro 


re-prehendo,  -ere,  -hendi,  -lien- 
sus  [re(cl)-,  hack;  prehendo, 
grasp,  hold],  hold  hack,  check;  dis- 
approve, reprehend. 

re-prinio,  -%re,  -pressT,  -pressus 
[rc(d)-,  back;  premo,  press], 
check,  restrain,  repress. 

repudio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [repu- 
dio-  (St.  of  repudium),  rejection], 
reject. 

re-pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[re(d)-,  hack,  against;  pugno, 
fight],  oppose,  resist. 

re-quiro,  -ere,  -sivi  or -siT,  -situs 
[re(d)-,  again;  quaero,  seek], 
seek  after,  ask  for,  he  in  want  of 

res,  gen.  rei  (rei,  re),  f.,  thing, 
affair,  matter,  suhject,  object,  fact, 
circumstance,  condition,  movement, 
business,  enterprise,  it;  res  mili- 
taris,  the  military  art;  res  fru- 
mentaria,  corn,  grairi,  provisions  ; 
res  publica :  common  weal,  public 
welfare  ;  civil  affairs,  government ; 
commoni'jealth,  state ;  summa  res 
publiea,  the  highest  interests  of  the 
commonwealth  ;  tota  res  publica, 
conltplete  control  of  public  affairs ; 
res  famillaris,  private  resources, 
patrimony,  property ;  in  turbidis 
rebus,  IN  distressed  circumstances  ; 
res  de,  proposition  to. 

re-sisto,  -ere,  -stiti  [re(d)-, 
back,  against ;  sist5,  STAnd],  resist. 

re-spondeo,  -ere,  -spondi,  -spon- 
8us  [re(d)-,  in  return;  spondeo, 
promise],  (orig.,  present  in  re- 
turn), answer,  make  ansioer,  say 
or  tell  in  reply. 

responsum,  -i,  n.  [neut.  perf. 
part.ofresponde6,a7ist^er],awsr(jer. 

re-stitao,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus  [re(d)-, 
again;  statuo,  set  up],  restore. 

re-tineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus 
[re{d)-,  hack;  teneo,  hold],  hold 
fast,  retain,  detain,  keep. 

re-vello,  -ere,  -velli,  -volsus  or 
-vulsus  [re(d)-,  hack,  away  ;  vello, 
pluck,  pull],  pull  away,  tear  away. 

reversio, -onis,  r.  ire(d)-\/vert-, 
turn  hack] ,  return. 

pe-verto,  -ere,   -verti,    -versus 


[re(d)-,  hack;  verto,  turn],  turn 
hack;  return. 

re-vertor,  -!,  -versus  [re(d)-, 
hack;  *vertor,  turn],  turn  hack; 
return. 

re-voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re(d)-, 
hack;  voc5,  call],  recall,  restore. 

rex,  regis,  m.  [Vreg-,  guide,  di- 
rect], king. 

Rhenus,  -i,  M.,  Rhine  (river 
separating  Gaul  from  Germany). 

Rhodanus,  -i,  m.,  Rhone  (river 
in  Gaul). 

ripa,  -ae,  r.,  hank  of  a  river. 

robur,  -oris^  k.,  oak. 

rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  ask. 

Roma,  -ae,  r.,  Rome  (city  on 
the  Tiber  in  Italy). 

Romanus,  -a, -um,  adj.  [Roma- 
(st.  of  R5ma),  Rome],  belonging 
to  Rome  (see  Roma),  Roman; 
subst.,  Romana,  -ae,  f.,  Roman 
woman. 

Romani,  -orum,  m.,  Romans 
(inhabitants  of  Rome ;  see  Roma). 

rota,  -ae,  F.,  wheel. 

ruber,  -bra,  -brum,  adj.  [v/rub-, 

REDDe/l],  RED. 

Riifus,  -1,  M.,  Lucius  VihulUus 
Rufus  (adherent  of  Pompey). 

ruina,  -ae,  f.  [conn.  w.  ruo, 
fall  violently].,  downfall,  crash. 

rumor,  -oris,  M.,  (orig.,  noise, 
murmur,  and  so)  hearsay,  rumor, 
report. 

rupes,  -is,  f.  [Vrup-,  break], 
(broken,  precipitous)  rock. 

rursus,  adv.  [=  revorsus,  perf. 
part,  of  re  verto,  turn  back],  again. 

rus,  ruris,  n.,  the  country  (opp. 
the  city). 

S. 

Sabis,  -is,  m.,  the  Sabis  (mod. 
Sambre,  river  in  Belgic  Gaul). 

Sabvirra,  -ae,  M.,  Saburra  (lieu- 
tenant of  Juba,  king  of  Numidia). 

sacrificium,  -ii,  N.  [sacriflco- 
(st.  of  sacrificus),  sacrificial], 
sacrifice. 

sacro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sacro- 
(st.  of  sacer),  sacred],  declare 
sacred. 


saepe 


secundiis 


297 


saepe,  adv.  [ueut.  ace.  of  *sae- 
pis,  rroirded,  frequent ;  conn,  w, 
sacpes,  hedge'\,  often, 

saepe  numer5  or  saepenume- 
ro  [saepe,  often  ;  uuincro,  in  num- 
ber], oftentimes^  again  and  again. 

saepes,  -is,  f.  [conn.  w.  saepe, 
i{.  v.],  hedge,  fence. 

saevio,  -Tre,  -ii,  -Itum  [saevo-(st. 
of  sacxus) ,  fierce'],  be  fierce,  rage. 

Sagittarius,  -ii,  M.  [adj.  used 
substf,  fr.  sagitta-  (st.  of  sagitta), 
arrow],  (one  having  to  do  with 
arrows,  and  so)  archer,  bowman. 

salus,  litis,  F.  [conn.  w.  salvus, 
safe],  safety. 

salutaris,  -c,  adj.  [salut-  (st.  of 
salus) ,  safety] ,  pertaining  tosafety, 
sa/utary. 

saluto,  -are,  -JivT,  -atus  [salut- 
(st.  of  salus),  safety].,  wish  safety 
to,  greet,  pay  one's  respects  to,  sa- 
lute. 

salvus,  -a,  -ura,  adj.  [Vsal-  (akin 
to  Vser-  in  servus),  protect,  sup- 
port], sound,  unimpaired,  safe,  un- 
harmed, prenKnyed. 

sanelo,  -Ire,  sanxT,  sanctus 
(sancTtus,  once)  [conn.  w.  sacer, 
sacrf^d],  render  sacred;  (of  laws) 
<  stnhli.sh,  ordain,  enact. 

sanctus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  san- 
cio,  q.  v.],  sacred,  inviolable. 

sane,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  sanus, 
sound],  indeed,  by  all  means,  for 
aught  I  care,  if  you  laill. 

san^is,  -inis,  M.,  blood  (flow- 
ing in  the  body). 

8antoni,  -oruni,  m.,  the  Santoni 
(tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul  on  the 
nortiiern  bank  of  the  Garonne). 

sapiens,  -cutis,  p.  a.  (of  sapio, 
taste ;  discern)  discerning,  wise. 

Sardinia,  -ac,  v., Sardinia  (island 
ill  the  Mediterranean,  west  of 
Italy). 

Sardiniensls,  -e,  adj.  [Sardinia- 
<'st.  of  Sardinia),  Sardinia],  of 
Sardinia, Sardinian  (see  Sardinia). 

sarmenta,  -oruffl,  N.  (usu.  pi.) 

{Vsarp-,    lop,  prune],    (what    is 
bpped,  and  so)  light  branches. 


sarmentum,  see  sarmenta. 
satis,  adv.,  enough,  sufficiently  ; 
very. 

satis  facio  or  satisfaeio,  -ere, 
-feci, -factum [satis,  enough;  facio, 
do],  give  satisfaction,  make  repar- 
ation. 

saxum,  -1,  N.,  st07ie  (large  and 
rough). 

Scaevola,  -ae,  m.,  Quintiis  Mu- 
cins Scaevola  (augur  and  jurist  of 
Cicero's  time;  he  was  a  son-in- 
law  of  Laelius). 

sceleratus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part, 
of  scelero,  pollute],  polluteD ;  ac- 
curseD. 

scelus,  -eris,  x.,  crime. 
scientia,  -ae,  f.  [scient-  (st.  of 
sciens),     knoidtig],     knowledge, 
skill.  _ 
scio,  -Tre,  -Tvi,  -itus,  know. 
Scipio,  -onis,    m.,    1.    Publius 
Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus  Major 
(conqueror  of  Hannibal  at  Zama 
202   B.C.).     2.   Publius    Cornelius 
Scipio  Africanus  Minor  (destroyer 
of  Carthage  146  n.c). 

scribo,  -ere,   scrips!,   scrlptus 
[v'scril)-,  dig,  gk.vve],  (cut  with  a 
pointed    instrument,  grave,  and 
so)  u^te. 
scutum,  -T,  N.    [Vscu-,   cover], 
^g\  o-n     oblong     shield 

1^1  (the  scutum  of  the 

^^^1        Roman    legionaries 
^  ^  was  made  of  wood 

iS)  covered  with  leatli- 

*^A  cr;     it    was    semi- 

cylindrical  in  shape, 
and  was  41  ft.  long 
by  2^  ft. "  broad) ; 
see  Fig.  8. 

se-cerno,        -ere, 

Hg.  8.         -crevT,-cretus[se(d>, 

Shield  (scfUum)  ^„..,,/  .    pprtio     HOita- 

ofthoUomanln.  ^/'^^V'    CCruo,   sepa 

fantry   Hoidier,  rate] ,  set  apart,  sepa- 

fronithocoltimn  rate. 
of  Trajan.   The       sCCUndus, -a, -UlU, 
detroratlon  rep-      ,.    r      ^        '      '  ,      ' 
renenU.  a  thun-  adj.  [=  ♦sequeudus, 

dcrbolt.  gerundive     of     se- 

quor,  follow],  (following,  and  so) 
second ;  favorable. 


298 


sed 


sexaginta 


sed,  CODJ.,  but. 

sedeo,  -ere,  sedT,  sessum,  sit. 

sedes,  -is,  f.  [Vsed-,  sit  ;  cf.  se- 
deo], SEAT:  habitation,  abode. 

Segusiavi,  -orum,  m.,  theSegusi- 
avi  (tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul  on  the 
Rhone). 

se-jungo,  -ere,  -junxi,  -junctus 
[se(d)-,  apart;  jungo,  join^,  dis- 
join, separate,  sever. 

Seleiicus,  -i,  M.,  Se/eucus  (one 
of  the  ablest  generals  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great ;  murdered  by  Ptol- 
emy Ceraunus  280  B.C.)- 

semeu,  -inis,  n.  [Vse-,  sow], 
(that  which  is  sown,  and  so) 
SEEcZ;  origin,  source. 

sementis,  -is,  r.  [semen,  seecZ], 
i^owing. 

semlnarium,  -ii,  n.  [adj.  used 
subst.,  fr.  semin-  (st.  of  semen), 
SEEfZ],  (having  to  do  with  seed, 
and  so)  nursery. 

semper,  adv.  [conn.  w.  Lat. 
siMilis  and  English  same],  al- 
loays. 

Sempronia,  -ae,  f.,  Sempronia 
(wife  of  Decimus  Junius  Brutus : 
Sempronia  was  implicated  in 
Catiline's  conspiracy  G3  b.c). 

senator,  -oris,  m.  [conn,  w, 
senex  and  senatus],  senator. 

senatus,  -us,  m.  [conn.  w. 
senex,  elder'],  council  of  elders, 
senate. 

senatus  consultum  or  sena- 
tusconsultum,  -i,  N.,  decree  of  the 
senate. 

senectns,  -utis,  f.  [senec-  (st. 
of  senex),  old],  old  age. 

senex,  senis,  adj.,  old,  aged; 
subst.,  old  man  or  woman. 

senilis,  -e,  adj.  [sen-  (st.  of 
^GXiQiC),  old  person],  belonging  to 
an  old  person,  senile. 

Senones  or  Senones,  -um,  m., 
the  Senones  (tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul 
along  the  upper  Seine). 

sensus,  -iis,  m.  [base  sent-  (in 
sentio),  become  aware  through  the 
senses],  sense-perception ;  sense. 

sententia,  -ae,  f.  [conn.  w.  sen- 


tio, think],  opinion,  view;  vote; 
ad  sententiam  redire,  to  come 
back  to  the. main  question  ;  in  earn 
sententiam,  to  this  effect,  of  this 
purport. 

sentio,  -ire,  sensi,  sensus,  per- 
ceive, be  aware;  think. 

septem,    indecl.     num.     adj., 

SEVEN. 

septentrio,  -onis,  M. ;  also  pi., 
septentriones,  -um,  M.  [s^tem, 
SEVEN ;  tridnes,  ploughing  oxen] , 
the  SEVEN  prominent  stars  in  the 
constellation  Ursa  Major  or  the 
Great  Bear  ;  the  north. 

Septimus,  -a,  -um,  ord.  num. 
adj.  [septem,  seven],  seven^/^. 

Sequani,  -orum,  m.,  the  Sequani 
(tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul  enclosed  by 
the  Saone,  the  Rhone,  and  Mt. 
Jura)  ;  sing.,  Sequanus,  -T,  m.,  a 
Sequanian. 

sequor,  -i,  secutus  [v/sequ-,  fol- 
lovf] ,  follow,  pursue. 

sermo,  -onis,  m.  [Vser-,  connect] , 
(connected  discourse,  and  so) 
conversation,  intercourse. 

servilis,  -e,  adj.  [servo-  (st.  of 
servus),  slave],  pertaining  to  a 
slave,  servile. 

servio,  -ire,  -Ivi  and  -ii,  -itum 
[servo-  (st.  of  servus),  slave],  be 
a  slave,  serve,  submit  to. 

servitus,  -utis,  r.  [servo-  (st.  of 
servus),  slave],  slavery, servitude; 
serfdom,  vassalage. 

servo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [servo- 
(st.  of  servus),  protected;  see 
servus],  protect,  preserve;  keep, 
lay  by. 

servus,  -T,  M.  [Vser-  (akin  to 
Vsal-  in  salvus),  protect],  (a  cap- 
tive in  war,  not  killed,  but  saved 
alive,  and  so)  slave. 

Sestius,  -ii,  m.,  Publius  Sestius 
(tribune  of  the  people  57  b.c, 
and  friend  of  Cicero). 

severus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  severe. 

sex,  indecl..nuin.  adj.,  six. 

sexaginta,  indecl.  num.  adj. 
[sexa-,  conn.  w.  sex,  six;  -gin- 
represents  (de)cem,  ten],  sixty. 


Sextius 


somniiini 


299 


Sextius,  -il,  m.,  Titus  Sextius 
(one  of  Caesar's  lieutenants). 

sextus,  -a,  -um,  oi\l.  num.  ailj. 
[sex,    six],  sixth;  sextus  decl- 

mus,  SIXTKKNTII. 

si,  conj.,  (;';  si  quis,  if  any 
one ;  si  qui,  if  any  (see  quis  and 
qui). 

sic,  adv.,  in  such  a  way,  so,  in 
this  icay^  thus  ;  as  follows  ;  to  such 
a  (kf/n-e ;  ut  .  .  .  sic,  as  .  .  .  so, 
although  .  .  .  yet. 

sicut  and  sicuti,  adv.  [sic,  so ; 
ut  or  utT,  as'\,  just  as,  as. 

sidus,  -eris,  N.,  group  of  stars, 
constellation ;  star. 

significo,  -are,  -fivT,  -fitus  [sT- 
gnitic-(st.of  ♦sTgnifex),  sign-mak- 
ing^., show  by  signs,  show,  make 
evident. 

signuin,  T,  x.,  sign,  signal;  in 
pi.,  military  stand- 
ar(h;  signa  ferre, 
to  advance  against 
the  enemy;  con- 
versa  signa  fn- 
ferre,  to  face  about 
ami  advance  \- 
gainst  the  enemy  ; 
infestfs       signis  Fig.  9. 

co„»istcrc,    to  xr  rs": 


'I'he  middle  fig- 
ure represents  the 
eai;ie,  the  stand- 
ard of  the  legion ; 
the  two  side  fig- 
ures rep  resent  tlie 
standards  of  co- 
horts. 

ivith     wood. 


come  to  a  halt  and 
assume  the  defen- 
sive ;  see  Fig.  0. 

sllva,    -ae,    f., 
wood,  forest. 

sllvestris,     -e, 
adj. [conn. w.silva, 
wood],     overgrown 
wooded. 

simllls,  -c,  adj.  [cognate  w. 
8AM k],  like. 

siinul,  adv.  [neut.  fm.  of  simi- 
li.'*,  like],  at  the  same  time  ;  eimul 
atque,  as  soon  as. 

slmulacruin,  -T,  n.  [.simula- 
(.st.  of  simulo),  imitate],  image. 

siinuld,  -are,  -avi,  -iitus  [fr.  st. 
of  simili.s,  like,  seen  in  adv. 
simul],  imitate :' pretend. 

sin,  conj.  [hi,  if;  ne,  not],  if 
however,  but  if. 


sine,  prep.  w.  abl.  [sT,  if,  in  that 
case;  ne,  ^ot],  without. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num.  adj., 
one  by  one,  single,  individual, 
separate,  several;  translated  adv., 
singly,  individually;  in  annos 
siugulos,  each  or  every  year. 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  left. 

si  quidein  or  siquidem,  conj. 
[si,  if;  quidem,  indeed],  since  in- 
deed. 

sitis,  -is,  F.,  thirst. 

sitio,  -Ire,  -ivi  or  -it  [siti-  (st.  of 
sitis),  thirst],  thirst. 

situs,  -us,  M.  [\/si-,  put],  (put- 
ting or  placing,  and  so)  position., 
situation. 

socer,  -erl,  m.  ,  father-in-law. 

socius,  -il,  M.  [adj.  used  subst., 
f  r.  >^soc-,f<>Uoio  ;  conn.  w.  scquor], 
associate,  confederate,  ally. 

Socraticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [bor- 
rowed from  the  Greek],  belonging 
to  Socrates  (celebrated  Athenian 
philosopher;  lived  408-399  B.C.)  ; 
subst.,  disci])le  of  Socrates. 

sodalis,  -is,  c,  mate,  comrade, 
intimate. 

sol,  solis,  M.,  suw. 

soleo,  -ere,  -itus,  be  accustomed, 
be  wont. 

solitudo,  -inis,  f.  [solo-  (st.  of 
solus),  alone],  solitude;  deserted 
place  or  tract,  desert,  wilderness. 

sollicito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [solli- 
cito-  (st.  of  solWcMvis),  agitatei)], 
stir  up,  agitate,  urge,  stimulate,  in- 
cite; approarh  with  corrupt  over- 
tures, corruptly  solicit. 

Solon  (Solo),  -onis,  m.,  Solon 
(famous  Athenian  law-giv<^r;  Ids 
public  career  belongs  to  the  first 
half  of  the  sixth  centtiry  B.C.). 

solum,  -1,  N.,  ground,  soil. 

solum,  adv.  [neut.  of  solus, 
alone],  only;  noia  solum,  xoiowi^/. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  alone,  only, 
sole. 

somnus,  -T,  m.  [for*sopnus,  fr. 
Vsop-,  sleep],  sleep. 

somnium,  -iT,  y.  [adj.  used 
subst.,  fr.  somno-  (st.  of  somnu>), 


300 


spatium 


subsidium 


sleep'],  (resulting  from  sleep,  and 
so)  dream. 

spatium,  -il,  N.  [Vspa-,  svAn, 
stretch  out],  space;  distance;  time 
enough,  time;  interval,  division, 
period. 

species,  gen.  -e,  r.  [s/spec-,  spy], 
seeing;  appearance;  show. 

spectaciiliini,  -T,  N.  [specta- 
(st.  of  specto),  look  at],  spectac/e, 
sight. 

specto,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [intens. 
of  specid,  formed  as  if  from  a 
perf.  part.  *spectus],  look  at; 
face,  extend ;  regard,  heed. 

spero,  -are,  -avT,  -atiis  [conn.  w. 
spes,  hope] ,  hope,  look  for. 

spes,  gen.  -ei  (-ei),  f., hope; pros- 
pect; hopefulness;  in  spem  ve- 
nire, to  cherish  or  entertain  hope. 

spiritus,  -us,  m.  [conn.  w.  spiro, 
breathe],  breath. 

spolium,  -il,  N.,  usu.  in  pi., 
spolia,  -orum,  n.,  spoils. 

sponte,  abl.  r.  (only  in  gen. 
[spontis]  and  abl.  smg.),  impulse; 
sponte  is  regularly  accompanied 
by  a  poss.  pron. ;  as,  tua  sponte, 
of  your  own  free  will. 

statim,  adv.  [ace.  fm.  of  st. 
stati-,  fr.  Vsta-,  sxAwd],  on  the  spot, 
forthwith. 

statio,  -onis,  F.  [Vsta-,  sTAnd], 
STAnding  ;  station,  post ;  in  stati- 
one,  ON  guard. 

Stator,  -oris,  m.  [Vsta-  (causa- 
tive), make  sxAwd],  ST xyer,  sup- 
porter (epithet  of  Jupiter). 

statuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus  [statu- 
(st.  of  status),  STAnding,  position], 
put  in  position,  setup,  station  ;  de- 
cide, determine,  resolve. 

statara,  -ae,  f.  [Vsta-,  STA7id], 
(standing,  and  so)  stature. 

stipendium,  -ii,  N.[=  *stipipen- 
dium,  fr.  stipi-  (st.  of  *stips), 
contribution ;  bsfse  pend-  (in  pen- 
do),  pay],  (payment  of  a  contri- 
bution, and  so)  tribute,  tribute 
money. 

stlrps,  -is,  F.,  stock,  root ;  origin, 
source. 


sto,  -are,  steti  [Vsta-,  staw^?], 
STAW(?;  abide;  decreto  stare,  ac- 
quiesce in  a  decision. 

strepitus,  -fis,  m.  [base  strep- 
(in  strepo),  make  a  noise],  noise, 
din. 

studeo,  -ere,  -uT,  be  eager  for, 
strive  earnestly  for,  apply  one's  self 
to,  devote  special  attention  to,  cul- 
tivate ;  exercise  partiality. 

studiosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [studio- 
(st.  of  studiura),  seal],  full  of 
zeal,  zealous,  earnest;  eager  [for], 
assiduous  \\n],fond  [of]. 

studium,  -il,  n.  [base  stud-  (in 
studeo),  be  eager],  eagerness, 
earnest  desire,  zeal,  enthusiasm; 
devotion,  attachment;  pursuit.  In 
pi.,  zealous  efforts;  studies,  pur- 
suits. 

suasor,  -oris  [Vsuad-,  make 
SWEET,  urge,  advise],  (one  who 
advises,  and  so)  adviser;  suasor 
esse,  to  advise. 

sub,  prep.  w.  ace.  and  abl., 
under;  sub  occasum,  towards 
the  setting. 

sub-duco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus 
[sub,  from  under;  duc5,  draw], 
ivithdraiv. 

sub-eo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -il,  subitiis 
[sub,  under;  eo,  go],  go  under, go 
close  to,  approach;  come  stealth- 
ily ;  (w.  ace.)  undergo,  submit  to. 

sub-igo,  -ere,  -egi,  -actus  [sub, 
tinder;  ago,  drive,  force],  con- 
strain, impel,  prompt. 

subito,  adv.  [n.  abl.  of  subitus, 
sudden],  suddenly. 

subitus,  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  subeo, 
come  stealthily],  sudden. 

sublatus,  -a,  -um,  perf.  part., 
raisei)  (see  tollo). 

subinotus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part, 
of  submoveo,  remote,  drive  back], 
driven  back;  subst.,  submoti, 
those  driven  back. 

sub-sequor,  -i,  -cutus  [sub, 
clo.se  upon ;  sequor,  follow],  folloio 
close  upon,  follow,  succeed. 

subsidium,  -il,  n.  [sub-Vsed-, 
SIT  in  support  of],  (sitting  in  re- 


siib-sisto 


suppliciiim         301 


serve  for  support,  and  so)  sup- 
port, aid,  relii\f. 

sub-sisto,  *  -ere,  -stiti  [sub, 
under  ;  sisto,  stau^  stiW],  come  to 
a  halt,  halt;  maintain  one's 
ground,  irith^Txnd. 

sub-traho,  -ere,  -xT,  -ctus  [sub, 
from  under;  traho,  draw'],  vnth- 
draw,  keep  out  of  reach. 

sub-venio,  -Ire,  -veni,  -ventum 
[sub,  under,  to  the  support  of;  ve- 
nio,  come],  come  to  the  support  of 

sac-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessum 
[sub,  tinder,  close  upon;  cedo, 
go],  follow  close  upon,  succeed. 

suc-cendo,  -ere,  -cendT,  -census 
[sub, /row  beloK ;  ♦cendo(N/cand-), 
set  fire],  set  fire  to  (from  below). 

Suebi,  -orum,  m.,  the  Suebi  or 
Swabians  (collective  name  of  sev- 
eral German  tribes ;  their  king  at 
the  time  of  Caesar's  first  cam- 
paign in  Gaul  was  Ariovistus). 

8iiebus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  pertaining 
to  the  Suebi,  Swabian. 

Suessiones,  -um,  M.,  the  Suessi- 
ones  (tribe  in  Belgic  Gaulj). 

siiflVagium,  -il,  N.  [sub-Vfrag-, 
BREAK  somewhat  or  partially], 
(fragment  used  for  voting,  and 
so)  voting  tablet ;  vote,  suffrage. 

8ui, gen.(nom.  wanting),  reflex 
pron.,  of  himself,  herself,  itself 
themselves ;  intense,  see  inter. 

'HO  11a,  -ae,  m.,  Lucius  Cornelius 
Sulla  (famous  Roman  dictator 
82-79  «.C.). 

Hiim,  esse,  fuT  [sum, V.s-,6e  ;  esse, 
Ves-,  he;  fuT,  Vfu-,  grow,  become], 
UK  (cognate  w.  Vf u-),  exist, prevail, 
consist,  live,  remain. 

Biimnia,  -ac,  f.  [fem.  of  summus 
(sc.  res),  highest],  the  main  thing, 
sum ;  supreme  control  olf  direc- 
tion ;  in  suninia,  in  general. 

HiimmotuH,  see  subniotus. 

8ummu8,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  super!, 
of  superus,  q.  v. 

Humd,  -ere,  sQmpsT,  sOmptus 
[sub, /rom  undpr,vr;  cimy,  take], 
f'ike  vv,take;  assume,  arrogate; 
•>\h\  HumerCf  to  lake  UPon  one's  self, 


to  assume;    suppliciuni  suinerc 

de,  to  exact  punishment  from,  to 
injlict  punishment  on. 

sumptaosus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 
[sumptu-  (St.  of  silmptus),  ex- 
pense^, expensive,  costly. 

sumptus,  -us,  M.  [sum-  for  sub- 
v'em-,  take  up  (for  some  purpose, 
and  so)  spend],  expense;  in  pi., 
extravagance. 

superbia,  -ae,  f.  [superbo-  (st. 
of  supcrbus),  proud],  pride,  arro- 
gance. 

superior,  -ius,  adj.,  comp.  of 
superus,  q*  v. 

snpero,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [supe- 
ro-  (st.  of  superus),  afiovK]  (be 
above,  and  so)  he  left  over,  re- 
main, survive;  surpass,  exceed; 
l)eat,  defeat,  ov^^'Mcome,  conquer, 
vanquish;  vita  superare,  outlive. 

superstitio,  -onis,  f.  [super-sta-, 
ST\nd  OVEU],  (standing  over  as 
in  wonder,  awe,  etc.,  and  so)  ex- 
aggerated fear  of  the  gods,  super- 
stition. 

super-sum,  -esse,  -fu!  [super, 
over;  sum,  he],  be  left,  remain. 

superus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [conn.  w. 
sub,  from  under,  up],  a?^ovE. 
Comp.,  superior,  -ius,  higher,  up- 
per ;  (of  time)  preceding, former  ; 
superiore  noete,  night  before 
last.  Superl.,  summus,  -a,  -um, 
highest;  greatest,  chief;  of  the 
highest  importance ;  supreme;  ex- 
treme; summus  mons,  the  summit 
of  the  mountain  ;  summus  cruci- 
atus,  the  severest  punishment. 

sup-plcx,  -icis,  adj.  [sul),  un- 
der; Vplcc-,  FOUrZ.  hend],  (kneel- 
ing, and  so)  suppliant;  translated 
!  adv.,  in  supplicntion. 

supplicatio, -onis,  f.  [supplica- 
(st.  of  supplied),  kneel  to,  pray 
to],  (kneeling  to,  praying  to,  and 
80)  public  supplication ;  thanks- 
giving. 

supplicium,  -it,  N.  [supplic-  (st. 
of  supplex),  suppliant],  (humilia- 
tion, and  so)  punishment ;  in  pi., 
sacrifice. 


302 


sup-porto 


tempi  um 


sup-porto,  -are,  -iivT,  -atus  [sub, 
from  below,  up  to;  porto,  con- 
vey'], convey  to  a  place,  bring  up. 

supra,  adv.  aud  prep.  w.  ace. 
[abl.  fem.  of  superus,  a^ovE], 
1.  adv.,  a&ovE;  (of  time)  6e/ore, 
previously.    2.  prep.,  before. 

suspicio,  -onis,  v.  [conn.  w.  su- 
spicio,  lookaskance  af],  suspicion ; 
ground  of  suspicion  ;  in  suspici- 
onem  venire,  to  be  attended  ivith 
suspicion,  to  be  open  to  suspicion. 

sus-tineo,  -ere,  -ni,  -tentus 
[*subs,  collateral  fm.  of  sub,/?'om 
below,  UP;  teneo,  hold'],  support, 
sustain ;  perform,  discharge  ;  rein 
in,  check;  withstand. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  pron.,  Jiis 
orcn,  her  own,  its  own,  their  own ; 
his,  her,  its,  their ;  subst.,  sui,  his 
men. 

Syracusae,  -arum,  f.,  Syracuse 
(city  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Sicily). 

T. 

T.,  abbr.  of  Titus,  -i,  m.,  Titus, 
(Roman  praenomen  or  first  name). 

tabesco,  -ere,  tabui  [inceptive 
fr.  tabe-  (st.  of  tabed),  melt],  begin 
to  melt ;  pine  away. 

tabula,  -ae,  f.,  board,  jylank ; 
writing  tablet;  tabula  picta, 
painting. 

tabulatum,  -i,  n,  [nent.  of  tabu- 
Itltus,  boarded],  flooring,  story. 

taceo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itns,  be  silent ; 
jmss  over  in  silence. 

taedet,  -ere,  -duit  or  (rarely) 
-sum  est,  it  wearies ;  me  taedet, 
lam  weary. 

talentum,  -T,  n.,  talent  (sum  of 
money  equivalent  in  value  to 
about  $1080). 

talis,  -c,  adj.  [pron.  st.  to-,  thaiJ  ; 
cf .  qualis],  of  tha«  kind,  of  such 
a  kind,  such. 

tarn,  adv.,  so;  non  tarn,  ^ot 
so,  :sot  so  much. 

tamen,  adv.,  nevemiKless,  yet, 
still,  however,  notwithstanding. 

tametsI,conj.  [tamen,  n^verrHE- 
less;  etsi,  although],  alTiiough. 


tandem,  adv.,  at  length;  (in 
exclam.)  j^my- 

tantulus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [dim.  fr. 
tanto- (st.  of  tantus),  so  great], 
so  small,  so  slight. 

tantummodo,  adv.  [tantum,  so 
much,  so  far,  u.  ace.  of  tantus ; 
modo,  only],  only,  merely. 

tantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pron.  st. 
to-,  THA^;.cf.  quantiis],  so  f/rea^, 
so  much,  so  strong  a,  so  important, 
such  {=  so  great) ;  so  foul,  so 
heinous,  of  such  enormity;  qnan- 
tus  .  .  .  tantus,  now  much  .  .  .  so 
much,  and  so  as  much  ...  as; 
quanto  .  .  .  tanto,  by  irow  much 
.  .  .  by  so  much,  the  .  .  .  the;  est 
tanti,  it  is  worth  while. 

tardo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [tardo- 
(st.  of  tardus),  slovj],  make  slow, 
retard,  delay,  hinder. 

tardus, -a,  -um,  adj.,  sloio,  tardy. 

Tasgetius,  -ii,  M.,  Tasgetius 
(chief  of  the  Carnutes  in  the 
time  of  Caesar). 

taurus,  -T,  M.  [for  *staurus; 
cognate  w.  English  steer],  b^dl. 

Taurus,  -I,  M.,  Taurus  (moun- 
tain range  in  Asia  Minor). 

tectum,  -T,  x.  [n.  perf.  part,  of 
tego,  cover],  roof;  divelling. 

tego,  -ere,  texi,  tectus  [v'teg-, 
cover  ;  cognate  w.  English  TiiATcn 
and  deck],  cover. 

telum, -1,  ^.,  javelin;  weapon. 

temerarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [fr. 
st.contained  in  adv.  temere,  rash- 
ly], headstrong,  rash,  indiscreet. 

tempero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [conn, 
w.  tempus,  QXt.)  portion],  appor- 
tion duly;  (conduct  one's  self 
with  due  proportion,  and  so)  re- 
frain, abstain;  (w.  dat.)  restrain. 

tempestas,  -atis,  f.  [conn.  w. 
tempus,  time],  time;  weather; 
storm. 

templum,  -T,  N.  [prob.  for  *te- 
mulum,  dim.  f  r.  Vtem-,  cut,  through 
lost  subst],  (orig.  a  space  marked 
off  by  the  augur's  wand  and  con- 
secrated, and  so)  a  consecrated 
place;  temple. 


tenipiis 


tra-icio 


303 


tempiis,  -oris,  n.  [v'tcm-,  cut], 
(lit.,  a  section  ov portion,  and  so) 
a  period  of  time ,  season,  time. 

tendo,  -ere,  tetendi,  teiisiis  or 
tentus  [vtcn-,  stretch],  stretch, 
stretch  out,  extend. 

tenebrac,  -arum,  r.,  darkness. 

teneo,  -ere,  -ui  [v'ten-,  stretch], 
holdfast,  hold,  keep;  occupy;  de- 
tain ;  (with  quoininus)  restrain, 
prevent;  (culpa)  teneri,  to  be 
controlled  by,  to  be  under  the  do- 
minion of,  to  be  subject  to,  to  be 
chargeable  with;  enchain,  hold 
spell-bound,  paralyze;  (of  wind) 
adversum  tenere,  to  bloic  in  the 
face  of 

tent5  or  teinpto,  -are,  -avT, 
-iitus  [intens.  fr.  tento-  (st.  of 
perf.  part,  of  tendo,  stretch)],  at- 
tempt, try  to  effect,  test. 

tenus,  prep.  w.  abl.  (follows 
its  word)  [\'ten-,  stretch],  as  far  as. 

terguin,  -T,  x. ,  back. 

terni,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num.  adj. 
[tri-  (st.  of  tres)  three],  three 
and  THREE,  in  groups  of  three, 
THREE /row*  eac^,  three  apiece, 
three  each. 

terra,  -ae,  f.  [for  *tersa,  fr. 
v'tors-,  be  dry ;  conn.  w.  Lat.  tor- 
reo,  parcli,  and  cognate  w.  English 
THIRST],  dry  land,  land,  earth, 
ground;  terra,  by  land,  on  land; 
land,  ctmntry ;  in  pi.,  the  earth 
(as  made  up  of  various  lands). 

terreo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus  [for  ♦ter- 
seo,  v'ters-,  tremble],  frighten,  ter- 
fify,  alarm. 

terribllis,  -e,  adj.  [conn.  w. 
terreo,  frighten],  frightful,  terri- 
ble. 

terror,  -oris,  M.  [for  ♦terser, 
fr.  Vters-,  tremble],  fright,  alarm, 
terror. 

tertiuH,  -a,  -lun,  ord.  num.  adj. 
[conn.  w.  tres,  three],  third. 

testamcntiitn,  -T,  n.  [testa-  (st. 
of  testor),  bear  rnitness],  (wliat^ 
is  acknowledged  beforcwltnesses,' 
and  so)  imll. 

testis,  -is,  c,  witness. 


theatrum,  -i,  n.  [borrowed 
from  the  Greek],  theatre. 

Thebae,  -arum,  f.,  Thebes 
(most  important  city  of  Boeotia). 

Thrasybulus,  -I,  M.,  Thrasy- 
bulus  (distinguished  Athcuiau 
general;  freed  Athens  from  the 
yoke  of  tlic  thirty  tyrants  403  n.c.). 

Thuys,  Thuynis,  m.,  Thuya 
(prince  in  Paphl.agonia). 

Tiguriuus  pagiis,  -T,  'si.,  Tigu- 
rine  district  (one  of  tlie  fonr  divi- 
sions of  the  Helvetian  country; 
its  inhabitants  were  called  Tigu- 
rlnl). 

timeo,  -ere,  -uT,  fear. 

timor,  -oris,  m.  [v'tim-,  choke, 
be  breathless;  conn.  w.  timeo], 
fear,  alarm;  cowardice. 

Titiirius,  -il,  M.,  Quintus  Titu- 
rius   Sabinus   (one    of    Caesar's 
lieutenants  in  tlie  Gallic  war). 
.   Titus,  -1,  M.,  Titus  (Roman prae- 
nomen  or  first  name). 

tolero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [conn, 
w.  toUo  (v/tol-),  rai.'te],  su.Htain. 

toUo,  -ere,  (sustulT),  (subla- 
tus)  [v'tol-,  lift,  raise;  perf  and 
perf  part,  borrowed  from  sus- 
tollo],  raise;  remove,  take  away, 
break  off;  put  an  end  to. 

Tolosa,  -ae,  f.,  Tolosa  (mod. 
Toulouse,  city  in  the  Roman 
province  of  Gaul). 

tornientuiii,  -i,  N.  [v'tor(qu)-, 
twist,  hurl],  (means  of  hurling, 
and  so)  engine  for  hurling  mis- 
siles;  instrument  of  torture;  tor- 
ture. 

totus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  whole,  all, 
entire,  complete,  throughout. 

tra-d6,-ere,-didT,-ditus[trri(ns), 
over  ;  do,  give] ,  surrender,  deliver ; 
intrust,  impart. 

tra-duco,  -ere,  -duxT,  -ductus 
[tra(ns),  arross ;  duco,  lead],lead, 
convey  or  conduct  across. 

tragoedia,  -ae,  f.  [borrowed 
from  the  Greek],  tragedy. 

traho,  -ere,  traxT,  tractus,  draw, 
drag. 

tra-icl6(pronounced :  trajiclo) 


304 


tranquillus 


turba 


-ere,  -jeci,  -jectus[tra(ns),  across; 
jacio,  throw'],  throw  across,  convey 
over. 

tranquillus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  tran- 
quil, iindisturhed. 

trans,  prep.  w.  ace,  across. 

trans-eo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus 
[trans,  across ;  eo,  go],  go  over  or 
across,  cross,  pass  over,  pass  ;  re- 
move, migrate. 

trans-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus 
[trans,  over,  across;  fero,BEAR], 
Buing  over,  transfer,  transplant. 

trans-figo,  -ere,  -fixi,  -fixus 
[trans,  TURough  ;  figo,  fix,  thrust], 
pierce. 

trans-porto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 
[trans,  across;  port5,  convey], 
transport. 

transversus,  -a,  -um  [perf.  part, 
of  trans ver to,  turn  across],  trans- 
verse, cross. 

trecenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.  [tri- 
(st.  of  tres),  three;  st.  of  centum, 
HUNDJ'ecZ],  THREE  HUNDredf. 

trepido,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [trepi- 
do-  (st.  of  trepidus),  restless, 
alarmed],  be  in  a  state  of  trepida- 
tion or  alarm. 

tres,  tria,  num.  adj.,  three. 

Treveri,  -orum,  m.,  the  Treveri 
(tribe  in  Belgic  Gaul  in  the  lower 
valley  of  the  Moselle). 

tribunus,  -T,  M.  [tribu-  (st.  of 
tribus),  tribe],  (orig.,  head  of  a 
tribe)  tribune;  tribunus  militum, 
military  tribune  (there  were  six 
tribunes  attached  to  each  legion, 
and  they  commanded  in  turn, 
each  two  months  at  a  time ;  they 
seldom  led  troops  in  battle,  but 
were  employed  for  the  most  part 
in  routine  administrative  duties). 

tribuo,  -ere,  -ul,  -utus  [tribu- 
(st.  of  tribus),  tribe],  (orig.,  as- 
sign to  a  tribe,  and  so)  assign, 
ascribe,  avjard,  allot,  bestow,  give, 
contribute,  confer,  render. 

tributum,  -T,  n.  [n.  perf.  part, 
of  tribuo,  contribute,  used  subst.], 
tribute,  tribute  money. 
•    triduum,  -i,  n.  [tri-,  conn.  w. 


tres,  three;  -duum,  conn.  w. 
dies,  day],  space  o/ three  days. 

triginta,  indecl.  num.  adj.  [trI-, 
conn.  w.  tres,  three;  -gin-  repre- 
sents (de)cem,  ten],  thirty. 

trini,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num.  adj, 
used  with  substs.  pi.  in  form,  but 
sing,  in  meaning  [conn.  w.  tres, 
three],  three. 

tri-plex,  -icis,  adj.  [tri-  (st.  of 
tres),  three;  Vplec-,  fol^], 
threefolc?,  tnple. 

tristiculus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [dim. 
fr.  tristi-  (St.  of  tristis),  sorrow- 
ful], somewhat  sorrowful. 

tristis,  -e,  sad,  gloomy. 

tristitia,  -ae,  f.  [tristi-  (st.  of 
tristis),  sad],  sadness. 

triumphus,  -i,  M.,  triumph. 

to,  tuT,  pers.  pron.,  thou,  you. 

tuba,  -ae,  f.,  a  straight  trum- 
pet; see  Fig.  10. 


Fig.  10. 
Tuba,  from  the  arch  of  Titus. 

Tubero,  -onis,  m.,  Lucius  Tu- 
bero  (one  of  Pompey's  lieuten- 
ants). 

Tulingi,  -orum,  M.,  the  Tulingi 
(German  tribe  on  the  Rhine, 
north  of  the  Helvetii). 

TuUius,  -ii,  M.,  Marcus  Tullius 
Cicero  (the  famous  Roman  ora- 
tor). 

TuUus,  -1,  M.,  Lucius  Vocatius 
Tullus  (consul  QQ  B.C.). 

turn,  adv.,  at  tha*  time,  then; 
turn  cum,  at  the  time  when,  at 
THE  moment  when. 

tumulus,  -T,  M.  [dim.  fr.  Vtu-, 
swell  (through  *tumus)],  (orig., 
a  little  swelling,  and  so)  rising 
ground,  earth-mound  ;  pile,  heap. 

tumultus,  -lis,  M.  [tumulo-  (st. 
of  tumulus),  swelling],  tumult 
(especially  used  of  an  outbreak  in 
Italy  or  Gaul). 

turba,  -ae,  f.  [conn.  w.  turma, 
throng],  uproar ;  crowd, multitude. 


turbidus 


liter 


305 


mob;  turba  et  conluvio,  vile 
rabble. 

turbidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [turba- 
(st.  of  turba),  uproar'],  disturbed ; 
troubled,  dangerous. 

turina,  -ae,  f.  [conn.  w.  turba, 
uproar],  throng ;  squadron. 

turpis,  -e,  adj.,  base,  disgrace- 
ful, unbecoming,  indecorous. 

turris,  -is,  f.,  totver,  turret. 

tatus;  -a,  -um  [p.  a.  of  tueor, 
protect],  (protected,  and  so)  safe, 
secure. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  pron.  [conn. 
w.  tu,  thou],  thy,  your;  tua  re- 
fert,  it  concerns  you,  it  is  of  im- 
portance to  you. 

tyrannus,  -T,  M.  [borrowed  from 
the  Greek],  tyrant. 

U. 

ubi,  adv.  [=  *cubi  =  ♦quobi, 
loc.  fm.  of  pron.  st.  quo-],  1.  (of 
place)  WHEre;  wuiirever.  2.  (of 
time)  whem;  ubi  primum,  as 
soon  as. 

Ubii,  -oruni,  m.,  the  Ubii  (a  Ger- 
man people  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Rhine). 

ubivis,  adv.  [ubT,  wiiEre;  vis 
(void),  you  will],  wiiEre  you 
WILL,  in  any  place  yfUAtever. 

ullus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (used  where 
a  negative  is  expressed  or  im- 
plied) [dim.  fr.  iino-  (st.  of  Onus), 
one],  (least  one,  and  so)  ANy  at 
all,  Asy ;  subst.,  an?/  one. 

ulterior,  -ius,  adj.  [comp.  of 
♦ultcr,  on  the  farther  side],  farther. 
Superl. ,  Gltimus,  -a,  -um,  farthest^ 
remotest. 

ultimus,  -a,  -um,  supcrL  of 
ulterior,  (j.  v. 

ultra,  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace. 
[abl.  fein.  of  *rilter,  on  the  farther 
ifide],  beyond. 

ultro,  adv.  [case  fm.  of  *ulter, 

/*  the  farther  side,  used  atlv,],  to 

'he  farther  side,  beyond ;  without 

rging,  of  one's  own  motion,  volun- 

lurily,  spontaneously. 

Umbrenusy  -I,    M.,    Umbrenus 


(freedman    implicated    in    Cati- 
line's conspiracy  G3  n.c). 

umerus,  -i,  m.,  shoulder. 

uinquam,  see  unquam. 
'  una,  adv.  [abl.  feui.  of  unus, 
one],    in  company,    together,    in 
common,  at  the  same  time. 

undevicesiinus,  -a,  -um,  ord. 
num.  adj.  [undevlginti,  one  from 
TWENTY  or  wineTEEN],  nine- 
TEE^  th. 

undique,  adv.,  on  all  sides, 
from  all  parts  or  quarters. 

uni- versus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [uno- 
(st.  of  iinus),  one;  versus,  perf. 
part,  of  verto,  turn],  (all  com- 
bined in  one,  and  so)  all  together, 
all  in  A  body. 

uuqnain  or  umquam,  adv. 
(generally  used  where  a  neg.  is 
expressed  or  implied;  cf.  quis- 
quam),  ever,  at  any  time. 

Gnus, -a,  -um,  num.  adj.,  one; 
A  single,  a;  the  same;  alO'SE, 
onZ?/,  sole.  In  pi.,  (usu.)  «Zone; 
(with  substs.  pi.  in  form,  but 
sing,  in  sense)  one. 

urbanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [urbi- 
(st.  of  urbs),  city],  belonging  to 
the  city,  in  the  city. 

urbs,  -is,  F.,  city,  town. 

urus,  -T,  M.,  the  ure-ox. 

usura,  -ae,  f.  [base  ut-  (in 
utor)  use],  use,  enjoyment. 

Gsus,  -us,  u.  [base  ut-  (in  utor), 
use],  use;  advantage;  experience, 
skill,  acquaintance;  service;  occa- 
sion, need,  necessity;  ex  usu,  ex- 
pedient, advantageous  ;  ex  usO,  w. 
gen., /or  the  advantage. 

ut  or  uti,  adv.  and  conj.,  now; 
as,  in  proportion  as;  ut  .  .  .  sio, 
as  .  .  .  so,  although  .  .  .  yet;  (w. 
perf.  Indie.)  as  soon  as,  wifeu; 
(in  final  clauses)  in  order  that, 
that;  (after  verbs  of  fearing) 
that  not;  (In  clauses  of  result) 
so  that,  that. 

ut<»r,  utra,  utriim,  intcrrog.  and 
indef.  rel.  pron.  [  -  *cut('r  r=  *quo- 
ter,  coujp.  f in.  of  pron.  st.  (juo- ; 
cf.  English  wiio  and  whetheu], 


306 


uterque 


vero 


1.  interrog.  v,iiich  (of  two).  2. 
inclef.  rel.,  ^,yuichever  (of  two). 

uterque,  utraque,  utrumque, 
iudef.  prou.  [uter;  cf.  quisque 
from  quis],  each  of  two,  both. 

Utica,  -ae,  f.,  Utica  (city  in 
uortheni  Africa,  north  of  Car- 
thage). 

utilis,  -e,  adj.  [base  ut-  (in 
utor),  use'],  useful. 

atilitas,  -atis,  f.  [utili-  (st.  of 
fitills),  useful],  usefulness,  service- 
ahleiiess,  utility. 

utinam,  adv.  [uti  (w.  vowel 
sliortened) ,  now;  nam,  pray], 
0  that!  would  that! 

utor,  -1,  usus,  use,  make  use  of, 
emjjloy;  enjoy. 

utrum,  adv.  [n.  ace.  of  uter, 

WHIC^,  Oftico],  W^HETHER. 

uxor,  -oris,  f.,  wife. 

V. 

yacatio,  -onis,  f.  [vaca-  (st.  of 
vaco),  be  free],  (being  free,  and 
so)  exemption. 

vaco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  be  empty  ; 
be  free  from;  (of  lands)  lie  un- 
occupied. 

vacuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [base 
vac-  (in  vaco),  be  empty],  vacant, 
empty. 

valeo,  -ere,  -nl,  (fut.  part.)  vali- 
turus,  be  strong  (physically),  be 
well;  have  power,  be  able;  (in 
leave-takiug)  farewell;  minus 
valere,  not  to  be  strong  enough, 
to  be  too  weak. 

Valerius,  see  Procillus.    • 

vallum,  -T,  N.  [neut.  of  vallus, 
stake,  used  in  collective  sense], 
(collection  of  stakes,  and  so) 
wall,  rampart  (of  earth  sur- 
mounted by  a  palisading  of 
sharpened  stakes). 

vanitas,  -atis,  f.  [vano-  (st.  of 
vanus),  empty],  emptiness;  van- 
ity. _ 

Varus,  -T,  M.,  Publius  Attius 
Varus  (praetor  in  Africa  and  ad- 
herent of  Pompey). 

vasto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vasto- 


(st.  of  vastus),  unoccupied,  waste], 
lay  waste. 

vectigal, -alls,  x.  [neut.  of  vectl- 
galis  (w.  final  -e  lost)],  (payment 
for  carriage,  and  so)  tax;  revenue. 

vectigalis,  -e,  adj.  [conn.  w. 
veho,  carry],  pertaining  to  pay- 
ment for  carriage,  pertaining  to 
taxes  or  tribute  ;  subject  to  tribute, 
tnbutary. 

vehementer,  adv.  [vehemeut- 
(st.  of  vehemens),  violent,  vehe- 
ment], violently,  impetuously; 
strongly,  powerfully,  greatly,  ex- 
ceedingly, severely. 

vel,  conj.  [prob.  imperat.  of 
volo,  wish,  choose],  (take  your 
choice,  aud  so)  or,  or  if  you  please  ; 
xel  .  .  .  vel,  either  .  .  .  or. 

velociter,  adv.  [veloci-  (st.  of 
velox),  swift],  swiftly,  quickly. 

velox,  -ocis,  adj.,  swift. 

venatio,  -onis,  f.  [vena-  (st.  of 
venor),  hunt],  hunting. 

ven-do,  -ere,  -did!,  -ditus  (ven- 
eo,  -Ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -Itiim,  is  used  as 
the  pass.)  [venum  (ace.  of  place 
to  which),  s«?e;  i\6, put],  (expose 
for  sale,  aud  so)  sell. 

Veneti,  -orum,  m.,  the  Veneti 
(tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul  on  the  coast). 

venio,  -Tre,  venT,  ventura  [v'ven-, 
come],  come;  in  spem  venire, 
to  cherish  or  entertain  hope. 

ventus,  -1,  M.,  WIND. 

verbum,  -i,  x.  [v'ver-,  speak], 
WORD ;  in  pi.,  WORDS,  expressions. 

Vereingetorix, -igis,  m.,  Vercin- 
getorix  (prominei)t  leader  of  the 
Gauls  in  the  time  of  Caesar). 

vere,  adv.  [abl.  fm.  of  verus, 
true],  truly,  rightly. 

vereor,  -eii,  -itus  [v'ver-,  be  WAny 
(through  presumed  adj.)],  fear. 

vergo, -ere,  incline,  slope,  verge. 

vergobretus,  -i,  M.,  vergobretus, 
vergobret  (title  of  the  chief  magis- 
trate of  the  Aedui). 

Veritas,  -fitis,  f.  [vero-  (st.  of 
verus),  true],  truth. 

A^ero,  adv.  [n. abl. of  verus,  true], 
in  truth,  indeed,  verily, pray  ;  but. 


versor 


vinco 


307 


versor,  -iirl,  -atus  [inteus.,  fr. 
verso-  (st.  of  perf.  part,  of  verto, 
tunt)^,  busy  one's  self,  occupy  one's 
self,  enyaije  ;  versari  in,  to  be  en- 
compassed by,  to  expose  one's  self 
to. 

versus,  -lis,  M.  [wort-,  turn'], 
(lit.,  a  turning  [of  the  plow],  and 
si>)  furroic  ;  verse. 

verto,  -ere,  -tl,  -sus,  turn. 

verum,  adv.  [n.  ace.  of  verus, 
true'],  (but  in  truth,  and  so)  but; 
verum  etiain,  but  also. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  true  ;  subst., 
verum,  -T,  x.,  the  truth. 

veseor,  -T,  take  food,  eat,  subsist. 

Vesoiitio,  -ouis,  m.,  Vesontio 
(mod.  Besan^on,  chief  town  of 
the  Sequani  in  Celtic  Gaul). 

vesper,  -eri  and  -eris,M.,  evening. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  poss.  prou. 
[vos,  you],  your  (pi.). 

vestigium,  -il,  x.  [conn.  w.  ve- 
st igo,  track,  trace],  footstep,  track; 
place,  spot ;  in  vestfgio,  on  the 
spot,  forthwith. 

vestio,  -Ire,  -TvT  or  -il,  -Ttus 
[vesti-  (St.  of  vestis),  clothing], 
clothe. 

vestitus,  -us,  M.  [vesti-  (st.  of 
vestio),  clothe],  clothing. 

vetus,  -eris,  adj.,  old;  of  long 
standing  ;    veteran  ;  for- 
mer. 

vexillum,  -T,  N.,  red 
flag  hoi.tted  on  the  gen- 
eral's tent  as  a  signal  for 
battle;  sec  Fig.  11, 

via,  -ae,  f.  [Vveh-,  move, 
carry;  couu.  w.  veho, 
carry],  way,  highWAY, 
road,  street ;  journey, 
inarch  ;  distance  ;  method, 

WAY.  ^8'  11- 

viator,  -oris,  m.  [vlfir  Vs*"'"""- 
(st.  of  vio),  travel],  traveller. 

VibulIiuB,  sec  Kufus. 

viceni,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num.  adj. 
fconn.     w.     viginti,     twenty], 

I  WKXTY  rarh,  TWKNTY. 

vieesimuB,  -a,  -urn,  ord.  num. 
a4j.   [Viglntl,  TWENTY],  twknti- 


e 


eth ;  vicesimus  sextus,  twenty- 
sixth. 

victima,  -ae,  F.  [Vvig-,  be  strong, 
w.  superl.  suft*.  (the  finest  animals 
being  selected  for  sacrifice)], 
victim  for  saciijice,  sacrifice. 

victor,  -oris,  m.  [VvIc-,  conquer], 
victor ;  used  adj.,  victorious. 

victoria,  -ao,  f.  [victor-  (st.  of 
victoi),  victor],  victory. 

victiis,  -a,  -uin  [perf.  part,  of 
vinco,  vanquish],  vanquishcD; 
subst.  victi,  -oruin,  m.,  the  van- 
quishcD. 

victus,  -us,  M.  [Vvigu-,  live]., 
(living,  and  so)  sustenance,  food, 
maintenance ;  cousuetudo  vic- 
tus, manner  of  living,  mode  of  life. 

vicus,  -T,  M.  [Vvic-,  settle;  of. 
the  ending  -wick  in  English  geo- 
graphical names;  as,  WarwiCK, 
BerwiCK],  villngc. 

.  video,  -ere,  vTdT,  vTsus  [Vvid-,  see 
(through  presumed  adj.  st.)],  see. 
In  pass.,  be  seen  ;  seem  ;  seein  good. 

vigeo,  -ere  [v'vig-,  be  strong 
(through  presumed  adj.  st.) ; 
conn.  w.  vigil,  rtWAKE],  be  vigor- 
ous, thrive,  be  in  f  tree. 

vigilia,  -ae,  f.  [vigili-  (st.  of 
vigil),  a  wake],  ^s \KVfulness ; 
WATCH  (the  Komans  divided  the 
night,  i.e.  the  interval  from  sun- 
set to  sunrise,  into  four  equal 
parts  called  watches;  hence  the 
watch,  lil<c  the  hour,  varied  in 
length  according  to  the  season); 
in  pi.,  \s xvvwnun. 

vigilo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [vigill- 

(St.  of  vigil),  «WAKK],  WATCH. 

vlgliiti,  indecl.  lunn.  adj.  [vl- 
(=  dvl-),  conn.  av.  duo,  two;  -gin- 
represents(de)cem,TKx],T  WKXTY. 

vigiuti  quattuur,  indecl.  num. 

adj..  TWKNTV-FOITU. 

vigiiiti  quiiique,  iudecl.  num. 

adj.,  TWEXTY-FIVK. 

vimeii,  -inis,  n.  [Vvi-,  plait\ 
(tliat  wliich  is  plaited,  and  so) 
\iUhe,  osier. 

vinco,  -ere,  vicT,  victus  [Vvic-, 
conquer],  vanquish,  conquer. 


308 


viniim 


Xerxes 


vinum,  -T,  N.,  wine. 

violo,  -are,  -ilvT,  -fitus  [conn.  w. 
VIS,  strength,  violence],  injure,  offer 
vio fence  to. 

vir,  viri,  m .,  man  ;  husband. 

virgo,  -in is,  f.,  virgin,  maiden. 

virgulta,  -orura,  n.  [virgula- 
(st.  of  virgula),  twig'],  shrubbery, 
brnshmood. 

virilis,  -e,  adj.  [viro-  (st  of  vir), 
man],  pertaining  to  a  man,  manly. 

virtus,  -litis,  F.  [viro-  (st.  of 
vir),  man],  manliness,  and  so 
valor,  virtue;  merit,  ability,  pre- 
eminence ;  military  talent. 

vis,  vis;  pi.  vires,  virium,  f. 
strength,  power,  might,  vigor,  force  ; 
violence ;  vim  facere,  to  use  force, 
to  resort  to  force  ;  vim  et  manas 
inferre,  to  lay  violent  hands  upo'S. 

vita,  -ae,  f.  [Vvi(gu)-,  live],  life. 

vitiosus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [vitio-  (st. 
of  vitium),  fault],  full  of  faults, 
faulty,  defective;  corrupt,  vicious. 

vitium,  -ii,  n.  [Vvi-,  2:)lait, 
(through  presumed  *vitus)],  (a 
twist,  and  no)  fault;  vice. 

vito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  seek  to  es- 
cape, avoid. 

vivo,  -ere,  vixi,  (fut.  part.) 
victurus  [\/vi(g)u-,  live;  cogn.  w. 
Eug.  quick],  live,  be  alive  ;  vitam 
vivere,  to  pass  one's  life. 

vivus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [Vvi(g)u-, 
live],  alive,  living. 

vix,  adv.,  with  difficulty, scarcely, 
barely. 

vocabulum,  -T,  n.  [voca-  (st.  of 
voco),  call],  (that  by  which  a 
thing  is  called,  and  so)  name,  de- 
signation ;  word. 

voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [Vvoc-, 
speak,  call  (through  presumed 
adj.  St.)],  call,  summon,  convene, 
invite;  call,  name. 

Volcanus,  -I,  m.,  Vulcan  (the 
fire  god)  ;  fire. 

volo,  velle,  volui  [Vvol-,  will], 


wish,  desire;  be  wuA.ing ;  sibi 
velle,  to  mean;  vellem  possem, 
wouL^  that  I  coidd  ! 

voluntas,  -atis,  f.  [volunt-, 
earlier  form  of  volent-  (st.  of 
volens,  pres.  part,  of  volo,  will)], 
wiLjJngness,  will,  wish. 

voluptas,  -atis,  f.  [volupi-  (st. 
seen  in  adv.  volup,  agreeably) ; 
cf.  facultas  and  simultas  from 
sts.  faculi-and  simuli-],  pleasure  ; 
sensual  gratification. 

Volusenus,  -i,  m.,  Gajus  Volu- 
senus  Quadratus  (military  tribune 
in  Caesar's  army). 

voveo,  -ere,  vovl,  votus,  vow. 

vox,  vocis,  f.  [s/voc-,  speak, 
call],  voice  ;  speech,  utterance,  out- 
cry ;  expy^essions. 

vulgo,  adv.  [abl.  of  vulgus,  the 
midtitude],  commonly,  generally, 
universally. 

vulgus,  -T,  N.  (sometimes  m.), 
the  multitude,  the  common  people, 
the  public. 

vulnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vul- 
nes-  (st.  of  vulnus),  wound  ;  -s- 
of  the  stem  becomes  -r-],  wound, 
inflict  wounds. 

vulnus,  -eris,  N.,  wound. 

VUltUS,    -us,    M.      [V/VOI-,    will], 

(manifestation  of  will  through 
the  countenance,  and  so)  counte- 
nance, visage,  aspect. 


X,  as  an  abbreviation,  decern, 

TEX. 

Xeno-phon,  -ontis,  M.,  Xeno- 
phon  (Athenian  historian  and 
general,  also  disciple  of  Socrates  ; 
lived  about  445-356  u.c.). 

Xerxes,  -is,  m.,  Xerxes  (son  of 
Darius  Ilystaspes  and  king  of 
Persia;  made  an  unsuccessful  in- 
vasion of  Greece ;  his  land  forces 
were  defeated  at  Thermopylae 
and  his  fleet  at  Salamis  480  B.C.). 


II.  English-Latin  Vocabulary. 


Note.—  The  numeral  placed  at  the  right  of  a  verb  designates  the  conjugation  to 
which  the  verb  belongs.  The  dash  (— )  is  used  to  represent  the  leading  word ;  thus 
(under  *  able ')  *  be  — '  is  to  be  read  '  be  able.' 


a,  usu.  not  translated;  unus, 
-a,  -Mm,  adj. ;  quidam,  qiiaedam, 
quoddam. 

abandon,  desisto  ^  (w.  abl.). 

abide,  sto.^ 

able,  be  — :  possvmi;  (=  be 
strong  enough)  valeo.^ 

about,  de,  prep.  w.  abl. ;  w.  nu- 
merals :  ad,  prep.  w.  ace. ;  circi- 
ter,  adv. 

absent,  be — ,  absum. 

absurd,  Inscltus,  -a,  -urn,  adj. 

abundance,  cbpia,  -ae,  F. ;  fa- 
cultda,  -dtis,  f.  ;  in — ,  abunde, 
adv. 

abuse,  abutor^  (w.  abl.). 

acceptable,  grdtiis,  -a,  -urn, 
adj. ;  acceptiis,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. ;  a 
thing  — ,  (jrdtum,  n.  adj.  used 
subst. 

access,  aditus,  -us,  m.  ;  gain  — , 
adeo.* 

accomplish,  cdnfirio* ;  efficid.^ 

accordingly,  ifjitur,  conj.  (usu. 
placed  after  the  first  word). 

according,  —  to,  sign  of  abl. ; 
ad,  prep,  w,  ace. 

account,  on — of:  propter, 
prep.  w.  !icc, ;  ob,  prep.  w.  ace. ; 
call  to  — ,  accusoA 

acquire,  adipiscor,  -I,  adeptus. 

across,  trans,  prep.  w.  ace. 

act,  1.  subst,  factum,  -i,  n.  2. 
\h.,facio.^ 

action,  manus,  -us,  v. 

Adamastus,  Adamastus,  -t,  M. 

address,  ordtio,  -onis,  F. 

adequate,  less — ,    minor,  -its, 

}■ 

n(l]nrcnt,finitimus,-a,  -um,  adj. 

a<l minister,  administro} 

admonish,  moneo? 


admonition,  to  give  this  — 
above  all  others,  id  unum  monere 
(w.  ace.  pers.). 

adopt,  capio^;  (=  make  use 
of)  utor'^'(\y.  abl.)- 

advance,  prdcMo^ ;  (against 
the  enemy)  signafero  ;  send  in  — , 
praemitto.^ 

advantage,  commodum,  -i,  N. 

advantageous,  utilis,  -e,  adj. 

adversary,  adversdrius,  -u,  m. 

adverse,  adversus,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. 

Aeduan,  Aediius,  -i,  m. 

Aeduans  or  Aedui,  Acdul, 
-drum,  M. 

affair,  res,  gen.  m  (m,  re),  f. 

affect,  moved  :^ 

afford,  do. 

after,  post,  prep.  w.  ace. ;  post, 
adv. 

again,  rursus,  adv.;  (=  the 
same)  idem,  eadem,  idem,  demonstr. 
pron. ;  —  and  — :  etiam  atque 
etiam ;  saepenumerd. 

against,  contra,  prep.  w.  ace. ; 
in,  prep.  w.  ace. ;  (as  translation 
of  ob-  or  in-)  sign  of  dat. 

age,  old  — ,  senectus,  -utis,  v. 

Agesilaus,  Agesildns,  -t,  m. 

ago,  long  — ,  jampridem,  adv. 

agreeable,  grdtus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

aid,  auxilium,  -u,  n. 

alarm,  1.  subst.,  timor,  -oris,  m. 
2.  \b., commoved^ ;  permoved'^ ;  in 
— ,  commdtus,  -a,  -um,  perf .  part. 

Alcibia<1e8,  Alcibiades,  -is,  m. 

all,  (without  exception)  omnis, 
-e,  adj. ;  (when  the  object  Is 
viewed  as  a  whole)  tdtus,  -a,  -um, 
a<lj. :    at  — ,  omnhid,  adv. 

ali4>gian<Ms  ajficium,  -li,  N. 

Allobroges,  AUobroges,  -um,  M. 


310 


allow 


art 


allow,  patior.^ 

ally,  socius,  -u,  m. 

almostf  paene,  adv. 

also,  etiam,  conj.;  (=  and)  et, 
conj.;  (=  likewise)  item,  adv.; 
{—  the  same)  idem,  eadem,  idem, 
demonstr.  pron. ;  but  — :  sed 
etiam;  et. 

although,  quamquam,  conj.  (vv. 
indie.) ;  cum,  conj.  (w.  subj.) ; 
tametsi  (w.  indie,  and  subj.  like 
si) ;  sign  of  abl.  abs. 

altogether,  (=  enough)  satis, 
adv. 

always,  semper,  adv.' 

amass,  comparo} 

ambassador,  legdtus,  -i,  m. 

amity,  amidtia,  -ae,  r. 

among,  apud,  prep.  w.  ace; 
inter,  prep.  w.  ace. ;  in,  prep.  w. 
abl. ;  —  themselves,  inter  se. 

ancestors,  mdjores,  -urn,  m. 

anchor,  ancora,  -ae,  r. 

ancientf  pristinus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

and,  et,  conj.  (connects  expres- 
sions that  are  viewed  independ- 
ently of  each  other)  ;  -que,  conj. 
(connects  closely)  ;  (=  and  also, 
and  to,  with  emphasis  on  the 
second  member)  atque  (before 
vowels  or  consonants),  dc  (before 
consonants  only),  conj.;  — not, 
neque,  nee,  conj. 

anger,  in  — ,  irdtus,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. 

angry,  irdtus,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. 

animal,  animal,  -dlis,  n. 

announce,  nuntib} 

annoying,  molestus,  -a,  -um,  adj . 

another,  alius,  alia,  aliud,  adj. 
and  subst. ;  —  (of  two),  alter, 
■era,  -erum,  adj.  and  subst. ;  one 
— ,  alius  .  .  .  alius ;  atone  — ,  inter 
se ;  from  one  — ,  inter  se  ;  at  one 
time  ...  at  another,  alias . . .  alias. 

answer,  1.  vb.,  responded'^  (w. 
dat.  pers.).  2.  ^uhai.,  responsum, 
-I,  N. ;  make  — ,  responded? 

anxiety,  cura,  -ae,  f. 

any,  (in  neg.  and  conditional 
sentences  and  interrog.  sentences 
implying  a  neg.)  ullus,  -a,  -um, 
indef.  adj. ;  (after  si  or  ne)  qui,  qua 


or  quae,  quod,  indef.  adj.;  (= 
some)  aliqui,  aliqua,  aliquod,ind(iL 
adj. ;  —  whatever, quivls,  quaevls, 
quodvis,  indef.  adj. 

anybody,  any  one,  (in  neg.  and 
conditional  sentences  and  in  in- 
terrog. sentences  implying  a  nega- 
tive) quisquam,  indef.  pron.,  also 
ullus  (used  subst.)  ;  (after  si  or 
ne)  quis,  indef.  pron. 

any  thing,  quicquam  or  quid- 
quam  ;    (after  si  or  ne)  quid. 

apart,  keep  — ,  distineo.^ 

apiece,  sign  of  distr.  num. ;  in 
singulos. 

apply,  adhibeo.^ 

appoint,  creo.^ 

apprehension,  metus,  -lis,  M. 

approach,  1.  subst.,  adventus, 
-us,  M.  2.  vb.,  appropinquo^  (w. 
dat.  or  ad  w.  ace). 

approve,  jjro&o.i 

approver,  approhdtor,  -oris.,  m. 

April,  of — ,  Aprilis,  -e,  adj. 

Aquitania,  Aquitdnia,  -ae,  f. 

Aquitanian,  Aquitdnus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

Aquitanians,  Aquitdni,  -drum, 

M. 

Arar,  Arar,  -arts,  m. 

archer,  Sagittarius,  -il,  m. 

Archias,  Archids,  -ae,  m. 

ardently,  —  desire,  exopto.^ 

Ariovistus,  Anovistus, -i,  m. 

arise,  orior^  (w.  some  fms.  of 
the  3d  conjugation)  ;  (=  arise  to- 
gether) co'orior.^ 

arm,  armo.^ 

armor,  armdtura,  -ae,  v. 

arms,  arma.,  -drum,  n.  ;  in—, 
armdtus,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. 

army,  exercitus,  -us,  m.  (generic 
term)  ;  agmen,  -inis,  n.  (on  the 
march)  ;  acies,  gen.  -e  and  -ei,  f. 
(in  order  of  battle). 

arouse,  incitb.^ 

arrival,  adventus,  -us,  m. 

arrive,  pervenib  *  ;  to  — ■  at, 
pervenire  ad. 

arrogance,  adrogantia,  -ae,  f. 

art,  ars,  artis,  F. ;  (=  work) 
opus,  -eris,  N. 


Arvenii 


because 


311 


Arverni,  Arverni,  -drum,  m. 

as,  nt  or  iiti,  adv. ;  quemadmo- 
dwm,  adv. ;  (=  that  which)  id 
quod;  (=  inasmuch  as)  quoniam, 
conj.;  (=  since)  cum  (\v.  subj.)j 
couj.;  just — ,  slcuty  adv;  —  fol^ 
lows,  sic,  adv. ;  —  soon  — ,  ubt 
primum,  »imul  atque;  — not  (in 
clauses  of  result)  qui  non  or  ut 
non ;  —  usual,  ex  consuetudine ; 
so  ...  as,  tarn  .  .  .  quam  ;  to  re- 
gard— ,  habere  pro  (w.  abl.)  ;  to 
serve  — ,  esse  w.  dat. ;  —  to  (= 
concerning)  de. 

ascend,  adscendo.^ 

ascent,  adscensus,  -us,  M. 

ascertain,  cognoscu.^ 

ashamed,  I  am — ,  me  pudet 
(w.  gen.). 

aside,  lay  or  put — ,  depono.^ 

asli,  rogo^  (w.  two  aces.); 
quaero^  (w.  ace.  th.,  and  abl.  pers. 
w.  ex  or  e,  ah  or  a,  or  de)  ;  ask,  — 
for,  peto^  (w.  ace.  th.,  and  abl. 
pers.  w.  ah  or  a). 

assault,  1.  subst.,  impetus,  -us, 
M.  2.  vb.,  oppugno  ^ ;  take  by  — , 
expHgno.^ 

assemble,  1.  tr.,  convoco}  2. 
intr.,  convenio* 

assembly,  concilium,  -ii,  n. 

assent,  to  —  to,  approhdtor 
esse  (w.  gen.). 

assert,  dlco.^ 

assign,  attrihuo.^ 

assistance,  auxilium,  -n,  N. 

associate,  socius,  -fi,  m. 

assume,  sif/i  sumo^^ 

asunder,  keep  — ,  distineo.^ 

at,  (=  in)  in,  prep.  w.  abl.;  [ar- 
rive] at,  ad,  prep.  w.  ace;  (=  at 
the  house  of)  apud,  prep.  w.  ace. 

Athenian,  Atheniensis,  -e,  adj. ; 
also  used  subst. 

Athens,  Athenae,  -drum^  v. 

attach,  adjungo^  (w.  ace.  and 
dat.). 

attachment,  sttidium,  -ti,  n. 

attack,  1.  subst.,  impetus,  -Us, 
M. ;  congressus,  -Us,  M.  2.  vb., 
(—  thrust  at,  rush  at,  aim  at) 
peto*;  (=  provoke,  challenge  to 


combat,    irritate)    lacessd^ ;     (  ^ 
approach  with  hostile  intention) 

attempt,  tento'^  or  tempto^ ; 
Conor} 

attention,  call  one's  —  to  (= 
remind  forcibly),  commonefario.^ 

audacity,  auddcia,  -ae,  f. 

augment,  augeo.'^ 

authority,  auctoritds,  -dtis,  f.  ; 
(=  right)  jus,  juris^  n.  ;  sover- 
eign — ,  regnum;  supreme  — , 
imperium,  -ii,  n.  ;  to  be  in  — 
over,  obtinere  (w,  ace). 

Autronius,  Autrdtiius,  -ft,  m. 

auxiliaries,  auxilia,  -orum,  N. ; 
dldrii,  -drum,  m. 

avail,  valed.^ 

avert,  depelld.^ 

avoid,  vito.^ 

await,  exspecto.^ 

award,  tnbuo.^ 

a^vare,  be  — ;  of,  sentio  * ;  scid} 

away,  —  from,  ab  (before  vow- 
els and  some  consonants),  a  (be- 
fore consonants  only). 

Axona,  Axona,  -ae,  m. 

B. 

bad,  (morally)  improhus,  -a, 
-um,  adj. 

back,  re(d)-. 

badge,  insigne,  -is,  n. 

baggage,  impedimenta,  -drum,  x. 

band,  manus,  -us,  ¥. 

banishment,  exsilium,  -ii,  N. 

bank,  (of  a  river)  rlpa,  ,-ae,  f. 

barbarian,  barbarus,  -i,  M. 

barely,  vix,  adv. 

baiylcade,  obstrud*  (w.  ace). 

base,  turpis,  -e,  adj. 

battle,  proelium,  -ii,  n.  ;  carry 
on  — ,  pugnd} 

be,  sum ;  —  in,  insum  (w.  dat.); 
—  away,  ahsum. 

beak,  rostrum,  -l,  n. 

beat,  pelld.^ 

hv,ii\kt\t\i\ypulcher,-chra,-chrumf 
adj. 

beauty, /orwuj,  -ae,  v. 

because,  quod  (w.  Indic);  cum 
(w.  subj.). 


312 


become 


burn 


become,  fid  ;  —  firmly  estab- 
lished, inveterdsco,  -ere,  -dvi. 

becoming,  it  is  — ,  decet,^  im- 
pers. 

beech,  fdgus,  -i,  f. 

before,  ante,  prep.  w.  ace. ; 
antequam,  priusquam,  coiij.;  (= 
preceding)  superior,  -ius,  adj. 
conip.;  (=  already)  jam,  adv.; 
(=  near)  apud,  prep.  w.  ace. ;  (= 
np  to)  ad,  prep.  w.  ace. ;  —  one's 
time,  immdturus,  -a,  -um,  adj.; 
on  the  day — ,  pridie,  adv.;  to 
lay  the  matter — ,  referre  ad 
(w.  ace). 

beg,  peto^  (w.  ah  or  a  and  abl. 
pers.). 

began,  coepi,  def. 

begin,  (=  make  a  beginning) 
initium  facio^ ;  (=  enter)  ineo^ 
(w.  ace.)  ;  —  at  (=  rise  from) 
orior"^  (w.  ah  and  abl.)  ;  to  —  bat- 
tle, proelium  committere. 

beginning,  ■initium,  -ii,  n. 

behalf,  in — of, pro,  prep.  w.  abl. 

behavior,  (=  thing)  res,  f. 

behind,  leave  — ,  relinquo.^ 

Belgians,  Belgae,  -drum,  m. 

believe,  credo^  (w.  dat.  pers.) ; 
(=  judge)  judico} 

Bellovaci,  Bellovacl,  -drum,  m. 

belonging,  —  to  the  to^vn, 
oppiddnus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

bench,  suhsellium,  -ii,  n.     • 

benefit,  heneflcium,  -ii,  n. 

beseech,  peto^  (w.  ace.  th.,  and 
abl.  pers.  w.  ah  or  a). 

best,  optimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (su- 
perl.  of  honus). 

bestow,  do. 

betake,  to  —  one's  self,  se  con- 
ferre. 

betoken,  designo.^ 

betray,  (=  surrender  treacher- 
ously) prodo^  ;  {—  point  out)  indi- 
cd.^ 

better,  it  is  — ,  praestat,  impers. 

between,  inter,  prep.  w.  ace; 
(—  in)  in,  prep.  w.  abl. 

bewail,  miseror.^ 

beyond,  extra,  prep.  w.  ace; 
supra,  prep.  w.  ace. 


bidding,  at  the  — ,  jussu  (in 
abl.  only). 

bitter,  —  experience,  acerhitds, 
-dtis,  F. 

blockade,  ohsideo.'^ 

blood,  sanguis,  -inis,  m. 

bloodshed,  clddes,  -is,  f. 

boast,  gldrior^ ;  make  a  —  of, 
glorior^  (w.  abl.)  ;  to  make  the 
same  — ,  idem  gloridri. 

body,  corpus,  -oris,  n. 

boldly,aMd'ac^er,adv. ;  more — , 
auddcius,  adv.  comp. 

boldness,  auddcia,  -ae,  f.  ;  with 
— ,auddcter,  adv. ;  with  the  great- 
est — ,  superl.  of  auddcter. 

book,  liber,  -hri,  m. 

booty,  praeda,  -ae,  f. 

bordering,  —  on,  finitimus,  -a, 
-um,  adj. 

born,  be  — ,  ndscor.^ 

both,  (=  each  of  two)  uterque, 
utraque,  utrumque,  pron. ;  both . . . 
and,  et  .  .  .  et. 

bound,  contineo? 

boy,  puer,  -eri,  m. 

branches,  light — ,  virgulta, 
-drum,  N. 

hrave,  fortis,  -e,  adj. 

breadth,  Idtitudd,  -inis,  f. 

break,  {=  throw  into  disorder) 
perturhd  ^ ;  —  through,  perfrin- 
gd^  ;  — through  (= burst  through) 
perrumpd  ^ ;  —  into,  irrumpd  ^ 
(w.  ace). 

bribe,  largior.*^ 

bridge,  pdns,  pontis,  m. 

bring,  adferd ;  (=  lead  to)  ad- 
ducd  ^ ;  {=  lead  across)  trdducd  ^  ; 
— back,  reducd? 

Britain,  Britannia,  -ae,  f. 

Britons,  Britanni,  -drum,  m. 

broad,  Idtus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

brother,  frdter,  -tris,  m. 

Brundisium,  Brundisium,-ii,  N. 

Brutus,  Brutus,  -i,  M. 

build,  aedificd  ^ ;  —  up,  exstrud.^ 

building,  aedificium,  -ii,  N. 

bulk,  great  — ,  mdgnitudo, 
-inis,  F. 

burn,  exurd,  -ere,  -ussi,  -ustus; 
cremd,^  Ignl  cremd} 


burst 


circuit 


313 


burst,  —  into  view,  erumpo  ^ ; 

—  through,  perrumpo.^ 
business,     negotium,     -li,     N. ; 

(=  care)  cura,  -ae,  f. 

but,  sed,  conj.;  (somewhat 
stronger  than  sed)  verum ;  (intro- 
ducing with  emphasis  a  new 
thought,  e.g.  a  supposed  objec- 
tion) at;  (=  indeed)  vera,  adv.; 
(=  unless)  nisiy  conj. ;  (=  in  all, 
altogether)  omnino,  adv. ;  {=  ex- 
cept) praeter,  prep.  w.  ace;  (= 
onl}')  modo,  adv.;  nothing — , 
nihil  nisi;  no  one — ,  nemo  nisi; 
but  also  or  even :  sed  or  verum 
etiam ;  (correlating  with  et)  et. 

butcher,  jugulo.^ 

buy,  emo^  ;  —  up,  co^mo.^ 

by,  (denoting  agency)  ab  (be- 
fore vowels  and  some  consonants), 
a  (before  consonants  only)  ;  (de- 
noting means)  sign  of  abl. ;  (= 
through)  per,  prep.  w.  ace. 

C. 

Caesar,  Caesar,  -aris,  m. 

Caeparius,  Caepdrius,  -it,  m. 

call,  (=  name)  appello ' ;  (= 
call  together)  convoco  ^ ;  —  one's 
attention  to  (=  remind  forcibly), 
comma nef acid  ^  ;  — to  mind,  (for 
the  purpose  of  reflecting  on), 
recordor  ^  (usu.  w.  ace.) ;  —  to 
account,  accuso.^ 

calm,  tranquillus,  -a,  -urn,  adj. 

camp,  castra,  -drum,  N. 

can,  possum;  (=  may)  licet,^ 
impors.  (w.  dat.). 

capital,  capitdlis,  -e,  adj. 

capitol,  capitoHum,  -it,  N. 

Cappadoclan,  Cappadoz,  -ocis, 

M. 

captive,  captivus,  -t,  m. 
Capua,  Capua,  -ae^  v. 
care,  cura,  -ae,   v.;    take  — , 
curo.^ 
carry,  potto ^ ;   —  on,  gero^ ; 

—  off  (=  lead  away),  abdOco,^  de- 
dUeo*  ;  —  on  battle,pu(7«o^ ;  to  — 
on  war  against,  helium  inferre 
(w.  dat.)  ;  to  —  one's  arms  into, 
arma  Inferre  (w.  dat.). 


Carthage,  Carthago,  -inis,  f. 

Carthaginians,  Poeni,-drum,  m. 

case,  in  the  —  of,  in,  prep.  w. 
abl. 

Cassandra,  Cassandra,  -ae,  f. 

Cassius,  Cassius,  -n,  m.  ;  -with 
— ,  Cassidnus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

cast,  mitto^ ;  —  do>vn,  demitto.^ 

Casticus,  Casticns,  -7,  m. 

catch,  —  sight  of,  conspicio.^ 

Catiline,  CatHma,  -ae,  u. 

Cato,  Cato,  -onis,  m. 

Caturiges,  Caturiges,  -um,  m. 

cattle,  pecus,  -oris,  x. 

cause,  1.  subst.,  causa,  -ae,  f. 
2.  \h.,facio^;  efficio.^ 

cavalry,  1.  subst,,  equitdtus,  -us, 
M. ;  equites,  -um,  m.  (pi.  of  eques, 
horseman).  2.  adj.,  equester,  -tris, 
-trc,  adj. 

cease,  desisto  ^  ;  finem^facio.^ 

Celts  (Kelts),  Celtae,  -drum,  >r. 

centurion,  centurio,  -onis,  m. 

Ceraunus,  Ceraunus,  -I,  m. 

certain,  a  — ,  a  —  man,  quidam, 
quaedam,  quoddam  and  (subst.) 
quiddam. 

Cethegus,  Cethegus,  -1,  m. 

change,  —  the  direction  of, 
converto.^ 

chariot-man  (i.e.  one  who 
fights  from  a  chariot),  esseddrius, 
-ii,  M. 

charioteer,  auriga,  -ae,  M. 

cheap,  vilis,  -e,  adj. 

cheese,  cdseus,  -i,  m. 

cherish,  —  the  memory  of, 
memini,  def . ;  —  hatred,  ocZl,  def. 

chief,  1.  subst.,  prtnceps,  -ipis, 
M.  2.  adj.,  mdximus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 
(supcrl.  of  mdgnus). 

chiefly,  plerumque,  adv. 

child,  puer,  -eri,  m. 

children  (in  general)  puerl, 
-drum,  M.;  (with  reference  to 
their  parents)  llberi,  -drum,  m. 

choose,  —  rather,  mdlo. 

Cicero,  Cicero,  -onis,  M. 

Clmbri,  Cimbri,  -drum,  M. 

Cimon,  Clmdn,  -dnis,  m. 

Cingetorlx,  Cingetorix,  -igis,  M. 

circuit,  circuitus,  -us,  M. 


314 


circuitous 


consume 


circuitous,  by  a  —  patli,  f)i 

vircuitu. 

citizen,  civis,  -is,  c. 

city,  urhs,  -is,  v. ;  in  the  —  (= 
belonging  to  the  city),  urhdnus, 
-a,  -urn,  adj. 

civil,  civilis,  -e,  adj. 

claim,  have  a  — ,  oportet,^  im- 
pers.  (w.  ace.  and  infin.)  ;  lay  — 
to,  repeto.^ 

class,   genus,  -eris,  n. 

Claudius,  Claudius,  -ii,  m. 

clear,  (=  make  vacant)  vacue- 
facio^ ,'  make  — ,  exp)ldnd^  ;  it  is 
altogether  — ,  satis  constat,  im- 
pers. 

climb,  adscendo.^ 

Clodia,  Clodia,  -ae,  r. 

close,  at  —  quarters,  commi- 
nus,  adv. 

clothe,  vestio.^ 

clothing,  vestitus,  -us,  m. 

coast,  ora,  -ae,  r. ;  sea  — ,  ora 
maHtima. 

cohort,  coTiors,  -tis,  r. 

collect,  co^o^;  conligo^ ;  com- 
paro} 

come,  venio^ ;  (==  arrive)  per- 
venio* ;  —  upon,  occurro^  (w. 
dat.)  ;  —  out,  egredior^  ;  —  back, 
redeo^  ;  to  —  oiff,  se  inde  redpere  ; 
to  —  up  to,  accedere  ad  (w.  ace.)  ; 
to  —  up  withf  venire  ad  (w.  ace). 

command,  1.  subst.,  mandd- 
tum,  -I,  N. ;  (military)  imperimn, 
-II,  N.  2.  vb.,  impero'^ ;  be  in  — 
of,  praesum  (w.  dat.)  ;  place  in 
—  of,  praeficio^  (w.  ace.  pers.  and 
dat.  th.). 

commander,  imperdtor,  -oris,  m. 

commend,  {=  praise)  laudo.^ 

commit,  (of  an  injury)  facio^; 
(of  crime)  admitto'^ ;  (=  intrust)  : 
permitto^  (w.  ace.  and  dat.)  ;  com- 
mendfA  (w.  ace.  and  dat.). 

common,  communis,  -e,  adj. 

commonwealth,  res  puhlica, 
rei  puhlicae,  v. 

community,  civitds,  -dtis,  f. 

company,  concilium,  -ii,  n. 

compare,  comparo'^  (w.  ace, 
and  dat.  or  cum  w.  abl.). 


compassion,   have  —  on,   mi- 

sereor'^  (w.  gen.). 

compel,  cogo.^ 

comrade,  comes,  -itis,  c. 

concerns,  it  — ,  interest,  impers. 

concerning,  de,  prep.  w.  abl. 

condemn,  damno^  (w.  gen.  of 
charge  or  penalty)  ;  condemno  i 
(w.  gen.  of  charge  or  penalty)  ; 
7nuUo  1  (w.  ace.  and  abl.)  ;  to  — 
to  death,  capitis  damndre. 

condition,  (=  thing)  res,  ¥. 

conduct,    (=  manage)    gero^ ; 

—  across,  trdduco.^ 
confer,  ago.^ 

conference,  conloquium,  -ii,  n.  ; 
have  a  — ,  conloquor.^ 

confidence,  Jides,  -el  {-ei,  -e),  f. 

confident,  —  expectation,  ft- 
ducia,  -ae,  r. 

confines,  fines,  -ium,  m.  (pi.  of 
finis) . 

conflagration,  incendium,  -ii,  n^ 

confusion,  tumultus,  -us,  m. 

conquer,  vinco.^ 

conqueror,  come  off  — ,  supje- 
rior  discedo.^ 

conscious,  conscius,  -a,  -um, 
adj.  (w.  gen,  th. ;  w.  or  without 
dat.  pers.). 

conscript,  conscriptus,  -a,-um, 
p.  a. 

consent,  withhold  —  (=  [be] 
unwilling),  invitus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

consider,  (=  hold,  regard) 
haheo^  (w.  two  aces,  in  act.)  ;  (= 
ponder)  reputo.^ 

consign,  mando  ^  (w.  ace.  and 
dat.). 

consist,  —  in,  sum  (w.  in  antl 
abl.). 

conspiracy,  conjUrdtio,  -bnis,  v. 

conspire,  consentio.^ 

constitution,  jUs,  juris,  n. 

constrain,  cogo.^ 

consul,  consul,  -is,  m. 

consulship,  in  the  —  of,  consul 
(abl.  abs.  w.  name  of  pers.). 

consult,   consulo  ^    (w.    ace.) ; 

—  for,  —  the    interests    of,   con- 
sulo'^ (w.  dat.). 

consume  (by  lire),  cremo.^ 


contempt 


deliberate 


315 


contempt,  contemptus,  -us,  m. 

contend,  contendo^  (w.  cum 
and  abl.) ;  certo^  (w.  cum  and  <fl3l.). 

contentedly,  aequo  animo. 

contention,  contentid,  -onis,  v. 

continue,  maned:^ 

contradictory,  contrdrius,  -a, 
-urn,  adj. 

contribute,  confero. 

control,  (supreme)   imperium, 

-U,  N. 

convene,  (=  call)  voco.^ 

convey,  (in  a  body)  comporto^ ; 
—  across,  trdduco? 

convict,  convinco,  -ere,  -vlci, 
-vlctus  (w.  gen.  of  the  crime). 

convince,  persuaded  '^  (w.  dat. 
pers.). 

Corinth,  Corinthus,  -l,  f. 

corner,  angulus,  -I,  m. 

Cotta,  Cotta,  -ae,  M. 

council,  concilium,  -ii,  N. 

country,  (=  native  country) 
patria,  -ae,  F. ;  (=  land)  ager,  -gri, 
M. ;  (=  territories)  fuies,  -ium,  m. 
(pi,  of  finis) ;  (opp.  city)  rus, 
ruris,  N. ;  (=  commonwealth)  res 
publica,  rei  publicae;  native — , 
pntria,  -ae,  f.  ;  —  districts,  agrl, 
-drum,  M.  (pi.  of  ager)  ;  in  the  — , 
run  (loc). 

countrymjsn,  cl,ves,  -ium  (pi.  of 
clvis)  ;  r'lvitds,  -dtis,  F. 

courage,  animus,  -i,  M. ;  full  of 
— ,  animdsus,  -a,  -urn,  adj. 

course,  (=  plans,  mea.sures,  pro- 
ceedings) cdnsilia,  -drum,  n.  (pi. 
of  cdnsilium) ;  shameless  — , 
auddcia,  -ae,  f. 

cover,  tegd.^ 

covetous,  appetens^  -entis,  p.  a. 
(w.  gen.). 

cowardice,  timor,  dris,  M. 

craft,  ratio,  -dnis,  v. 

C'rassus,  Crassus,  -i,  M. 

creature,  living  — ,  animal, 
-dlis,  N. 

C'rete,  Creta,  -cw,  F. 

cre\»',  that  — ,  isli,  -drum,  m. 

crime,  srclu»  -erin,  n.  ;  (=  dar- 
ing, lawless  crime)/art;/M/»,  -oris,s. 

criticize,  (adversely)  accOsd.^ 


cross,  trdnsed.^ 

crown,  (as,  with  glory) ^onoro.^ 

cruel,  crudeUs,  -e,  adj. 

crush,  (=  break  in  pieces) 
frangd  ;  (=  overpower)  opprimd? 

custody,  custddia,  -ae,  v. 

custom,  mds,  mdris,  m. 

cut,  —  off,  excipid'^ ;  —  off, 
(from  supplies)  prohihtd'^  (w.  ace. 
and  abl.). 

Cyrus,  Cyrus,  -i,  m. 

D. 

daily,  cottididnns,  -a,  -?t»i,  adj. 

damage,  iioced-  (w.  dat.). 

danger,  perlculum,  -I,  n. 

dangerous,  pe/7C?<iosMS,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

dare,  auded.^ 

dart,  telum,  -7,  N. 

daughter,  ^/7/iV(,  -ae,  v. 

day,  dies,  gen.  -Fi  {-n,  -e),  M. 
(sometimes  f.  in  sing.) ;  on  the 
—  before,  on  the  preceding  — , 
pridie,  adv. 

dear,  cdrus,  -a,  -um,  adj. ;  how 
— ,  quantl  (gen.  of  indef.  value). 

death,  mors,  mortis,  v. ;  (as  a 
penalty  for  crime)  caput,  -itis,  x. ; 
put  to  — ,  need  ^ ;  to  condemn  to 
— ,  capitis  damndre. 

deceive,  falld.^ 

decide,  cdnstitud.^ 

Decii,  Dorfi^  -drum,  m. 

decision,  judicium,,  -u,  N. 

declare,  decldrd  *  ;  prdniintid  ^ ; 
(=  set  forth)  prdpdnd'^ ;  (of  war) 
indlcd.^ 

decline,  (=  be  unwilling)  ndld. 

decree,  censed.'^ 

deem,  ;Mr?ico  *  (w.  two  aces,  in 
act.). 

deep,  alius,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. 

<leeply,  —  move,  pennoved.^ 

defeat,  1.  subst.,  adversum 
proclium.     2.  vb.,  superd} 

<l<'fend,  defcndd.^ 

ilefence,  praesidium,.  -il,  n.  ; 
means  of — ,  remcdinm,  -u,  s. 

<Iollan<'e,  set  at  — ,  ncghgd.^ 

delay,  moror} 

deliberate,  deliherd.^ 


316 


deliver 


dispatch 


deliver,  (of  an  address)  ha- 
6eo.2 

demand,  ^osco  ^  ;  (=  claim,  de- 
mand as  a  right)  postnio  ^  (w.  ace. 
til.,  and  abl.  pers.  w.  ab,  a) ;  (= 
command,  order)  impero^  (w. 
ace.  til.  and  dat.  pers.). 

Demaratus,  Demardtus,  -i,  m. 

denarius,  denarius,  -n,  m. 

dense,  densiis,  -a,  -urn,  adj. 

deny,  nego} 

depart,  exed^ ;  decedo^;  sece- 
do  3  ;  (=  set  out)  proficiscor  '^  ;  — 
to ^oin, projiciscor^  in  (w.  ace). 

departure,  |)ro/ec^<o,  -onis,  F. 

depredation,  maleficium,  -u, 
N. ;  injuria,  -ae,  f, 

deprive,  (=  wrest  from)  erijno  ^ 
(w.  ace.  th.  and  dat.  pers.). 

descend,  (of  birth)  orior^ 

description,  (=  kind)  genus, 
-eris,  N. 

desert,  (=  be  wanting,  fail) 
desum. 

deserter,  perfuga,  -ae,  m. 

deserve,  mereor^ ;  to  —  well 
of,  mereri  de. 

design,  consilium,  -li,  n. 

desire,  1 .  subst.,  voluntas,  -dtis, 
F.  2.  vb.,  (of  voluntary  desire, 
i.e.  desire  prompted  by  the  will) 
void;  (of  involuntary  desire,  ie. 
natural  inclination)  cupio^;  — 
ardently,  exopto.^  " 

desirous,  studiosus,-a,  -um,  adj. 
(w.  gen.). 

desperately,  {=  sharply,  vig- 
orously) dcriter,  adv. 

despise,  despicio.^ 

destitute,  nudus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 
(w.  abl.). 

destroy,  (=  annihilate)  deled  ^  ; 
(=  squander,  ruin)  perdo  ^  {pereo 
is  used  for  the  pass.)  ;  (=  break 
through)  perfringo^;  (=  cut 
down,  e.g.  a  bridge)  interscindo, 
-ere,  -scidi,  -scissns. 

destruction,  pernicies,  gen.,  -ii, 
-ies  or  -ie,  v. ;  (=  downfall)  obitus, 
-us,  M. 

destructive,  pernicidsus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 


detail,  in  — ,  singuldtim,  adv. 

deter,  deterred  ^ ;  to  —  from, 
detffrrere  quominus  (w.  subj.). 

determine,  (=  fix,  establish) 
constitud.^ 

devote,  —  one's  self,  servio  * 
(w.  dat.). 

devoted, — to,  diligens,  -entis, 
adj.  (w.  gen.). 

devotion,  studium,  -ii,  N. 

dictates,  praescriptum,  -i,  N. 

die,  morior,  mori  (inoriri),  mor- 
tuus  ;  emorior. 

diiTer,  differo,  differre  (the 
meaning  differ  appears  to  be  con- 
fined to  the  pres.  system)  ;  to  — 
from  one  another,  inter  se  dif- 
ferre. 

difficult,  difflcilis,  -e,  adj. 

difficulty,  with — ,  aegj^e  adv.; 
(=  scarcely)  vix;  with  the  ut- 
most— ,  aegerrime,  adv.  (superl. 
of  aegre) . 

difficulties,  angiistiae,-drum,  f. 

digest,  digero,  -ere,  -gessi,  -ges- 
tus. 

dignity,  priestly  — ,  sacerdo- 
tium,  -ii,  N. 

diligence,  diligentia,  -ae,  f. 

diminutive,  —  stature,  brevi- 
tds,  -dtis,  F. 

Dionysius,  Dionysius,  -n,  m. 

direct,  (=  order)  impero^  (w. 
dat.). 

direction,  (—  part)  pars,  partis, 
F. ;  {=  supreme  control)  imperi- 
um,  -li,  N. ;  change  the  —  of, 
converto.^ 

disaffection,  aliendtid,  -onis,  v. 

disagreementyrZiSsensio,  -onis,  v. 

disapprove,  reprehendo.^ 

disaster,  calamitds,  -dtis,  f. 

discharge, /w u<7or ^  (w.  abl.). 

discipline,  disciplina,  -ae,  f. 

discuss,  dissero^  (w.  de  and 
abl.)  ;  ago  ^  (w.  de  and  abl.  th., 
and  ciim  w.  abl.  pers.). 

dish,  sacrificial  — ,  patera,  -ae, 

F. 

dismiss,  dimittd^  ;  {=  lay  aside) 
depono.^ 

dispatch,  mitto.^ 


display 


eighty 


317 


display,  ostendo.^ 

dispose,  —  of  (=  sell) ,  vendo  * 
(veiled  is  used  as  the  pass.). 

disposed,  cupidiis,  -a,  -nm,  adj. 
(w.  gen.);  favorably — ,  amicus, 
-a,-vm,a(\}. ;  be  not  disposed,  7?o/o. 

disposition,  animus,  -i,  m.  ;  fa- 
vorable— ,  voluntas,  -dtis,F. 

dispute,  contrOversia,  -ae,  f. 

disquiet, per^wrfto  ^  ;commoved.- 

disquieting,  molestus,  -a,  -urn, 
adj. 

disregard,  neglego^ ;  (=  de- 
spise) contemno,  -ere,  -tempsi, 
-tempUts. 

dissatisfied,  I  am  — ,  me  paeni- 
tet,  impers.  (w.  gen.). 

dissension,  dissensio,  -onis,  F. 

distance,  intervdllum,  -i,  N.; 
to  a  — ,  proculy  adv.;  at  a  — 
ft-om,  longe  a. 

distant,  be  — ,  absum. 

distress,  premo? 

distribute,  distrihub.^ 

district,  pdgus,  -i,  m.  ;  (=  terri- 
tory, domain),  ager,  -gri,  M. ;  (= 
quarter,  region)  regib,  -onis,  F. ; 
country  — s,  agri,  -drum,  M. 

disturb,  perturhb} 

ditch,  fossa,  -ae,  f. 

Divico,  Divico,  -onis.  m. 

divine,  dlvtntis,  -a,  -urn,  adj. 

DIvitiacus,  Divitiacus,  -i,  M. 

divulge,  enuntib.^ 

do,  facib^ ;  agb^ ;  have  to  — 
with,  pertineb  ^  (w.  ad  and  ace.)  ; 
—  away  with,  tollb.^ 

done,  be — ,fib. 

doubt,  dubiVo  ^ ;  there  is  no  — , 
nibn  est  dubium  (w.  qmn  and 
subj.). 

doubtful,  dnhins,  -a,  -urn,  adj. 

doubtless,  pmfeclb,  adv. 

down,  cast — ,  demitto^;  to 
lay  —  arms,  <ih  armis  discedere. 

drag,  trahb^ 

draw,  (of  a  .sword)  educb^; 
(=  draw  apart)  distraho* ;  — 
nev,  appropinquo  *  (w.  dat.  or  ad 
w.  ace.)  ;  —  up,  instruo.'^ 

dream,  1.  subst.,  somnium,  -fi, 
N.;  vb.,  somnioA 


drink,  bibb,  -ere,  bibi. 

drive,  agb^ ;  {=  cast  out) 
eicib^ ;  {=  drive  in  a  body)  com- 
pel  lb  ^  ;  —  out,  expellb.^ 

drog,  medicdmentum,  -i,  n. 

Dumnorix,  Dumnorix,  -igis,  m. 

dust,  pulvis,  -eris,  m. 

duty,  officium,  -li,  n. 

dwell,  incolbi^ 

dwelling,  tectum,  -i,  n.;  — 
place,  domicilium,  -il,  n. 

E. 

each,  —  one,  quisque,  quaeque, 
quodque  (adj.)  and  quicque  or 
quidque  (subst.),  indef.  prou.; 
(of  two)  uterque,  -traque,  -trum- 
que,  pron, ;  with  —  other,  inter 
se  (sese). 

eager,  alacer,  -cris,  -ere,  adj. 

eagerly,  intentus,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. 
(in  agreement  w.  subst.). 

earlier,  pristinus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

early,  (=  ancient)  antiquus,  -«, 
-um,  adj. 

earnest,  studibsus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 
(w.  gen.). 

earnestly,  press  — ,  postulb^ 
(w.  ace.  th.  and  abl.  pers.  w.  ab, 
a). 

earth,  —  mound,  tumulus,  -i,  m. 

easily,  facile,  adv. ;  (=  at  ran- 
dom) temere,  adv. ;  very  —  (after 
a  neg.),  satis  commode,  adv. 

east,  (=  rising  sun)  sbl  oriens. 
sblis  orientis,  M. 

easy,  very  — ,  perfacilis,  -e,  adj. 

Ebro,  Hiberus,  -i,  m. 

effect,  to  —  a  purpose,  rem 
efficere,  rem  obtinere. 

effects,  their  — ,  n.  \)\.  of  suus, 
•a,  -um,  poss.  pron. 

eflfectually,  facile,  adv. 

effort,  opera,  -ae,  F. ;  to  be- 
stow — ,  operant  dare  (w.  ut  and 
subj.). 

eight,  octb,  indccl.  num.  adj. 

eighteenth,  duodevicesimus,  -a, 
-um  or  octdvHH  decimus,  -a,  -um, 
ord.  num.  adj. 

eighty,  octbgintd,  indecl.  num. 
adj.  _ 

Of  THS 


J  :.' 


nVBRSITY 


318 


either 


expectation 


either  ...  or,  (when  an  alter- 
native is  offered)  vel  .  .  .  vel ; 
(when  one  excludes  the  other) 
aut  .  .  .  aut,'  not  .  .  .  either  .  .  . 
or,  neque  .  .  .  neque,  nee  . .  .  nee. 

elect,  designdtus,  -i,  masc.  p.  a. 

embankment,  agger,  -is,  m. 

embarked,  —  on,  impositus,  -a, 
-nm,  perf .  part,  of  impdno  (w.  in 
and  ace). 

embassy,  legdtio,  -onis,  F. 

empty,  (—  make  vacant)  vacue- 
facio:^ 

encamp,  consido.^ 

end,  finis,  -is,  m.  (sometimes 
F.  in  sing.). 

endeavor,  Conor  ^ ;  to  —  to 
force  (=  to  attempt  by  force), 
per  vim  tentdre. 

endeavors,  condta,  -drum,  n. 

endure,  fero  ;  patior.^ 

enemy,  (personal)  inimicus,  -i, 
M. ;  (public)  hostis,  -is,  c. ;  (=  a 
hostile  army)  hostes,  -ium,  pi. 
(usu.,  but  also)  hostis,  -is,  m.,  sing. 

energy,  vis,  vis,  f.  ;  with  — , 
dcriter,  adv. ;  with  the  greatest 
— ,  superl.  of  dcriter. 

engage,  to  —  in  battle,  pi'oe- 
lium  committere. 

engagement,  (=  battle)  proe- 
lium,  -ii,  N. ;  to  come  to  an  — , 
proelio  decertdre ;  to  open  an  — , 
proelium  committere. 

engine,  mdchindtio,  -onis,  f. 

enjoy,  fruor  ^  (w.  abl.)  ;  (= 
make  use  of)  utor^  (w.  abl.). 

enmity,  inimicitia,  -ae,  f. 

enough,  satis,  adv. ;  w^ell  — , 
commode,  adv. 

ensue,  sequor.^ 

enterprise,  (=  thing)  res,  gen. 
rel  {rei,  re),  f.  ;  (—  business) 
negotium,  -ii,  n.  ^ 

entire,  totus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

entreat,  oro.^ 

entreaties,  j)rec«s,  -um,  v.  pi. 

envoy,  legdtus,  -i,  m. 

envy,  1.  subst.,  invidia,  -ae,  f. 
2.  vb.,  invideo^  (w.  dat.). 

Kpaminondas,  Epaminondds, 
-ae,  M. 


Eporedorix,  Eporedorix,  -igis, 

M. 

equal,  par,  paris,  adj. ;  aequus, 
-a,  -um,  adj.;  (=  same)  idem, 
eadem,  idem,  demonstr.  pron. 

e(iua\ly,  juxtd,  adv. 

equanimity,  aequus  animus. 

erect,  erigo  ^ ;  (of  a  tower)  ex- 
cito.^ 

error,  peccdtum,  -i,  n. 

escape,  effugio  ^ ;  (=  flee)  fu- 
gio.^ 

especially,  mdxime,  adv. 

establish,  confirmo.^ 

established,  become  firmly  — , 
inveterdsco,  -ere,  -dvi. 

esteem,  (=  consider)  habeo.'^ 

eternal,  aeternus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

even,  etiam,  couj.;  —  to,  jam 
ad  (w.  ace.) ;  but  — ,  sed  etiam, 
verum  etiam  ;  not  — ,  ne  .  .  .  qui- 
dem  (w.  the  emphatic  word  or 
words  between  ne  and  quidem) ; 

—  though,  etiamsi  (w.  indie,  and 
subj.,  like  si;  the  indie,  is  more 
common). 

ever,  unquam  or  umquam,  adv. 

every,  omnis,  -e,  adj.;  — ,  — 
one,  quisque.,  quaeque,  quodque 
(adj.),  and  qidcque  or  quidque 
(subst.),  indef.  pron. 

every  thing,  omnia  (n.  pi.  of 
omnis,  -e,  adj.) ;  cuncta  (n.  pi.  of 
cunctus,  -a,  -um,  adj.). 

evident,  make' — ,  signified^; 
it  is  — ,  appdret? 

exceed,  superd> 

e:sicel, praesto^  (w.dat.);  supero^ 
(w.  ace.)  ;  praecedo^  (av.  ace). 

except,  praeter,  adv.  and  prep. 
w.  ace. ;  (=  unless)  nisi,  conj. 

excessive,  nimius,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

exchange,  to  — ,  inter  se  dare. 

exclaim,  concldmo.^ 

exculpate,  purgo.^ 

execute,  administro.^ 

exercise,  (=  apply;  ./(l/n'hcn- ; 

—  partiality,  studeo- 
exhort,  cohortor.^  ^ 
exile,  exsilium,  -u,  n. 
expectation,  opinio,  -onis,  f.  ; 

confident  — ,  fiducia,  -ae,  f. 


oxpol 


flee 


319 


expel,  fxpdlo^ ;  (=  drive) 
•pello^  ;  {=  cast  out)  eicio.^ 

expense,  snmptus,  -us,  m. 

experienee,  1.  siibst.,  nsiis,  -us, 
M. ;  bitter  — ,  acerbitds,  -dtis,  v. 
2.  vb.  {=  receive)  accipio.^ 

experienced,  peritus,  -a,  -um, 
p.  a.  (w.  gen.). 

explain,  (—  set  forth)  expand.^ 

explanation,  say  by  way  of 
— ,  exph'ind.^ 

expression,  vox,  rods,  f. 

extend,  1.  intr.,  exeo*;  (=  lie 
open)  pated^ ;  (=  look)  specto.^ 
2.  tr.  (=  construct)  perduco.^ 

extensive,  Idtus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

extreme,  extremus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 
(superl.). 

eye,  oculus,  -1,  m. 

eyes,  in  my  — ,  miht  (dat.  ref.). 


Fabins,  Fahins,  -u,  m. 

face,  in  the  —  of,  contra ,  prep. 
w.  ace. 

fact,  (=  thing)  res,  gen.  ret 
(rn,  re),  f.  ;  in  point  of  — ,  re 
(abl.  of  res). 

Faesulae,  Faesulae,  -drum,  F. 

fail,  1.  intr.,  desum.  2.  tr.  and 
intr.,  deficio.*    3.  tr.,  desero.^ 

faint-heart«d  =  of  feeble  cour- 
age; sec  feeble  and  courage. 

faithful, /7r?w»,  -a,  um,  adj. 

fall,  (of  javelins)  arrido'* ;  (= 
fall  together,  fall  with  a  crash) 
corruo ;  —  upon,  (—  chance  up- 
on) incido^  (w.  in  and  ace). 

family,  (=  stock,  race)  genus, 
•eris,  N. 

famoas,  (=  that)  ille,  ilia, 
illud,  demonstr.  pron. 

fancy,  arbitror.^ 

FannluH,  Fannius,  -ii,  m. 

far,  lonf/e,  adv. ;  by  — ,  lonye, 
adv. ;  too  — ,  lomjius,  adv.  (comp. 
of  longe). 

farm,  redimo.^ 

'farther,  ulterior,  -ius,  adj. 

fast,  make  — ,  di'stino.^ 

father,  pater,  -tris,  M. ;  (jenitor, 
-oris,  M. 


I     father-in-law,  socer,  -eri,  m. 

fault,  culpa,  -ae,  f. 

favor, /« wo 2  (w.  dat.). 

favorable,  (=  good)  bonus,  -a, 
■um,  adj. ;  —  disposition,  volun- 
tas, -dtis,  F. 

favorableness,  opportunitds, 
-dtis,  V. 

favorably,  —  disposed,  ami- 
cus, -a,  -um,  adj. 

fear,  1.  subst.,  metus,  -us,  m.  ; 
timor,  -oris,  yf.  2.  vb.,  timeo'^ ; 
metuo^;  vereor'^ ;  paralyze  Aith 
— ,  perten'eo.^ 

fearing  (pres.  part.),  veritus, 
■a,  -tim  (perf .  part,  of  vereor) . 

feeble,  Injirmus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

fellow,  —  citizen,  dvis,  -is,  c. 

fertile, /cmo:,  -dcis,  adj. 

few,  paucl,  -ae,  -a,  adj. ;  a  — 
Avords,  pauca,  -drum,  N. 

field,  ager,  -gri,  m. 

fifteen,  quindecim,  indecl.  num. 
adj. 

fifty,  quinqudgintd,  Indecl.  num. 
adj. 

fight,  1.  subst.,  pTigna,  -ae,  f. 
2.  \h.,pugnd'^;  cdnfligd.^ 

fighting,  piigna,  -ae,  f.  ;  (= 
battle)  proelium,  -ii,  n. 

figure,  (=  body)  corpus,  -oris,  n. 

fill,  compled^;  (=  fill  ftiU, 
crowd)  refercid.^ 

find,   (by  search  or   inquiry) 


reperio 


out,  (=  trace  out) 


investlgo.* 

finish,  cduficid.^ 

fir,  abics,  -etis,  f. 

fire,  ignis,  -is,  m. 

firmly,  become  —  established, 
inveterdsco,  -ere,  -dvi. 

Arst, Pflmus,  -a,  -um,  adj.;  pr'i- 
mum,  adv. ;  for  the  —  time,  prl- 
mum,  adv. ;  at  — ,  prlmd,  adv. 

five,  quiiique,  indecl.  num.  adj. ; 
in  groups  of  — ,  quini,  -ae,  -a, 
distr.  num.  adj. 

five  hundred,  qulngentl,  -ae,  -a, 
num.  adj. 

fix,  (=  value,  appraise)  wsitwio.* 

flattery,  adsentdtid,  -dnis,  v. 

Hec,fugid^;  (—  flee  forth)  pro- 


320 


fleet 


friendly 


fugid^ ;    (=  flee  back)  refugio^ ; 
to  —  for  refuge,  se  recipere. 

fleet,  cldssis,  -is,  r. 

flight,  fuga,  -ae,  F. 

float,  ratis,  -is,  f. 

flock,  concurro.^ 

flow,  (=  flow  into)  influo  ^  (w. 
in  and  ace.)- 

follow,  sequor^;  (=  follow 
close  upon)  insequor^  (w.  ace.)- 

following,  *posterus,  -era,, 
■erum,  adj. ;  (=  that  about  to  be 
meiftioned)  ille,  ilia,  illud,  de- 
moustr.  pron. ;  (=  of  this  sort) 
hujiisce  modi. 

ifolloAvs,  as  — ,  h'lc,  haec,  hoc, 
demonstr.  pron.;  sic,  adv.;  sub- 
stantially as  — ,  hujusce  modi. 

folly,  (=  infatuation,  madness) 
dementia,  -ae,  f.  ;  (=  absence  of 
reason)  amentia,  -ae,  f.  ;  insane 
— ,  furor,  -oris,  m. 

fond,  —  of,  studiosus,  -a,  -um, 
adj.  (w.  gen.) ;  (—  desirous  of) 
cupidus,  -a,  -um.,  adj.  (w.  gen.). 

food,  cibus,  -I,  M. 

foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 

foot-soldier,  pedes,  -itis,  m. 

for,  nam,  conj.  (begins  the  sen- 
tence or  clause) ;  enim,  conj. 
(follows  the  first  word  or  closely 
associated  words) ;  (=  from)  de, 
prep.  w.  abl. :  as,  qua  de  causa, 
for  w^hat  reason ;  (=  in  behalf 
of)  pro,  prep.  w.  abl. :  (=  to- 
wards) ergd,  prep.  w.  ace. ;  (=  dur- 
ing) sign  of  ace.  of  duration  of 
time;  (=  concerning)  de,  prep. 
w.  abl.;  (=  into)  iw,-  prep.  w. 
ace. :  as,  to  depart  for,  projicisci 
in;  (expressing  purpose)  ad, 
prep.  w.  ace.  (of  gerund  or  gerun- 
dive) ;  (expressing  adaptation 
w.  idoneus)  ad,  prep.  w.  ace,  also 
dat. ;  (=  on  account  of)  oh,  prep. 
w.  ace. 

forage,  frumentor?- 

force,  (—  strength,  violence) 
VIS,  VIS,  F. ;  (=  armed  force, 
baud)  manus,  -Us,  f.  ;  (=  a  multi- 
tude) muUitudo,  -inis,  f.  ;  to  en- 
deavor to  — ,  per  vim  tentdre. 


forced,  (=  the  greatest  possi- 
ble) quam  mdximus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

forces,  copiae,  -drum,  f., 

foremost,  princeps,  -ipis,  adj. ; 
—  man,  princeps,  -ipis,  m.  ;  — 
place,  prlncipdtus,  -us,  m.  ;  to  be 
— ,  plurimum  valere. 

foresee,  praevideo.^ 

foreshadow,  cano,  -ere,  cecini. 

forest,  silva,  -ae,  f. 

forever,  perpetud,  adv. 

forget,  obllviscor^  (w.  gen.,  or 
[w.  neut.  pron.]  ace). 

form,  facio'^;  (of  a  design) 
capio  ^;  to  —  (=  to  collect  them- 
selves), se  conligere. 

former,  vetus,  -eris,  adj.;  the 
— ,  ille,  ilia,  illud,  demonstr.  pron. 

forsake,  (=  withdraw  from) 
discedo  ^  (w.  ab  and  abl.)  ;  (=  lay 
aside)  depono.^ 

forth,  set  — ,propdnd.^ 

fortify,  munio.^ 

fortunate,  fortundtus,  -a,  -um, 
p.  a. 

fortune,  fortuna,  -ae,  f. 

forty,  quadrdgintd,  indecl.  num. 
adj. 

forw^ard,  go  — ,  exeo^ ;  move 
— ,  promoveo.'^ 

founded,  —  in  right,  jws^ws,  -a, 
-um,  adj. 

four,  quattuor,  indecl.  num. 
adj.;  —  each,  quaterni,  -ae,  -a, 
distr.  num.  adj. 

fourteenth,  quartus  decimus,  -a, 
-um  or  decimus  et  quartus,  -a,  -um, 
ord.  num.  adj. 

fourth,  quartus,  -a,  -um,  ord. 
num.  adj. 

fraught,  —  with  danger,  peri- 
culosus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

free,  liber,  -era,  -erum,  adj. ;  — 
from,  vacuus,  -a,  -um  (w.  ab  or  d 
and  abl.);  —  from  suspicion, 
purgdtus,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. ;  —  town, 
municipium,-!!,!^.',  vb.,  llbero.^ 

freedom,  llbertds,  -dtis,  f. 

frequent,  creber,  -bra,  -brum, 
adj. 

friend,  amicus,  -i,  m. 

friendly,  amicus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 


friendship 


srrouncl 


321 


friendship,  amlcitia,  -ae,  f  ;  (= 
favor)  gratia,  -ae,  f. 

from,  de,  prep.  w.  abl. ;  (=  away 
from)  ah  (before  vowels  aud  some 
consonants),  a  (before  consonants 
only),  abs  (sometimes  before  te), 
prep.  w.  abl. ;  (=  out  of)  ex,  e, 
prep.  w.  abl. ;  (after  verbs  of 
hindering)  quominus,  ne,  (also, 
when  there  is  a  ueg.  expressed  or 
implied  w.  the  vb.)  quln{\y.  subj.). 

front,  in  —  of,  pro,  prep.  w. 
abl. 

frost,  fngus,  -oris,  n. 

fruit,  fructus,  -us,  m. 

full,  plenus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  (w. 
gen.)  ;  —  of  courage,  animosus, 
-a,  -urn,  adj. 

Furius,  Furius,  -u,  M. 

furnislied,  —  with  saddles, 
ephippidtus,  -a,  -urn,  adj. 

further,  (=  furthermore)  au- 
tern,  con},  (placed  not  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  sentence,  but  after 
one  or  more  words)  ;  (=  oftener, 
more)  saepius,  adv. 

future,  futurus,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. ; 
the  — ,futura,  -drum,  n.  ;  at  some 
—  time,  aliquando,  adv. 


Gabinius,  Gahinius,  -u,  m. 

^ain,  —  access,  adeO.* 

<;aju8,  C.  (abbr.  of  Gdjus, 
Cdl,  M.). 

Cialba,  G'alba^  -ae,  M. 

Gallic,  Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

game,  ferlua  caro  (Jerinus,  -a, 
-um,  of  wild  animals ;  card,  carnis, 
v.,  flesh). 

garrison,  praesidium,  -ii,  N. 

gate,  porta,  -ae,  v. 

gather,  —  themselves,  con- 
gregd  '  (In  pa.ss.). 

Gaul,  (iallia,  -ae,  v. 

Gauls,  Galfi,  -drum,  m.  ;  of  the 
— ,  Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  a«lj. 
•  gaze,  —  on,  intueor'^  (w.  ace). 

general,  communis,  -e,  adj. ; 
(=  military  commander)  impcrd- 
tor,  -oris,  m.  :  In  — .  omnlno, 
adv. 


generally,  —  speaking,  ple- 
rumque,  adv. ;  it  is  —  under- 
stood, constat,  impers. 

generosity,  benejicium,  -u,  n. 

Geneva,  Gcndva,  -ae,  f.  ;  lake 
— ,  lacus  Lemannus,  -i,  m. 

Germans,  Germdni,  -drum,  m. 

get,  —  together,  cdnferd. 

^ir\,  puella,  -ae,  f. 

give,  dd;  (=  deliver)  trddd^; 
to  —  battle,  proelium  committere. 

glance,  —  at,  adspicid.^ 

glorious,  praecldrus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

glory,  gldria,  -ae,  f. 

go,  ed^  ;  {=  set  o\xV)proficiscor^  ; 
{=  go  apart)  secedd^;  go,  — 
away,  abed  ■* ;  go,  —  out :  exed  •*  ; 
egredior'^ ;  — away  (=  go  out), 
exed*;  —  forward,  exed*;  — 
over,  trdnsed.* 

god,  deus,  -I,  M. 

good,  bonus,  -a,  -um,  adj.;  — 
will,  gratia,  -ae,  f.  ;  it  seems  — , 
placet;^  impers.  (w.  dat.). 

govern,  imperd  ^  (w.  dat.). 

gradually,  pawZa^iw,  adv. 

grain,  (=  harvested  grain), //•«- 
mentum,  -i,  n.  ;  (=  standing  grain) 
frumenta, -drum,  n.  ;  res  f rumen- 
tar  ia. 

grandfather,  avus,  -I,  m. 

grant,  dd. 

gratifying,  grdtus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

great,  mdgnus,  <i,  -um,  adj.; 
how  — ,  quantus,  -a,  -um,  udj. ;  so 
— ,  tantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.;  in  — 
numbers  (^=  crowda}),  frequens, 
•entis,  adj.;  a  —  many,  complu- 
res, -a  (-ia),  atlj. 

greatest,  mdximus,  -a,  -mw»,  adj. 
(superl.  of  mdgnus) ;  summus,  -a, 
-um,  adj.  (superl.  of  superus)  ;  — 
possible,  quam  mdximus  (w.  or 
without  the  proper  ftn.  of  pos- 
sum). 

grievous,  gravis,  -e,  adj. 

ground,  humus,  -I,  v. ;  (=  earth) 
terra,  -ae,  v.;  rising  — ,  tumulus, 
-t,  M.;  —  of  suspicion,  susp'irid, 
-dnis,  V. ;  maintain  one*8  — ,  sub- 
sisto'^ ;  to  give  —  for,  praebed.'^ 


322 


^oups 


however 


groups,  in  —  of  five,  qulni,  -ae, 
-a,  distr.  num.  adj.;  in  —  of  six, 
seni,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num.  adj. 

guard,  custos,  -odis,  c. ;  {=  gar- 
rison) praesidiuniy  -il,  n.  ;  be  on 
one's  — ,  caved. ^ 

H. 

habitation,  sedes,  -is,  f. 

Hamilcar,  Hamilcar,  -arts,  m. 

hand,  manus,  -us,  f.  ;  at  — , 
praesto,  adv. 

Hannibal,  Hannibal,  -alis,  m. 

happen,  accido^;  (=  become, 
be  done)  fid. 

happy,  bedtus,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. 

harass,  premd  ^  ;  exagito.^ 

haste,  make  — ,  contendo.^ 

hasten,  mdturo  ^ ;  contendo  ^  ; 
propero.^ 

hate,  odi,  def. 

hatred,  cherish  — ,  odl,  def. 

have,  habed^ ;  sum  (w.  dat.  of 
possession) ;  —  to  do  with,  per- 
tined  ^  (w.  ad  and  ace.). 

he,  (=  that  man)  ille ;  (weaker 
than  ille)  is ;  (emphatic,  =  him- 
self) ipse;  (in  indir.  disc,  refer- 
ring to  principal  subject)  se; 
omitted  when  implied  in  the  end- 
ing of  the  vb. 

head,  caput,  -itis,  n.;  (=  chief 
man)  prlnceps,  -ipis,  m. 

headlong,  praeceps,  -ipitis,  adj. 

headstrong,  temerdrius,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

health,  valetudo,  -inis,  v. 

hear,  audio  ^ ;  (—  hear  from  a 
distance  or  hear  distinctly)  exau- 
dio  ^ ;  (=  receive  by  communica- 
tion from  others)  accipio.^ 

heaven,  caelum,  -I,  n. 

heavily,  graviter,  adv. 

height,  altitudo,  -inis,  f. 

heinous,  so  — ,  tantus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

help,  auxilium,  -li,  n.;  I  can- 
not — ,  facere  ndn  possum  (w. 
qu'm  and  subj.). 

Helvetians,  Helvetil,  -drum,  m. 

Helvetii,  Ilelvetii,  -drum,  m. 

hem,  —  in,  contined  ^  (w.  ace). 


hence,  hinc,  adv. 

Hercules,  by  — ,  mehercule. 

here,  be  — ,  adsum. 

herself,  (reflex.)  se. 

hesitate,  duhitd.^ 

Hesperia,  Hesperia,  -ae,  F. 

high,  altus,  -a, -um,  p.  a.;  (= 
great)  mdgnus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

higher,  superior,  -ius,  adj. 
(comp.  oisuperus). 

highest,  summus,  -a,  -um,  adj.; 
(superl.  of  su2)ei'us) ;  at  the  — 
possible  price,  quam  plurimd. 

highly,  mdgnl  (gen.  of  iudef. 
value). 

hill,  collis^  -is,  m. 

himself,  (reflex.)  se ;  (em- 
phatic) ipse  (alone  or  in  apposi- 
tion w.  the  reflex,  se). 

hinder,  impedid.'^ 

hire,  conducd.^ 

his,  ejus  (gen.  of  zs);  (referring 
to  the  subject)  swms,  -a,  -um., 
poss.  pron. ;  —  own,  suus,  -a,  -um, 
poss.  pron.;  omitted  when  the 
context  shows  who  is  meant. 

hither,  citerior,  -ius,  adj. 

hold,  tened  ^  ;  obtined  2 ;  —  off, 
abstined^;  {—  regard,  consider) 
habed.'^ 

home,  domus,  -us,  f.;  at  — , 
domi ;  from  — ,  domd. 

honor,  lionor,  -dris,  m.  ;  per- 
sonal ^,  modestia,  -ae,  f. 

honorable,  honestus,-a,-%im,d^Ci] . 

hope,  spes,  -el  {-ex) ,  f. 

horse,  equus,  -i,  m.;  (=  horse- 
men) equites,  -um,  m. 

horseman,  eques,  -itis,  M. 

hostage,  obses,  -idis,  c. 

hostile,  inimicus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

hour,  hdra,  -ae,  f. 

house,  domus,  -us,  f.  ;  at  the 
—  of,  apud,  prep.  w.  ace. 

how,  quam,  adv. ;  —  great, 
quantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.;  —  much, 
quantus,  -a,  -um,  adj. ;  —  dear, 
quanti  (gen.  indef.  value) ;  — 
long:  quam  diii,  adv.;  (=  how 
far)  quousque,  adv. 

however,  quamvis,  adv. ;  (— 
nevertheless)  tamen,  conj. 


hundred 


intercessor 


323 


hiindrod,  centum,  iudecl.  num. 
adj. ;  two  — ,  ducentl,  -ae,  -a,  uiiin. 
adj.;  three  — ,  trecent'iy  -ae,  -a, 
num.  adj.;  six  — ,  sescentl, -ae,  -a, 
iiuin.  adj. 

hundredth,  centesimus,  -a,  -urn, 
ord.  num.  adj. 

I. 

I,  effo,  mei,  pars.  pron. 

Iccius,  Iccius,  -fi,  M. 

idleness,  igndvia,  -ae,  f. 

if,  si ;  —  not,  si  non ;  —  not 
(=  uuless)  nisi;  —  only,  dum, 
couj.  (\v.  subj.). 

ij^nominiously,  turpiter,  adv. 

Ill,  aeger,  -gra,  -gruni,  adj. 

illostrious, darns,  -a,  -um,  adj.; 
aniplus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

iinaji^ine,  (  =  think)  exlstimo.^ 

immortal,  immortdlis,  -e,  adj. 

impede,  impedio*;  to  —  the 
army's  march,  itinere  exercitum 
prohihere. 

implore,  obsecrd  ^ ;  imploro.^ 

import,  impoHo  ^ ;  infero. 

importance,  of  the  highest 
— ,  summus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (superl. 
of  superus) ;  it  is  of  —  :  interest, 
impers. 

^  important,  it  is  — :  interest  ; 
refert,  -ferre,  -tulit. 

in,  in,  prep.  w.  abl.;  (after  a 
superl.)  sign  of  the  gen.;  (— 
into)  zu,prep.w.  ace. :  in  breadth, 
in  width,  in  Idtitudinem ;  in 
len^h,  in  longitudinem ;  to  be 
— ,  inesse  (\v.  dat.);  to  vie  — , 
certdre  de  (w.  abl.);  —  the  rear, 
a  novrissimo  agmine,  ah  novissi- 
m'ls;  —  my  eyes,  mihi  (dat.  ref.) ; 

—  that  he,  qui  (=  cum  is)  w. 
subj. 

inasmuch,  —  as,  quoniam, 
conj.;  sign  of  abl.  abs.  denoting 
cautne. 

incident,  res,  gen.  ril  (rei,  re), 

F. 

inclination,  to  restrain  one's 

—  to,    sibi    temjterdre    quin    (w. 
subj.). 

increase,  a»ip{t/Icd^;  augeo.^ 


incur,  adeo  *  (w.  ace). 

indeed,  quideia  (follows  the 
word  that  it  emphasizes),  adv.; 
(introducing  a  corroborative  or 
a  parenthetical  clause)  etenim, 
conj. 

indignity,  contumelia,  -ae,  f. 

indulge,  indulged^  {w.  dat.). 

industry,  indvstria,  -ae,  f. 

inexperience,  litscientia,  -ae,  f. 

infamy,  infdmia,  -ae,  f. 

infantry,  copiae  pedestres  (pe- 
dester,  -tris,-tre,  adj.). 

inflict,  sumo^ ;  to  —  punish- 
ment on :  supplicium  sumere  de 
(w.  abl.)  ;  vindicdre  in  (w.  ace). 

influence,  auctoritds,  -dtis,  v. ; 
(arisiug  froui  good  will)  gratia, 
-ae,  F. ;  of  great  — ,  potens,  -eiitis, 
adj. ;  to  have  very  little  — ,  mini- 
mtim  posse ;  to  have  very  great 
— ,  larg iter  posse. 

inform,  certiorem  facio^ ;  be 
informed,  certiorfw ;  thorough- 
ly — ,  edoceo'^  (w.  two  aces,  in 
act.). 

infuse,  infero  (w.  ace.  th.  and 
dat.  pers.). 

inhabit,  incolo^  (w.  ace). 

inhabitants,  {=  people)  homi- 
nes., -um,  M. 

injure,  noceo^  (w.  dat.). 

injury,  injuria,  -ae,  F. ;  with- 
out risk  of  — ,  sine  fraude. 

innocent,  innorhis,  -entis,  adj. 

inquire,  quaei'o'-^  (w.  ace.  th., 
and  abl.  pers.  w.  ah,  de,  or  ex). 

inquiry,  malce  — ,  quaero.^ 

insane,  —  follj',/«>or,  -oris,  M. 

institution,  Institutmn,  -1,  n. 

instruction,  (=  commission, 
injunction)  munddtum,  -7,  x. 

intellect,  ingenium,  -fi,  N. 

intelligence,     receive    —    of, 
j  cdgndsrd'^  (w.  de  and  abl.). 
1      intend,  esse  in  animo  (w.  dat. 
I  pers.). 

I     intention,  it  is  one's  — ,  alicui 
est  in  animo. 

intercession,  at  the  —  of,  de- 
precdtor,  -oris,  m.  (abl.  abs.). 

Intercessor,  deprecdtor,  -Oris,  m. 


324 


interval 


learn 


interval,  intervdllum,  -i,  N.; 
place  at  intervals,  dispono? 

intervene,  intercedo.'^ 

intimacy,  usus,  -us,  M. 

into,  in,  prep.  w.  ace. 

intrust,  mando  ^  ;  trddo.^ 

inured,  —  to,  patiens,  -entis,  p. 
a.  (w.  gen.). 

iron-hearted,  so — ,  illeferreus 
(-rt,  -um). 

issue,  to  bring  to  a  successful 
— ,  bene  gerere. 

itf  is,  ea,  id,  pron.;  omitted  if 
implied  in  the  ending  of  the 
verb  or  understood  from  the 
context. 

Italy,  Italia,  -ae,  f. 

its,  (referring  to  the  subject) 
suus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  pron. 

itself,  (intens.)  ipse,  ipsa,  ip- 
sum,  demonstr.  pron. 

J. 

January,  of  — ,  Jdnudrius,  -a, 
-um,  adj. 

join,  jiingo,  -ere,  junxi,  junctus  ; 
to  —  hattle,  proelitim  committere  ; 
depart  to  — ,  proficiscor  ^  (w.  in 
and  ace.). 

Juba,  Juba,  -ae,  m. 

judge,  judex,  -ids,  c. 

judgment,  pass  —  upon,  sen- 
tid^  (w.  de  and  abl.). 

jugerum,  jugerum,  -i,  N. ;  in  pL, 
jugera,  -um,  n. 

Jugurtha,  Jugurtha,  -ae,  m. 

Julian,  Julidnns,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

Jupiter,  Juppiter,  Jovis,  M. 

Jura,  Jura,  -ae,  m. 

^ust,  jUstus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

K. 

Kalends,  Kalendae,  -drum,  f. 

keep,  teneo  '^ ;  (=  keep  togeth- 
er, confine)  contineo  ^ ;  —  back, 
tenfo  ^ ;  —  apart,  —  asunder, 
distineo  ^ ;  —  one's  word,  fidem 
servo y 

keeping,^des,  gen.,  -'ei  {-ei, -e),v. 

kill,  interficio  ^ ;  (by  cutting  or 
striking  down)  occido.^ 

kind,  (=  sort)  genus,  -eris,  n. 


king,  rex,  regis,  m. 

kingdom,  regnum,  -i,  N. 

Kinsmen  fCdnsanguinei,-drum,M. 

knight,  eques,  -itis,  m. 

know,  scio^;  (=  understand) 
intellego  ^  ;  not  — :  Ignoro  '  ;  ne- 
scio^ 

known,  notus,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. ; 
cognitus,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. ;  make  — , 
ostendo.^ 

Li. 

Labienus,  Labienus,  -i,  M. 

Liacedaemon,  Lacedaemon, 
-onis,  F. 

lack,  eged^  (w.  gen.  or  abl.). 

Laeca,  Laeca,  -ae,  m. 

lake,  lacus,  -Us,  m. 

land,  ager,  -gri,  m.  ;  by  — ,  terra. 

language,  lingua,  -ae,  f.  ;  (= 
phraseology)  ordtid,  -onis,  f. 

large,  mdgnus,  -a,  -um,  adj. ; 
amplus,  -a,  -um,  adj.;  so  — ,  tan- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

last,  (—  nearest,  as  in  'last 
night')  proximus,  -a,  -um,  adj.; 
(=  remotest)  extremus,  -a,-um,  adj. 

Isisting,  perpetuus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

latter,  hic,  haec,  hoc,  demonstr. 
pron. 

lavish,  profusus,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. 

law,  lex,  legis,  P. 

lawful,  it  is  — ,  licet,^  impers. 
(w.  dat.  pers.). 

lay,  —  claim   to,  repeto  ^ ;  to 

—  down  arms,  ab  armls  discedere ; 

—  waste,  vasto  ^ ;  —  aside,  depo- 
no  ^ ;  to  —  the  matter  before, 
referre  ad. 

lead,  dmd  ^ ;  —  across,  trddu- 
c5  ^  (may  take  two  aces.) ;  — 
out,  Mum  3  ;  —  away,  abduco  ^  ; 

—  against,  adduco  ^  (w.  ad  and 
ace). 

leader,  dux,  duds,  c. ;  (=  fore- 
most man)  princeps,  -ipis,  m. 

league,  unite  in  a  sworn  — , 
conjurn.^ 

learn,  disco^  j  (~  become  ac- 
quainted with)  cognosco^;  (= 
find  out  by  search  or  inquiry)  re- 
perio*;  (by  looking  at,  examin- 
ing) perspicio? 


least 


marching' 


^25 


least,  —  of  all,  mhiime,  adv. 

leave,  relinqiio  ^ ;  —  behind, 
rdinqiu).^ 

left,  sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.; 
on  the  — ,  sinister;  be  — ,  siipcr- 
snm. 

legion,  legio,  -onis,  f. 

length,  in  — ,  in  longitndinem. 

less,  minor,  -us,  adj.;  (adv.) 
minus.  ' 

lest,  ne  (w.  subj.)- 

let,  —  loose,  emUto.^ 

letter,  epistula,  -ae,  f. 

level,  coaequo.^ 

liberty,  one  Is  at  — ,  licet^  (w. 
dat.  and  inf.  or  ut  w.  subj.). 

lie,  —  prostrate,  jaceo.^ 

lieutenant,  legdtus,  -i,  M. 

life,  vita,  -lie,  v. ;  (with  ref.  to  its 
several  stages,  as  boyhood,  youth, 
etc.)  aetds,  -iitis,  f.;  (=  [mauner 
of]  living)  rictus,  -us,  m. 

light,  (subst.)  lux,  lucis,  f.; 
(adj.)  levis,  -e;  to  make —  of, 
parvi pendere  (w.  ace). 

lightning,  strilce  by  — ,  de  cae- 
ir,  percutio,  -ere,  -cuss'i,  -cussus. 

line,  (=  line  of  battle)  acies, 
gen.  -e  and  -el,  f.;  —  of  march, 
iter,  itineris,  x. 

lip,  lahrum,  -I,  N. 

list,  ratio,  -onis,  f. 

listen,  audio.* 

llttlct ptirv us,  -a,  -um,  adj. ;  very 
— ,  minimus, -a, -um,  adj.;  miniine, 
adv. ;  a  —  (=  by  a  little)  paulo. 

live,  vlvo.^ 

living,  —  creature,  animal, 
dlis,  N. 

long,  longus,  -a,  -um,  adj.;  (= 
for  a  long  time)  din,  adv.,  longe, 
adv.;  how  — ,  quam  diH,  adv.; 
(=  how  far)  quousque,  adv.;  — 
st^Oyjnmpndein,  adv. 

longer,  {=  for  a  longer  time) 
diHtins,  adv.,  longius,  adv. 

look,  (—  look  at)  adspicio  *  ;  — 
for,  exspecto.^ 

loose,  let  — ,  emitto.* 

lose,  dmitto.* 

loss,  detrimentum,  -i,  n.  ;  to 
risk  the  —  of,  dmittere. 


lot,  (=  fortune)  fortuna,  -ae, 
F.;    (=  condition)  condicio,  -onis, 

¥. 

love,  1.  subst.,  amor,  -oris,  m. 
2.  \h.,  amo^ ;  (=  esteem  highly) 
dlligo.^ 

low,  humilis,  -e,  adj. 

loAver,  inferior,  -ius,  adj. 

Lucius,  Lucius,  -u,  M.,  abbr.  L. 

luxury,  hixuria,  -ae,  v. 

Lycouiedes,  Lycomedes,  -is,  m. 

Ijysander,  Lysander,  -dri,  m. 

M. 

made,  be  — ,  fid. 

magistracy,  magistrdtus,  -us,t,\. 

maiden,  virgo,  -inis,  v. 

main,  —  question,  sententia, 
-ae,  F. 

maintain,  (of  one's  rights)  ex- 
sequor^ ;  —  one's  position,  cfm- 
sisto  * ;  —  one's  ground,  (= 
withstand)  siibsisto^;  the  fight 
was  maintained,  pugndtam  est. 

majority,  major  pars. 

make,  facio'^;  (—  render)  effi,- 
cio^;  (=  choose,  elect,  appoint) 
creo  ^ ;  (of  a  speech)  habeo  ^ ;  — 
for,  peto^;  —  out  (of  a  list) 
conjicio.^ 

man,  (=  human  being,  and  so 
including  woman)  homo, -inis,  c; 
(=  an  adult  male  person;  opp. 
mulier,  woman)  vir,  viri,  m.;  (= 
man  of  noble  qualities)  vir,  viri, 

M. 

manage,  administro.^ 

Manilius,  Mdnllius,  -u,  m. 

maniple,  manipulus,  A,  M. 

Manlius,  Manlius,  -ii,  m. 

many,  multl,  -ae,  -a,  adj. ;  a 
great  — ,  very  — ,  complures,  -a 
(-ia),  gen.  -ium,  adj.;  so — ,  tot, 
Indccl.  adj.;  so  —  things,  ita 
mult  a. 

Marcellus,  Mdrcellus,  -I,  m. 

march,  1.  subst.,  iter,  itineris, 
N. ;  line  of — ,  iter,  itineris,  n.  2. 
vb.,  iter  facio.^ 

marches,  (-  frontiers)  fines, 
-ium,  M. 

marching,  iter,  itineris,  N. 


326 


Marcus 


more 


Marcus,  Marcus,  -i,  m.,  abbr.  M. 

maritime,  maritimns,  -a,  -nm, 
adj. 

Mariiis,  Manns,  -u,  m. 

raiarlf,  —  out,  mel07\^ 

marriage,  to  give  in  — :  nup- 
tum  (snp-)  dare;  conloco^  (w.  or 
Avithout  nuptuYfi) . 

marry,  (of  the  woman)  nuho^ ; 
see  also  marriage. 

Marseilles,  from  — ,  Massilien- 
sis,  -e,  adj. 

marsh,  palus,  -udis,  r. 

mass,  —  meeting,  contio,  -onis, 

F. 

massacre,  caedes,  -is,  f. 

Massiva,  Massiva,  -ae,  m. 

master,  magister,  -tri,  m.  ;  domi- 
nus,  -I,  M. 

match,  to  be  a  —  for,  par 
(gen. parts)  esse;  —  against,  ohi- 
cio^  (w.  ace.  and  dat.). 

matter,  (=  thing)  res,  gen.  rei 
(m,  re),  r. 

matters,  it — ,  interest,  refert 
or  refert;  (subst.)  res,  rerum,  f. 

me,  to  —  (=  in  my  estimation), 
apud  me. 

mean,  to  — ,sih'i  velle^see  volo). 

means,  (=  resources)  facultd- 
tes,  -um,  f.  (pi.)  ;  —  of  defence, 
reraedium,  -il,  N. ;  by  no  — ,  mi- 
nime,  adv. 

meantime,  (of  an  event  ex- 
tending through  the  interval)  in- 
tered,  adv. ;  (of  an  event  occurring 
w^ithin  the  interval)  irderim,  adv. 

meanwhile,  intenm,  adv. ;  in- 
tered,  adv.     See  also  meantime. 

measure,  (=  thing)  res,  gen. 
rel  (rei,  re),  f. 

Medea,  Medea,  -ae,  f. 

meet,  to  — ,  (w.  vbs.  of  motion) 
ohviara,  adv. 

meeting,  mass  — ,  cdntid,-onis,¥. 

memory,  memoria,  -ae,  f.  ; 
cherish  the  —  of,  mernini,  def . 

men,  (w.  poss.  pron.)  omitted  : 
as,  our  — ,  nostri,  -drum,  m. 

merchant,  mercdtor,  -oris,  m. 

mere,  ipse,  ipsa,  ipsum,  de- 
monstr.  pron. 


merely,  solum,  adv. 

messenger,  uuntius,  -it,  m. 

Messalla,  Messdlla,  -ae,  M. 

mid,  —  summer,  media  aestds 
(-dtis,  ¥.). 

middle,  —  of,  medius,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

midst,  medius,  -a,  -um,  adj. ; 
through  the  —  of  them,  per 
medios. 

mile,  mille  passus ;  mille  pas- 
suum. 

miles,  milia  (m'lUia)  passuum  ; 
milia  {so,,  passuum) . 

military,  militdris,  -e,  adj. ;  — 
tribune,  tribunus  militum. 

milk,  lac,  lactis,  n.  • 

mind,  animus,  -i,  m.  ;  ingenium,. 
-il,  N. ;  mens,  mentis,  f.  ;  (=  pur- 
pose, intention)  mens,  mentis,  f.  ; 
call  to  — ,  recordor'^  (usu.  w. 
ace.)  ;  recall  to  — ,  reminiscor,  -i 
(w.  gen.;  also  w.  ace).  When 
reminiscor  and  recordor  are  dis- 
tingnished,  the  former  means 
'  recall  to  mind,'  the  latter  '  re- 
flect on'  or  'review.' 

mindful,  memor,  -oris,  adj.  (w. 
gen.). 

mischief,  maleficium,  -ii,  N. 

misery,  malum,  -i,  N. 

misfortune,  fortHna,  -ae,  f. 
(the  misfortune  is  here  implied 
in  the  context). 

miss,  desidero} 

mistakes,  make  — ,  pecco  ^ ;  to 
make  the  same  — ,  eadem  peccdre. 

mob,  multitudo,  -inis,  f. 

mock,  eludo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus. 

mode,  consuetudo,  -inis,  f.  ;  (= 
kind)  genus,  -eris,  n. 

modestly,  modeste,  adv. 

moment,  (=  time)  tempus,  -oris, 
N. ;  at  the  —  when,  turn  cum; 
for  the  — ,  jam,  adv. 

moon,  luna,  -ae,  f. 

Moor,  Maurus,  -i,  m. 

Moorish,  Maurus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

morally,  —  bad,  improbus,  -a, 
-um,  adj. 

morals,  mores,  -um,  M.  (pi.). 

more,  magis,  adv. ;  (of  quan- 


3Iorini 


Nuiuicliaiis 


32T 


tity;  plus,  comp.  adj.  used  subst. 
(w.  part,  gen.) ;  (f requentl)^  w.  ex- 
pressious  of  number)  amplius,a,dy. 

Morini,  Morinl,  -drum,  M. 

mortification,  dolor,  -oris,  m. 

most,  —  people,  plenque,  adj. 
used  subst. 

mother,  mater,  -tris,  f. 

mound,  earth  — ,  tuimtlus,  -i, 

M. 

mount,  mons,  montis,  M. 
mountain,  mons,  montis,  M. 


move,   moveo^; 


forward, 


promoved  ^  ;  —  deeply,  permoveo  '^  / 
to  —  on,  pergere  hinc. 

movement,  (=  thing)  res,  gen. 
rn  (rei,  re),  f. 

much,  mnlttis,  -a,  -itni,  adj. ; 
very — ,  plurimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.; 
(adv.  =  by  much)  multo  ;  how — , 
qnantus,  -a,  -nm,  adj. 

multitude,  muUitudo.,  -inis,  v. 

music,  musice,  -es,  f. 

my,  mens,  -a,  -um,  poss.  pron.; 
—  own,  mens  ;  it  is  —  pleasure, 
mih\  placet ;  for  —  part,  equidem, 
adv. 

myself,  oblique  case  of  ego, 
met,  pers.  pron. 

N. 

name,  nomen,  -inis,  n. 

named,  (=  by  name)  nomine. 

Nantuates,  Nantudtes,  -um,  M. 

Naples,  Xfilpolis,  -is,  v. 

naturally,  naturd  (abl.). 

nature,  ndtftra,  -ae,  v. 

near,  ad,  prep.  w.  ace. 

nearest,  proximus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

nearly,  fere,  adv. 

necessary,  o;)Mj*,N,,used  as  nom. 
and  ace.  only  (w.  dat.  pers.  and 
abl.  th.). 

need,  opwf,  N.  (see  foregoing 
word) ;  (vb.)  indigeo^  (w.  gen.  or 
abl.). 

neglect,  negle.go.* 

neighbors,  finitimi,  -drttm,  M. 
(adj.  used  subst.). 

neighboring,  flnitimns,  -a,  -um, 
adj.;  (=  nearest)  proximus,  -a, 
■um,  adj. 


!  neither,  neqite,  nee,  conj. ;  — • 
I  party,  neutrl,  -drum,  m. 

Nero,  Nero,  -onis,  m. 

Nervii,  Xervil,  -drum,  M. 

never,  nunquam  or  numquam, 
adv. 

nevertheless,  tamcn,  conj. 

ne^v,  novus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

nex.t,  proximus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

night,  nox,  noctis,  v. 

night-fall,  (=  first  part  of  the 
night)  prima  nox  (gen.  noctis,  v.). 

ninth,  nonus,  -a,  -um,  ord.  num. 
adj. 

no,  7iullus,  -a,  -um,  adj.;  (em- 
phatic) nemo  (used  adj.);  (= 
not)  non,  adv.;  —  one:  nemo 
(see  nemo  in  Latin-English  vo- 
cabulary) ;  uTilhis,  -tus  (adj.  used 
subst.) ;  —  one  but,  nemo  nisi;  by 

—  means,  minime,  adv.  (superl.). 
nobility,  nobilitds,  -dtis,  v. 
noble,  nobilis,  -e,  adj.;   subst., 

nohiUs,  -is,  M. 

nor,  neque,  nee,  conj. 

north,  septentno,  -dnis,  m. 

north-east,  see  '  north '  and 
'  east.' 

not,  non,  adv.;  haud,  adv. 
(usu.  w.  adverbs;  also  w.  8cid)\ 
(=  less)  minus,  adv. ;  (in  ques- 
tions implying  an  affirmative 
answer)  nonne,  interrog.  particle; 
and  — ,  neque,  nee,  conj. ;  that  — , 
not  (in  final,  hortatory,  imperat., 
and  optative  clauses)  ne;   that 

—  any,  that  no  (in  final  and 
imperat.  clauses),  ne  qui,  qua  or 
quae,  quod,  indef.  adj. ;  not  .  .  . 
either  .  .  .  or,  neque  .  .  .  neque. 

note,  animndvortd.^ 

nothing,  nihil  or  nil,  n.,  def. ; 
nulla  res;  —  but,  nihil  nisi. 

now,  nunc,  adv. ;  j«m,  adv. 

Numantia,  Nnmantia,  -ae,  v. 

number,  numerus,  -%,  .m. 

numbers,  great  — ,  mdgnae 
cdpiae  (-drum),  v.;  in  great  — , 
frequens,  -eniis,  adj. 

numerous,  crebcr,  -bra,  -brum, 
atlj. 

Niuoldlaus,  Nuniidae,  -drum,  M. 


328 


ont 


O,  oh,  o,  inter j. 

obedience,  yield  — ,  pared,  -err, 

-HI. 

obey,  pared  ^  (w.  dat.). 

object',  recuso'^ ;  to  —  to,  re- 
rnsdre  de  (w.  abl.).    _       ^ 

ob'ject,  res,  gcu.  re'i  (j'ei,  re),  v. 

obscurity,  ohscuntds,  -dtis,  v. 

observe,  animadverto.^ 

obtain,  ohtined'^  {\y.  ace);  (= 
prepare)  comparo'^ ;  (=  obtain  pos- 
session of)  potior  *  (w.  abl. ;  also 
w.  gen.)  ;  —  a  request,  inipetro.^ 

occur,  accido  ^  ;  fid. 

Octodurus,  Octodurus,  -i,  M. 

odds,  struggle  against  — ,  la- 
horo.^ 

Oedipus,  Oedipus,  -odis  or  -i,M. 

of,  sign  of  gen. ;  (=  about,  con- 
cerning) de,  prep.  w.  abl.;  (= 
from)  ab,  a,  ex,  e,  de,  preps,  w. 
abl. ;  out  — ,  ex,  e,  prep.  w.  abl. 

off,  to  come  — ,  se  inde  recipere  ; 
to  come  —  conqueror,  superior 
discedere;  carry  — ,  ahducd^ ; 
cut  — :  excipio^;  (from  supplies) 
prohibeo  ^  (w.  ace.  and  abl.) ; 
ward  —  from,  propulso  ^  (w.  ab, 
a  and  abl.);  hold  — ,  abstineo.'^ 

offence,  res,  gen.  ret  (m,  re),  r. 

offer,  —  resistance,  resisto? 

office,  {=  duty,  function)  mu- 
nus,  -eris,  n. 

often,  saepe,  adv. 

oftentimes,  saepenumero,  adv. 

old,  vetus,  -eris,  adj. ;  —  man, 
senex,  senis,  m. 

old  age,  senectus,  -utis,  f. 

on,  in,  prep.  w.  abl. ;  (desig- 
nating the  point  from  which)  ab, 
a,  ex,  e,  preps,  w,  abl. ;  (=  con- 
cerning) de,  prep.  w.  abl. ;  (= 
against)  in,  prep.  w.  ace. ;  (= 
from  this  place)  hinc,  adv.;  On! 
agite  (imperat.)  ;  (in  expressions 
of  time)  sign  of  abl.  of  time. 

once,  quondam,  adv. ;  at  —  (== 
at  one  time)  ilno  tempore. 

one,  unus,  -a,  -wm,  num  adj. ; 
(of  two)  alter,  -era,  -erum ;  (w. 
substs.  pi.  in  form,  but  sing,  in 


meaning)  uni,  -ae,  -a  (pi.  of 
unus)  ;  —  by  — ,  singull,  -ae,  -a, 
distr.  num.  adj. ;  this  —  thing, 
id  unum ,'  one  .  .  .  another,  alius 
.  .  .  alius ;  at  one  time  .  .  .  at 
another,  alias  .  .  .  alias. 

one's  self,  siii,  sib'i,  se  (sese), 
reflexive  pron. ;  devote  — ,  servio  * 
(w.  dat.). 

only,  (=  altogether,  in  all) 
omnlnd,  adv.;  if  — ,  dum,  conj. 
(w.  subj.)  ;  the  —  one,  unus,  -a, 
-um,  num.  adj.;  not  only  .  .  .  but 
also,  et .  .  .  et,  ndn  modo  or  ndn 
solum  .  .  .  sed  etiam  or  verum 
etiam  ;  and  not  only  . . .  but  also, 
neque  solum  .  .  .  sed  etiam. 

onset,  impetus,  -us,  m. 

open,  laxo^ ;  to  —  an  engage- 
ment, proelium  committere. 

openly,  aperte,  adv. 

opinion,  sententia,  -ae.,  r.;  opi- 
nio, -onis,  F. 

opportune,  opportunus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

opportunity,  occdsid,  -dnis,  f.  ; 
facultds,  -dtis,  f. 

opposed,  diversus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

or,  aut,  conj.;  either  ...  or: 
(when  a  choice  is  offered)  vel .  .  . 
vel  ;  (when  one  excludes  the 
other)  aut.  .  .aut;  not.  .  .either 
.  .  .  or,  neque  .  .  .  neque. 

orator,  ordtor,  -dris,  m. 

order,  1.  subst.,  imperium,  -li, 
N.  2.  vb.,  jubed  (w.  infin.).  3. 
conj.,  in  —  to:  ut  (w.  subj.); 
(w.  comp.)  qud  (w.  subj.). 

Orgetorix,  Orgetorix,  -igis,  m. 

other,  alius,  -a,  -ud,  adj.  and 
subst. ;  some  . .  .  others,  pars  .  .  . 
alii ;  (=  the  rest  of)  ceteri,  -ae,  -a, 
adj.(usu.  pi.)  ;  with  each  — ,  inter 
se ;  some  .  .  .  the  others,  alterl 
.  .  .  alteri  ;  others',  alienus,  -a, 
-um,  adj. 

ought,  debed'^  ;  oportet^^  im- 
pers.  (w.  ace.  and  infln.  as  sub- 
ject; also  w.  subj.  clause). 

our,  —  own,  noster,  -tra,  -trum, 
poss.  pron.;  —  men,  —  party, 
nostri,  -drum,  m. 


out 


Pompey 


329 


out,  —  of,  ex,  -e,  prep.  w.  abl. 

outcry,  vox,  vocis.  f. 

outstretch,  pando.^ 

over,  see  'go'  or  'step.' 

overcome,  —  with  terror,  per- 
terreo.- 

overlook,  condonb} 

overwhelm,  opprimo.^ 

owing,  —  to,  propter,  prep.  w. 
ace. 

own,  his  — ,  their  — ,  suus,  -a, 
-urn,  poss.  pron.;  our  — ,  noster, 
-tra,  -trum,  poss.  pron. ;  my  — , 
mens,  -a,  -umy  poss.  pron. 

P. 

pace,  j)ass«s,  -us,  m. 

pain,  dolor,  -oris,  M. 

pains,  opera,  -ae,  f. 

panic,  there  is  a  — ,  trepiddtur. 

paralyze,  —  with  fear,  per- 
terreo.^ 

pardon,  ignosm? 

parent,  parens,  -entis,  c. 

Parmenio,  Parmenio,  -onis,  m. 

part,  pars,  partis,  f.  ;  for  my 
— ,  equidem,  adv. ;  take  —  in,  in- 
tersum  (w.  dat.). 

partiality,  exercise  — ,  studeo.^ 

party,  pars,  partis,  f.;  our — , 
nostn,  -drum,  m. 

pass,  effluo,  -ere,  -x'l;  —  Judg- 
ment upon,  sentio*  (w.  de  and 
abl.);  —  round,  circumfero;  — 
through,  tr'insed* 

passage,  iter,  itineris,  N. 

passion,  give  way  to  — ,  ird- 
8Cor.^ 

passionate,  Irdcundus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

past,  the  — ,  praeterita,  -drum, 
N.,  p.  a.  used  subst. 

path,  by  a  circuitous  — ,  in 
circnUa. 

patience,  patientia,  -ae,  v. 

patrimony,  res  familidris,  adj. 

patriotism,  amor  patriae. 

pay,  —  respects  to,  salUtO.^ 

peace,  pox,  pacts,  f. 

Peluslum,  PHusium,  -u,  N. 

penalty, />(/ena,  -ae,  f.;  (=  fine) 
fis,  litis,  F. 


penetrate,  —  to,  adeo*  (w.  ad 
and  ace.). 

penetrating,  deer,  -cris,  -ere, 
adj. 

people,  populus,  -i,  m.  ;  com- 
mon — ,  plebs,  -is,  f.  ;  most  — , 
pler'ique,  M.  pi.  adj.  used  subst. 

perceive,  animuni  adverto  or 
animadverto^  (vv.  ace.)  ;  perspicio.^ 

perform,  praesto^  (w.  ace.). 

peril,  perlculum,  -i,  x. 

perilous,  perlculosus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

period,  tempus,  -oris,  N. 

permit,  patior.^ 

permitted,  it  is  — ,  licet,^  im- 
pers.  (w.  dat.  pers.). 

pernicious,  perniciosus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

persevere,  —  in,  cdnjirmd.^ 

personally,  he,  they,  etc.  — , 
proper  form  of  ipse. 

persons,  these  same  — ,  Idem 
(raasc.  pi.),  demonstr.  pron. 

persuade,  persuaded'^  (w.  dat. 
pers.). 

Picene,  Plcenus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

pile,  tignum,  -i,  n. 

pilot,  guherndtor,  -oris,  M. 

Piso,  Piso,  -onis,  M. 

pitcla.,  pond.* 

pitiable,  miser,  -era,  -erum,  adj. 

pity,  misereor'^  (w.  gen.). 

place,  1.  subst,  locus,  -i,  m.;  in 
pi.  (usually)  loca,  -drum,  n.;  In 
that  — ,  ilil,  adv. ;  to  some  — ,  ali- 
quo,  adv. ;  take  — ,  f'lo.  2.  vb., 
pdnd^  ;  conloco.^ 

plan,  consilium,  -fi,  n. 

pleasant,  grdtus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

please,  delecto^;  (==  wish, 
choose)  volo. 

pleasure,  it  is  one's  — ,  placet^^ 
inipers.  (w.  dat.  pers.). 

point,  to  that  — ,  eo,  adv. ;  in 
—  of  fact,  re ;  to  make  a  —  of, 
dare  operam  ut  (w.  subj.) ;  — 
out,  pxpono.^ 

policy,  consilium,  -it,  N. 

political,  —  power,  polentia, 

-ae,  V. 

Pompey,  Pompous,  Pompel,  m. 


330 


Pontus 


pnt 


Pontiis,  Pontus,  -i,  m. 
poor,  pauper,  -eris,  adj. 
popular,  {■=  acceptable)  accep- 
tns,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. 

population,  hominum  numerus, 

-i,  M. 

position,  (=  place)  locus,  -i,  m.  ; 
take  — ,  maintain  one's  — ,  con- 
sisto.^ 

possess,  possideo.^ 

possession,  possessio,  -onis,  r. ; 
obtain  —  of,  potior^  (w.  abl.; 
also  w.  gen.)  ;  take  —  of,  seize, 
occupo  1  (w.  ace). 

possible,  possibly,  (w.  superl.) 
quam,  adv.  (w.  or  without  proper 
fill,  of  j^ossum)  ;  It  is  — ,  (=  it  is 
permitted)  licet,^  impers.  (w.  dat. 
pers.). 

post,  constitud^;  be  posted, 
consisto.^ 

posterity,  posteri,  -drum,  M. 
(adj.  used  subst.). 

poverty,  inopia,  -ae,  f. 

power,  potestds,  -dtis,  f. 

powerful,  potens,  -entis,  adj.; 
to  be  very  — ,  largiter  posse. 

practice,  consuetudo,  -inis,  f.  ; 
(==  training)  exercitdtib,  -onis,  f. 

praetor,  praetor,  -oris,  m. 

praise,  laudo.^ 

pray  (exclam.),  tandem,  adv. 

precautions,  take  special  — , 
mdgnopere  praecaveo  {-ere,  -cdvi, 
-cantus). 

preceding,  superior,  -ius,  adj. 
corap.;  on  the  —  day,  pridie, 
adv. 

prefer,  antepono'^  (w.  ace.  and 
dat.)  ;  (=  wish  rather)  mdlo. 

preoccupation,  cogitdtio,  -onis, 
f. 

prepare,  ^aro.i 

presence,  praesentia,  -ae,  f. 

present,  x)raesens,  -entis,  adj. ; 
the  — ,  praesentia,  -iiim,  neut.  pi. 
adj.  used  subst. ;  be  — ,  adsum. 

preserve,  conservo} 

preserved,  salvus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

press,  —  earnestly,  postulb^ 
(w.  ace.  th.,  and  abl.  pers.  w.  ah, 
a). 


prevail,  —  upon,  persuaded'^ 
(w.  dat,  pers.). 
prevent,  prohibeo.^ 
price,  at  the  highest  possible 

— ,  quam  plurimb. 

priestly,  —  dignity,  sacerdo- 
tium,  -u,  N. 

principle,  recognized  — ,  jus., 
juris,  N. 

private,  —  citizen,  privdtiis,  -i, 
M.  (p.  a.  used  subst.) ;  —  re- 
sources, res  familidris. 

Procillus,  Procilhis,  -i,  m. 

proclaim,  (=  declare,  pro- 
nounce) judico.^ 

produce,  fructus,  -us,  m. 

progress,  be  In  — ,  fid. 

promise,  polliceor.'^ 

proper,  it  is  — ,  oportet,^  impers. 

prophetess,  prophet,  vdtes,  -is, 
c. 

prospect,  spes,  gen.  spei  (B),  f. 

prosperous, /ore?is,  -entis,  p.  a. 

prostrate,  lie  — ,  jaceo.^ 

protect,  munio  * ;  circummu- 
nio^;  —  from,  prohibeo^  (w.  ab 
and  abl.). 

protection,  praesidium,  -ii,  n. 

provide,  provided.^ 

provided,  dum,  dummodo  (w. 
subj.). 

province,  2)7'dvincia,  -ae,  f. 

provisions,  res  frumentdria. 

provocation,  without  — ,  in- 
juria. 

public,  publicus,  -a,  -um,  adj. ; 

—  enemy,  hostis,  -is,  c. 
pnni&h.f  punio.^ 
punishment,     supplicium,    -ii, 

N. ;  (=  expiation  or  penalty) 
poena,  -ae,  f. 

pupil,  discipulus,  -i,  m. 

purificatory,  —  sacrifice,  lu- 
strum, -I,  N. 

purpose,  mens,  mentis,  f.  ;  (= 
wish)  voluntas,  -dtis,  f.  ;  for  the 

—  of,  causd  (w.  gen._  preceding) ; 
(=  thing)  res,  gen.  rei  {rei,  re),  v. 

pursue,  sequor.^ 

put,  —  aside,  deponb^  ;  .  —  to 
death,  need  ^ ;  —  to  flight,  In  fu- 
gam  conicid.^ 


quantity 


remiss 


331 


Q. 

quantity,  a  great  —  of,  inghis, 
-entls,  adj. 

quarter,  (=  part,  direction) 
pars,  partis,  v. 

quarters,  winter  — ,  Mherna, 
-ontyn,  n.  ;  at  close — ,  comminus, 
adv. 

quest,  go  in  —  of,  peto.^ 

question,  main  — ,  sententia, 
-ae,  F. 

quickly,  celeriter,  adv. 

quiot,  be  — ,  quiesco.^ 

quietly,  modesfe,  adv. 

quite,  plane,  adv. 

R. 

race,  genua,  -eris,  n.  ;  (=  peo- 
ple) populus,  -I,  M. 

raid,  to  make  a  —  on,  se  eicere 
(w.  in  and  ace.)- 

raise,  exstruo.^ 

rampart,  vallum,  -i,  N. 

rank,  ordo,  -inis,  m.  ;  (=  nobil- 
ity) nobilitds,  -dtis,  f.  ;  of  high  — , 
Hohilis,  -e,  adj. 

rapidly,  strhiue,  adv. 

rate,  at  any  — ,  crrte,  adv. 

rather,  (w.  an  adj.)  sign  of 
com  p. ;   choose  — ,  mdlo. 

reach,  evddo,  -ere,  -s'l,  -siis  (w. 
in  and  ace). 

readily, /act7f?,  adv. 

rear,  novissimum  agrnen,  -inis, 
N. ;  In  the  — :  ab  novissimls ;  a 
novissimo  agmine. 

reason,  causa,  -ae,  r. ;  for  what 
— ,  qiu'i  de  causa. 

recall,  —  to  mind,  reminiscor, 
•l  (w.  gen.;  also  w.  ace);  (= 
witlidraw)  deduco? 

recalling,  (=  mindful  of)  me- 
mor,  -oris,  adj.  (w.  gen.). 

receive,  accipio^  ;  (=  take)  ca- 
pio.^ 

recent,  recena^  -entis,  adj. 

nH'klefisly,  temere,  adv. 

re<*kle«8iiess,  auddeia,  -ne,  v. 

recognized,  —  principle,  jm, 
juriif,  N. 

recollection,  animus,  A,  m. 

recompense^  remuneror} 


recount,  memoro^;  commemo- 
ro} 

recourse,  have  —  to,  descendo  ^ 
(w.  ad  and  ace.)  ;  declino'^  (w.  ad 
and  ace). 

recover,  to  —  (intr.),  se  reci- 
pere ;  (from  illness)  convalesco, 
-ere,  -ui. 

redoubt,  cnstelhnn,  -t,  n. 

reduce,  redigd.^ 

reenforcement,  suhsidium,  -li, 

N. 

reference,  make  —  to,  refero 
(w.  ad  and  ace.). 

reflect, —  on,  recorder^  (usu. 
w.  ace). 

refrain,  —  from,  tempero  (w. 
ah  andabl.), 

refuge,  to  flee  for  — ,  se  reci- 
pare. 

refuse,  recuso  ^ ;  to  —  to  :  recil- 
sdre  quominus  or  qu'in  (w.  subj.) ; 
also  recusdre  w.  infln.;  to  —  to 
pay,  recusdre  de  (w.  abl.). 

regard,  (—  consider)  Iiabeo'^; 
(=  respect,  heed)  spectd  ^ ;  have 
—  for,  cdnsulo^  (w.  dat). 

region,  regio,  -onis,  v. 

regret,  paenitet,'^  impers.  (w. 
ace  pers.  and  gen.  tli.). 

reject,  rcpudid} 

release,  Hbero^  (w.  ace  and  abl.). 

relief,  subsidium,  -ft,  s. 

relieve,  (=  succor)  sublevo  ^  (w. 
ace)  ;  (=  set  free)  I'lbero.^ 

remain,  maneo^ ;  (=  stay  be- 
hind) remaned^;  (=  stay  through) 
pcnnanro^ ;  (=  be)  sum. 

remaining,  reliquus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

Keman,  Rhnus,  -i,  M. 

remarkable,  (=  great)  md- 
gnus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

remember,  memini,  dof.  (w. 
gen.;  also  w.  ace);  memorid 
teni'o^ 

remembrance,  mntioria,  -ae,  v. 

Keml,  /ieiin,  -orum,  M. 

remind,  admoneo'^  (w.  ace 
pers.  and  gen.  th.;  also  abl.  th.  w. 
de). 

remiss,  be  — ,  desum. 


832 


remotest 


saddles 


remotest,  —  part  of,  extremus, 
-a,  -um,  adj. 

remove,  removed  ^  ;  (=  move  to 
a  distance)  amoved  '^ ;  (=  do  away 
with,  destroy)  tollo.^ 

render,  efficio^;  {=  bring) /ero. 

renew,  renovo} 

renown,  of  the  highest  — , 
cldrissimus,  -a,  -um^  adj. 

reparation,  make  — ,  satisfa- 
cid^  (w.  dat.). 

repel,  defendd? 

repent,  paenitet,'^  impers.  (w. 
ace.  pers.  and  gen.  th,). 

reply,  tell  in  — ,  responded.'^ 

report,  nuntio'^ ;  {=  divulge) 
enuntio'^;  (=  bring  back  word) 
renuntio.^ 

reprobate,  improbiis,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

reputation,  opinio,  -onis,  y. 

request,  obtain  a  — ,  impetroA 

require,  egeo'^  (w.  gen. or  abl.). 

requisition,  make  a  —  for,  im- 
pero'^  (w.  ace.  and  dat.). 

rescue,  eripid.^ 

resist,  resistd.^ 

resistance,  offer  — ,  resistd.^ 

resolve,  cdnstitud.^ 

resources,  opes,  -\im,  f.  ;  (= 
private  resources)  res  familidris. 

respect,  spectd  ^ ;  ohservd} 

respects,  pay  — ■  to,  salutd^ 

respond,  responded,''^ 

rest,  the  —  of,  reliquus,  -a, 
'Um,  adj.;  the — :  reliqui, -drum, 
masc.  adj.  used  subst.  ;  cete7% 
-drum,  masc.  adj.  used  subst. ;  set 
at  — ,  compdnd^ ;  (vb.)  requiescd, 
-ere,  -evi,  -etus  (adj.). 

restore,  reddd  ^  ;  restitud.^ 

restrain,  to  —  one's  inclina- 
tion, sibitemper(lrequi)i(w.  subj.). 

result,  the  —  is, j^f  (fid). 

results,  it  — ,  Jit  (fid). 

retain,  retined.'^ 

retard,  tardd.^ 

return,  1.  intr.,  revertd^ ;  re- 
vertor^ ;  reded.'^    2.  ir.,  reddd.^ 

revenue,  vectigal,  -dlis,  n. 

review,recor(?ori  (usu.w.acc.)  ; 
recdgnosco.^ 


revile,  carpd.^ 

revolt,  —  from,  desciscd^  (w. 
ah  or  a  and  abl.). 

reward,  praemium^  -n,  N. 

Rhine,  lihenus,  -i,  M. 

Rhone,  Rhodanus,  -I,  m. 

riches,  divitiae,  -drum,  r. 

ridge,  jugum,  -i,  n. 

right,  dexter,  -tra,  -trum,  also 
-tera,  -terum,  adj. 

ripe,  mdturus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

rise,  orior*  (w.  some  fms.  of  the 
3d  conjugation). 

rising,  ortus,  -us,  m.  ;  —  ground, 
tumulus,  -I,  M. 

risk,  periculum,  -i,  n.  ;  —  the 
loss  of,  dmittd^ ,'  w^ithout  —  of 
injury,  si7ie  fraude. 

river,  Jlumen,  -inis,  N. 

road,  iter,  itineris,  n.  ;  (=  the 
travelled  road)  via,  -ae,  r. 

rob,  exspolid  ^(vv.  ace.  and  abl.). 

rock,  rupes,  -is,  f. 

Roman,  lldmdnus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

Romans,  Rdmdni,  -drum,  M. 

Rome,  Rdma,  -ae,  f. 

room,  locus,  -i,  M. 

rough,  asper,  -era,  -erum,  adj. 

round,  pass  — ,  circumferd. 

rout,  (=  drive  before  one's 
self)  prdpelld,  -ere,  -pidi,  -pulsus; 
(=  throw  into  confusion)  per- 
turhd.^ 

route,  iter,  itineris,  n. 

royal,  regius,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

rugged,  asper,  -era,  -erum,  adj. 

ruinous,  pernicidsus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

rule,  regd.^ 

rush,  make  a  — ,  concurfo.^ 

S. 
Sabinus,  Sahinus,  -i,  m.        _^ 
sacrifice,    1.   subst.,   supplicia, 
-drum,   N.  ;    purificatory  — ,    lu- 
strum, -I,  N.     2.  vb.,  (of  victims) 
immold  ^ ;  (=  lose)  dmittd.^ 
sacrificial,  —  dish,  patera,  -ae, 

F. 

sad,  tristis,  -e,  adj. 

saddles,   furnished   w^ith    — , 

ephippidtus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 


sadly 


shut 


383 


sadly,  (=  sad)  tristis,  -e,  adj. 

safe,  salvns,  -a,  -urn,  adj. 

safety,  salus,  -utis,  f. 

sail,  iiavigb.^ 

sailor,  nanta,  -ae,  M. 

sake,  for  the  —  of,  cmisd  (w. 
gen.  preceding). 

Sambre,  Sabis,  -is,  M.  (ace. 
-im;  abl.  -I). 

same.  Idem,  eadem,  idem,  de- 
monstr.  pron.;  these  —  persons, 
idem  (pi.  masc.)  ;  at  the  —  time, 
simul,  adv. 

Santones,  Santones,  -urn,  m. 

sate,  expleoP- 

satisfaction,  give  — ,  satisfacio  ^ 
(w.  dat.). 

satisfy,  expleo.^ 

savage,  barbarus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

say,  dicd^;  says  he,  inquit 
(placed  after  one  or  more  words 
of  a  direct  quotation) ;  —  not, 
nef/o.^ 

Scipio,  Scipio,  -bnis,  m. 

sea,  mare,  -is,  n.  ;  (w.  ref.  to 
the  surface)  aequor,  -oris,  n.;  by 
— :  mari;  (adj.)  maritimtis,  -a, 
-um. 

search,  quaero.^ 

season,  winter  — ,  bruma,  -ae, 

V. 

second,  secundtis,  -a,  -um,  adj. ; 
a  —  time,  iterum,  adv. 
secondly,  deinde,  adv. 
secret,  in  — ,  occulto,  adv. 


secure. 


make 


munio  * ;  strive  to  — ,  appeto.^ 

see,  vided^;  cernb^ ;  (=  descry) 
conspicio*;  (=  provide  or  see  to) 
provideo.^ 

seek,  peto  ^ ;  —  after,  appet^.^ 

seem,  videor.^ 

seems,  it  —  good,  placet,^  im- 
pers. 

S^usiavl,  Segusidvl,  -orum^  m. 

seize,  (=  grasp  firmly)  compre- 
Jtendo*;  (=  takeaway)  detraho* 
(w.  ace.  th.  and  dat.  pers.);  (= 
take  possession  of)  occupu.^ 

select,  dUiffo^ 

Sena,  Sena,  -ae,  v. 

eenate,  aendtust  -w,  u. 


senator,  senator,  -oris,  m. 

send,  mitto  ^ ;  —  forward,  — 
in  advance,  praemitto  ^  ;  — back, 
remitto  ^  ;  —  for,  arcesso.^ 

separate,  divido  ^ ;  secerno.^ 

Sequani,  Sequani,  -Drum,  m. 

Sequanian,  Sequan^is,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

serve,  to  —  as,  esse  (w.  dat.). 

service,  beneficium,  -li,  n. 

services,  opera,  -de,  v. 

serviceable,  idoneus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

Servius,  Servius,  -li,  m. 

set,  —  up,  constitud  ^ ;  —  out, 
projiciscor^  ;  —  forth,  propono^  ; 
—  at  rest,  compbnb.^ 

setting,  occdsus,  -us,  m. 

settle,  (of  disputes)  componb.^ 

sever,  —  themselves,  pass,  of 
discernb,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretus. 

several,  cojnpZiirea, -a  (-ia),gen. 
•ium,  adj. 

severe,  gravis,  -e,  adj. 

severely,  graviter,  adv.;  vehe- 
menter,  adv. 

shake,  concutib,  -ere,  -ctissi, 
-cussus. 

shameless,  —  course,  avMdda, 
-ae,  F. 

shames,  it  — ,  pudet^  (w.  ace. 
pers.  and  gen.  th.). 

shape,  Jigura,  -ae,  f. 

shave,  rddb,  -ere,  -st,  -sua. 

she,  ea  (fern,  of  is) ;  omitted 
when  implied  in  the  context. 

shed,  vinea,  -ae,  v. 

shield,  scutum,  -i,  N. 

ship,  ndvis,  -is,  f.  ;  —  of  war, 
ndvis  longa. 

shipwreck,  naufragium,  -it,  n. 

shore,  (of  the  sea)  I'ltuif,  -oris, 

N. 

short,  hrevis,  -e,  adj. 

shortest,  proximus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

shouting,  clamor,  -oris,  m. 

show,  ostendb  ■' ;  doceb.'^ 

shrink,  —  from,  deprecor} 

shudder,  —  at,  perhorrisco, 
■ere,  -horru'i. 

shut,  —  up,  claursus,  -a,  -um, 
p.  a. 


334 


sick 


steadfastness 


sick,  aeger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj. 

side,  latus,  -eris,  n.  ;  (=  part) 
pa7's,  partis,  f. 

sight,  conspectus,  -us,  m.  ;  (= 
eyes)  ocull,  -drum,  m.  ;  catch  — 
of,  conspicid.^ 

signal,  signum,  -i,  n. 

Silanus,  Sildnus,  -i,  m. 

similar,  similis,  -e,  adj. 

since,  quoniam,  conj. ;  cwm, 
couj.  (w.  subj.). 

single,  singuli,  -ae,  -a,  distr, 
num.  adj.;  a  — ,  unus,  -a,  -urn, 
nnm.  adj. 

site,  locus,  -I,  M. 

six,  sex,  indecl.  num.  adj. 

sixty,  sexdgintd,  indecl.  num. 
adj. 

slcilled,  peritus,  -a,  -um,  p.  a. 
(w.  gen.). 

skillful,  perttuSf  -a,  -um,  p.  a. 
(w.  gen.). 

skin,  pellis,  -is,  F. 

slaughter,  caedes,  -is,  f. 

slave,  servus,  -i,  m. 

slavery,  servitus,  -utis,  f. 

slaves,  familia,  -.ae,  f.  ;  servi- 
tium,  -II,  N.  (in  sing,  or  pi.). 

slh,y,  occldo? 

sleep,  (=  rest)  requiesco,  -ere, 
-evi,  -etus  (adj.). 

slight,  parvus,  -a,  -um,  adj. ; 
mediocris,  -e,  adj. 

sloping,  declwis,  -e,  adj. 

small, parvus,  -a,  -um,  adj. ;  (= 
low)  humilis,  -e,  adj. 

smaller,  minor,  -us,  adj. 

smoke, /zl?»«s,  -i,  m. 

so,  sic,  adv. ;  ita,  adv. ;  tarn, 
adv. ;  and  — ,  itaque,  couj. ;  so 
.  .  .  that,  sic  or  ita  .  .  .  uti  or  ut 
(w.  subj.)  ;  so  ...  as,  tarn  .  .  . 
quam. 

soil,  ager,  -gri,  m. 

soldier,  miles,  -itis,  m.  ;  com- 
mon — ,  miles,  -itis,  m.  ;  foot  — , 
pedes,  -itis,  m. 

solicit,  postulo.^ 

solicitude,  kind  — ,  voluntds, 
-dtis,  f. 

solitude,  sdlitudo,  -inis,  f. 

some,  aliqui,   aliqua,    aliquod, 


indef .  adj.  pron. ;  —  one,  —  thing, 
aliquis,  aliquid,  indef.  pron.;  some 
(pi.),  aliqui,  quidam ;  some... 
others,  a?u  or  pars  .  .  .  alii;  some 
.  .  .  the  others  (the  whole  num- 
ber being  made  up  of  two  parties), 
alterl  .  .  .  alterl;  to  —  place,  ali- 
qiio,  adv. 

son,  fllius,  -11,  M. 

son-in-law,  gener,  -eri,  M. 

soon,  as  —  as,  simul  atque, 
uhi  pnmum. 

sooner,  celerius,  adv.;  mdtH- 
rius,  adv. 

sorry,  I  am  — ,  me  miseret,^ 
impers.  (w.  gen.). 

sort,  of  such  a  — ,  ejus  7nodi. 

source,  (=  head)  caput,  -itis,  n. 

sovereign,  —  power,  —  au- 
thority, regnum,  -I,  n. 

space,  spatium,  -n,  n. 

spare,  1.  vb.,  parco^  (w.  dat.). 
2.  adj.,  exiguus,  -a,  -um. 

speak,  loquor^  ;  dlcd.^ 

speaking,  generally  — ,  ple- 
rumque,  adv. 

special,  (=  specially)  mdgno- 
pere,  adv. 

speed,  celeritds,  -dtis,  f. 

speedily,  celeriter,  adv. 

speedy,  celer,  -eris,  -ere,  adj. 

spend,  —  the  w^inter.  Memo} 

spirit,  animiis,  -I,  m. 

spiritless,  iners,  -ertis,  adj. 

spring,  ver,  veris,  x. 

Spurius,  Spurius,  -fi,  u.,  abbr. 
Sp. 

squander,  profundo,  -ere,  -fud^, 
-fusus. 

stable,  firmus,  -a,  -um. 

stage,  gradus,  -Us,  m. 

stand,  (=  keep  erect)  sto'^; 
stand,  make  a  — ,  consisto^ ;  — 
by,  adsum  (w.  dat.). 

standards,  slgna,  -drum,  n. 

state,  clvitds,  -dtis,  f.  ;  res  pU- 
blica,  rel  publicae,  f. 

Statilius,  Statilius,  -il,  m. 

station,  constituo^  ;  conlocoA 

stature,  statura,  -qp,  f.  ;  dimin- 
utive — ,  hrevitds,  -dtis,  v. 

steadfastness,  constantia,  -ae,  f. 


stealthily 


sworn 


335 


stealthily,  furtim,  adv. 

steep,  (^  high)  altus,  -a,  -urn, 
p.  a. 

steer,  guherno} 

step,  —  over,  transgredioi',  -I, 
-gressus  (w.  ace). 

stern,  puppis,  -is,  f. 

still,  (=  nevertheless)  tamen, 
conj. 

stimulate,  excito.^ 

stone,  saxum,  -I,  N. 

stores,  copiae,  -drum,  p. 

storm,  tempestds,  -dtis,  F. 

storj^,  tabuldtum,  -i,  N. 

strange,  mirits,  -a,  -urn,  adj.; 
(=  new)  7ioims,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

stratagem,  cdtisilium,  -ii,  s. 

strengthen,  con'oboro.^ 

stretch,  tendoJ^ 

strife,  (of  political  parties) 
studUim,  -ii,  n. 

strilte,  (by  lightning)  percutio, 
-ere,  -aissl,  -cussus. 

strive,  —  to  secure,  appeto.^ 

strong,  so  —  a,  tantus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

struggle,  1.  subst.,  contentio, 
-onis,  F.  2.  vb.,  —  against  odds, 
lahoro.^ 

subject,  res,  gen.  m  (rel,  re), 
F. ;  (=  tributary)  stlpetididrius,  -rt, 
•um,  adj. 

submit,  servio  *  (w.  dat.)  ;  — 
to:  potior^;  subeo*  (w.  ace). 

subsist,  vf'scor^  (w.  abl.). 

substantially,  (:=  almost)  fere, 
adv.;  —  as  follows,  hHjusce 
modi. 

successful,  secAtndus,  -a,  -um, 
adj  ;  bring  to  a  —  issue,  bene 
gero.* 

succession,  in  — ,  contiiiuus,  -a, 
-um,  adj. 

successive,  continuus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

such,  talis, -e,  adj.;  is,  ea,  id, 
dcmonstr.  pron. ;  of  —  a  sort, 
ejus  modi;  (=  so  great)  tantus, 
-a,  -um,  adj. 

sudden,  rependnus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

suddenly,  8ubito,  adv.;  rqpente, 
adv. 


Suebi,  Siiehl,  -drum,  m. 

Suessiones,  Suessiones,  -um,  m. 

suflFer,  potior.^ 

sutTerable,  ferendus,  -a,  -um 
(ger.  otfero). 

sufficient,  satis  (w.  part,  gen.)  ; 
—  time,  spatium,  -ii,  n. 

suitable,  idonetts,  -a,  -um,  adj. 
(w.  ad  and  ace,  or  w.  dat;  also 
w.  rel.  clause  containing  subj.). 

Sulla,  Sfdla,  -ae,  m.;  of — ,  Sul- 
Idnus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

sum,  summas  -ae,  f. 

summer,  «es^ds,  -dtis,  f.;  mid 
— ,  media  aestds. 

summit,  summus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

summon,  evoco} 

sun,  sol,  solis,  M. 

sunrise,  ortus  sdlis  (prtus,  -us, 
M.). 

sunset,  solis  occdsus,  -Us,  m. 

supplication,  in  — ,  supplex, 
-ids,  adj. 

supplies,  commedtus^  -Us,  m. 

supply,  copia,  -ae,  f. 

support,  send  to  the  —  of, 
submitto'^  (w.  dat.  pers.);  come 
to  the  —  of,  subvenio*  (w.  dat). 

suppose,  (ironical)  crMo* ;  (= 
believe)  credo^;  (=  think)  existi- 
nio  * ;  (=  judge)  jndico} 

supremacy,  prlncipdtus,  -us,  m. 

supreme,  —  authority,  impe- 
rium,  -ii,  n. 

surpass,  supo'o.^ 

surrender,  trddo^  ;  dedofi 

surround,  circumstoA 

suspicion,  (--  opinion)  opinio, 
-onis,  F. ;  ground  of  — ,  suspicio, 
-onis,  F. ;  free  from  — ,  purgdtus, 
-a,  -um,  p.  a. 

sustain,  sustineo^ ;  toleroA 

Swablans,  Suebi,  -orum,  ^f. 

sway,  ihipcrium,  -ii,  n. 

swear,  juro.^ 

swift,  cehr,  -eris,  -ere,  adj.; 
velox,  -or in,  adj. 

swiftness,  celeritds,  -dtis,  P. 

sword,  gladius^  -il,  M.;  /e»Tt/w», 

-I,  N. 

sworn,  unit«  in  a  —  league, 

cot^jOrO} 


336 


take 


those 


T. 

take,  capio^ ;  (=  lead  out) 
educo^  ;  —  from  or  away,  adimo  ^ 
or  eripio'^  (w.  ace.  th.  and  dat. 
pers.). 

talent,  talentum,  -i,  n. 

talk,  —  of,  dico.^ 

Tarquinii,  Tarquinu,  -drum,  m. 

task,  take  to  — :  incuso^  (w. 
aee.)  ;  accuso'^  (w.  aee.). 

teach,  doceo'^  (w.  two  aecs.). 

teacher,  magister,  -trl,  m.  ;  prae- 
ceptor,  -oris,  m. 

tear,  lacrima,  -ae,  r. 

tell,  —  in  reply,  responded.^ 

tempest,  tempestds,  -dtis,  f. 

temple,  templum,  -i,  n. 

ten,  decern,  indecl.  num.  adj.; 

—  each,  denl,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num. 
adj. 

tenth,  decimus,  -a,  -um,  ord. 
num.  adj. 

territory,  fines,  -ium,  M. 

terror,  overcome  with  — ,  pei'- 
terreo.^ 

Teacri,  Teucrl,  -drum,  m. 

than,  quam. 

thanks,  grdtiae,  -drum,  r. 

that,  ille,  -a,  -ud,  demonstr. 
pron.;  (weaker  than  ille)  is,  ea, 
id,  demonstr.  pron.;  (=  that  of 
yours)  iste,  -a,  -ud,  demonstr. 
pron.;  (stronger  tlian  iste)  iste 
tuus ;  (contemptuous) 2S«e,  -a,  -ud  ; 

—  one,  ille ;  (=  who  or  which) 
qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.  pron. ;  (in 
final  clauses)  :  ut,  uti  (w.  subj.)  ; 
(w.  comp.)  quo  (w.  subj.)  ;  —  not, 
we  (w.  subj.)  ;  (in  clauses  of  re- 
sult) ut,  uti  (w.  subj.);  (after 
ueg.  expressions  or  interrog.  ex- 
pressions implying  a  ueg.)  quin 
(w.  subj.) ;  (after  verbs  of  fear- 
ing) ne  (w.  subj.);  would  — ,  uti- 
nam  (w.  opt.  subj.);  in  — the, 
qui  (=  cum  is)  w.  subj. 

the  .  .  .  the,  quo  .  .  .  eo. 
Thebes,  Thebae,  -drum,  f. 
their,  (referring  to  the  subject) 

—  own,  suus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  pron. ; 
(=  of  them,  of  these)  eorum, 
edrum  (gen.  pi.  of  is) ;  omitted 


when  readily  understood  from  the 
context. 

them,  (pers.  pron.)  proper  fm. 
of  is,  ea,  id. 

themselves,  (reflex.)  sui,  sibi, 
se  or  sese  ;   (intens.)  ipsi,  -ae,  -a. 

then,  (of  time)  turn,  adv. ;  (= 
secondly)  deinde  (pronounced : 
de'inde),  adv. ;  (of  inference  or 
transition)  igitur,  conj.  (usu.  fol- 
lows the  first  word  of  the  sent.). 

thence,  ijide,  adv. 

there,  iJn,  adv. ;  (=  thither)  ed 
or  illo,  adv. 

therefore,  qua  re  ;  proinde  (pro- 
nounced :  pro'inde),  adv. 

these,  pi.  of  Mc,  haec,  hoc; 
(weaker)  pi.  of  is,  ea,  id;  — 
things,  haec ;  these  .  .  .  those, 
hi  .  .  .  nil. 

they,  (emphatic,  =  they  them- 
selves), ipsi. 

thing,  res,  gen.  rel  (ret,  re),  f.  ; 
this  one  — ,  id  unum. 

think,  puto^;  (of  a  personal 
opinion)  oplnor'^ ;  {=  reckon, 
consider)  existimo'^ ;  (=  ponder, 
reflect  on)  cogito'^;  (—  feel,  be 
sensible  of)  sentio^ ;  (=  judge) 
judico'^;  (of  an  official  opinion, 
as  of  a  senator)  cmseo.^ 

third,  tertius,  -a,  -um,  ord.  num. 
adj. 

thirst,  sitis,  -is,  f. 

thirteenth,  (of  a  month)  Tdus, 
-uum,  F. 

thirty,  trigintd,  indecl.  num. 
adj. 

this,  hlc,  haec,  hoc,  demonstr. 
pron. ;  (weaker  than  hlc)  is,  ea, 
id,  demonstr.  pron. ;  (j=  which) 
qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.  pron. ;  — 
man,  hlc  ;  —  one  thing,  id 
unum. 

thither,  eo,  adv. 

thoroughly,  —  inform,  — 
train,  edoceo'^  (w.  two  aces.). 

those,  pi.  of  ille ;  (=  those  of 
yours)  pi.  of  iste;  (contemptu- 
ous) pi.  of  iste;  (ant.  of  rel.)  pi. 
of  is ;  [those]  who,  qui ;  these 
. . .  those,  hi . . .  nil. 


though 


under 


337 


though,  quamv'is  (w.  siibj.  )  ; 
licet  (w.  subj.) ;  even  — ,  etiamsi 
(w.  indie,  and  subj.  like  si;  the 
indie,  is  more  common). 

thought,  take  —  for,  consulo  * 
(w.  dat.). 

thousand,  mllle^  indeel.  adj.; 
also  rnHZe(as  nom.  and  aec.  sing.), 
subst.  (w.  part,  gen.) ;  in  pi., 
milia  or  millia,  subst.  (w.  part, 
gen.). 

threaten,  minitor'^  (w.  dat. 
pers.  and  abl.  or  aec.  th.). 

three,  tres,  tria,  num.  adj.;  (w. 
substs.  pi.  in  form,  but  sing,  in 
meaning)  tfini,  -ae,  -a. 

through,  j[;er,  prep.  w.  aec. 

throughout,  totus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

throw,  (=  throw  to,  as  of  a 
javelin)  adicio, -ere,  -jeci,  -jectus; 
—  a-way,  emitto^;  —  away  (of 
on  opportunity)  dmitto.^ 

thus,  ita,  adv. 

tides,  maritiml  aestua. 

Tigurine,  rf^wnn2ts,-a,-mn,adj. 

timber,  materia^  -ae,  f. 

time,  tempus,  -oris,  n.  ;  (=  sea- 
son) tempestds,  -dtis,  F.;  at  any 
— ,  at  some — ,  aliquando,  adv.; 
at  the  same  — ,  siniul,  adv. ;  at 
that  — ,  tum^  adv.;  up  to  this — , 
adhiic,  adv.;  at  one  time  ...  at 
another,  alias  .  .  .  alids. 

tithes,  decimae,  -drum,  f. 

Titurius,  Titurius,  -li,  m. 

Titus,  Titus,  -i,  m.,  abbr.  T. 

to,  sign  of  dat,;  (w.  expres- 
sions of  motion)  ad,  prep.  w.  aec; 
(=  into)  in,  prep.  w.  ace.;  (ex- 
pressing purpose)  ut  or  (w. 
comp.)  quo  w.  subj. 

together,  (=  in  company)  una, 
atlv. ;  —  with,  una  cum  (w.  abl.)  ; 
(=  Id  succession)  continuiis,  -a, 
•um,  adj.;  come  — ,  convenio* ; 
get  —  (tr.),  confero;  call  — , 
convoco^;  to  Join  —  (tr.),  inter 
aejungere. 

toil,  labor,  -oris,  m. 

too,  (before  an  adj.)  sign  of 
comp.;  (=  also)  etiam;  (=  exces- 
sively) nimia,  adv. 


topmost,  summus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

Torquatus,  Torqudtus,  -i,  M. 

total,  sum  — ,  summa  omnium. 

Toulouse,  Tolosa,  -ae,  f. 

towards,  ergd,  prep.  w.  ace. ; 
(=  into  or  against)  in,  prep.  w. 
ace. ;  —  the  setting,  sub  occdstim. 

tow^er,  turris,  -?'.s,  f. 

town,  oppidum,  -I,  n.  ;  free  — , 
municipium,  -il,  N.;  belonging  to 
the  — ,  oppiddnus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

trader,  mercdtor,  -oris,  m. 

train,  exerceo.^ 

transport,  trdnsporto.^ 

treat,  ago.^ 

Treveri,  Treveri,  -orww,  M. 

trial,  periculum,  -i,  N.;  with- 
out — ,  indcmndtus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

tribune,  tribunus,  -l,  m. 

tributary,  vectigdlis,  -e,  adj. 

tribute,  stipendium,  -li,  n. 

troops,  copiae,  -drum,  f. 

trouble,  molestia,  -ae,  f. 

Troy,  Troja,  -ae,  f. 

true,  verus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

truly,  vere,  adv. 

trumpet,  tuba,  -ae,  f. 

truth,  veritds,  -dtis,  F. 

try,  tento  ^  or  temptoA 

tumult,  tumultus,  -us,  M. 

twelfth,  duodecimus,  -a,  -um, 
ord.  num.  adj. 

twelve,  duodecim,  indeel.  num. 
adj. 

twenty,  vigintl,  Indeel.  num. 
adj.;  —  sixth,  sextus  et  vlcesimus 
or  vlcesimus  sextus,  -a,  -um,  ord. 
num.  adj. 

two,  duo,  dtiae,  duo,  uum  adj. ; 
(w.  substs.  pi.  in  form,  but  sing, 
in  meaning)  b'lni,  -ae,  -a,  distr. 
num.  adj.;  —  each,  —  and — , 
blnl,  -ae,  -a,  dIstr.  num.  adj. 

tyrant,  tyrannus,  -I,  m. 

U. 

IJbii,  Ubfi,  -ontm,  m. 
unable,  be  — ,  mm  possum. 
unacquainted,  —  with,  IgtM- 

rus,  -rt,  -um  (w.  gen.). 

under,  (w.  vb.  of  rest)  sub, 
prep.  \v.  abl. ;  (w.  vb.  of  motion) 


338 


nnderstand 


ward 


sub,  prep.  w.   ace;  —  arms,  in 
ariius. 

understand,  intellego? 

understood,  it  is  generally  — , 

constat} 

undertake,  siiscipio,  -ere,  -cepi, 
-ceptus  ;  (=  prepare)  paro.^ 

undertaking,  (=  work)  opus, 
-eris,  N. 

unfair,  iniquus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

unfavorable,  aliemis,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

unfortunate,  miser,  -era,  -erum, 
adj. 

unharmed,  incolumis,  -e,  adj. 

uninjured,  incolumis,  -e,  adj. 

uninterrupted,  continmis,  -a, 
-um,  adj. 

unite,  conjungo^  (w.  ace.  and 
dat.  or  C2im  w.  abl.). 

unjustly,  injuste,  adv. 

unless,  7iisi,  conj. 

xmraoxed,  firmus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

unparalleled,  singularis,  -e,  adj. 

unreasonable,  iniquus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

unsuccessful,  adversus,  -a,  -um, 
p.  a. 

until,  (=  up  to)  ad,  prep.  w. 
acc;  dum,  quoad,  conj.;  (=  be- 
fore) antequam,  priusquam,  adv. 

unwilling,  invitus,  -a,  -um,  adj. ; 
be  — ,  nold. 

up,  see  verb  or  other  promi- 
nent word  of  the  phrase. 

upbraid,  inciiso^  (w.  acc). 

upon,  see  verb  or  other  promi- 
nent word  of  the  phrase. 

upper,  superior,  -ius,  adj. 

urge,  hortor^ ;  —  to,  hortor^  (w. 
ut  and  siibj.)  ;  —  on,  impello.^ 

use,  utor^  (w.  abl.) ;  (=  be  wont) 
soleo^ ;  to  —  force,  vim  facer e. 

useful,  (=  for  use)  usui. 

usual,  as  — ,  ex  consuetudine. 

Utica,  Utica,  -ae,  f. 

utmost,  sign  of  superl. 

utterly,  sign  of  superl. 


Vaga,  Vaga,  -ae,  f. 

vain,  in  — ,  nequiquam,  adv. 


valor,  virtus,  -litis,  f. 

value,  existimo.^ 

vanity,  vdnitds,  -dtis,  f. 

Venelli,  Venelll,  -drum,  m. 

Venetia,  Venetia^  -ae,  f. 

Veneti,  Veneti,  -drum,  m. 

venture,  aiideo.^ 

Veragri,  Veragri,  -drum,  m. 

Verbigene,  Verbigenus,  -a,  -um, 
adj. 

verily,  vero,  adv. 

very,  sign  of  superl. ;  (=  self) 
i2)se,  -a,  -um,  demonstr.  pron. ;  — 
easily,  (after  a  neg.)  satis  com- 
mode ;  —  first,  primus  statim. 

Vesontio,  Vesontio,  -onis,  m. 

veteran,  miles  vetus  Q-eris, 
adj.). 

vice,  vitium,  -li,  n. 

victor,  victor,  -oris,  m. 

victory,  victoria,  -ae,  f. 

vie,  certo} 

view,  in  —  of,  prae,  prep.  w. 
abl.;  have  in — ,provided^;  burst 
into  — ,  erumpo.^ 

vigor,  vis,  VIS,  F. 

village,  vicus,  -i,  u. 

violence,  vis,  vis,  f. 

violent,  saevus,  -a,  -um^  adj. 

virtue,  virtus,  -utis,  f. 

visit,  —  with,  adficio^  (w.  acc. 
and  abl.). 

Volusenus,  Volusenus,  -i,  m. 

vote,  1.  \h.,decernd.^  2.  subst., 
consilium,  -li,  n. 

voyage,  make  a  — ,  ndvigo^ 

W. 

wage,  —  against,  infero  (w. 
acc.  and  dat.). 

w^agon,  carrus,  -i.  m. 

wait,  —  for,  exspecto)- 

w^all,  (generic  term)  murus,  -i, 
M. ;  (—  rampart  about  a  camp) 
vallum,  -I,  N. 

want,  (=  wish)  volo. 

vi^anting,  be  — ,  desum. 

war,  bellum,  -I,  n.  ;  ship  of — , 
ndvis  longa  ;  to  make  —  on,  bel- 
lum facere  (w.  dat). 

ward,  —  off  from,  prop  u  I  so  ^ 
(w.  ab  or  a  and  abl.). 


warlike 


words 


339 


warlike,  hdlicdsus,  -a,  -um^  adj. 

\^'arn,  moneb.'^ 

waste,  lay  — ,  vasto) 

watchmen,  vigiliae,  -drum,  f. 

water,  aqua,  -ae,  f. 

■way*  give  —  to  passion,  Ird- 
scor  •■' ;  be  on  one's  — ,pergd  -^ ;  in 
what  — ,  quern  ad  modum. 

we,  nbSy  nostri  and  nostrum, 
pers.  pron. 

wealth,  divitiae,  -drum,  f. 

wearyffessus,  -a,  -iim,  p.  a.  (\v. 
abl.);  I  am  — ,  me  taedet,^  im- 
pers.,  w.  gen. 

weep,  ^€0.2 

welfare,  res,  gen.  r?i  (ret,  re),  v. 

Avell,  bene,  adv.;  —  enough, 
commode,  adv. 

w^hat,  (interrog.)  qui,  quae, 
quod  (adj.)  and  quid  (subst.); 
1=  of  wliat  sort)  qxidlis,  •€,  inter- 
rog. and  rel.  adj.;  (=  that  which) 
id  quod, 

whatever,  any  — ,  quivls,  qttae- 
vis,  quodv'is  and  (subst.)  quidvls, 
indcf.  pron. 

when,  uVi,  postquam,  posted 
quam,  7U  (w.  indie,  usu.  the  pcrf. 
or  hist,  pros.) ;  cum. 

whenever,  cum  (w.  indie). 

where,  ubt,  interrog.  and  rel 
adv. 

wherefore,  quam  oh  rem. 

whether,  num,  interrog.  parti- 
cle; -ne,  interrog.  particle. 

which,  qui,  quae,  quod,  reL  and 
interrog.  pron. 

while,  dum,  conj. 

who,  qui  (M.),  quae  (p.),  rel. 
pron. ;  qnis,  int<.Trog.  pron. 

whoever,whatever,7WM*wm9T<«, 
quaerumque,  quodrumque,  indcf. 
rel.  pron.;  —  you  please, 7 j/i/jVm/!, 
qnuelihet,  qttodWie.t,  and  (subst.) 
qnidlibet,  indef.  pron. 

whole,  tbtus,  -a,  -urn,  adj. ;  (= 
all  joined  or  massed  together) 
cunctus,  -a,  -urn,  adj. 

why,  cur,  adv.;  (=  for  what 
reason)  qua  de  causa;  quid  (n. 
ace.  used  adv.). 

wide,  Idtus,  -a,  -Mm,  adj. 


i  widely,  late,  adv.;  more  — , 
hltius,  adv. 

width,  Idtitudb,  -inis,  F. 

wife,  conjunx,  -jugis,  v. 

wild, /erw.s,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

will,  good  — ,  gratia,  -ae,  f. 

willing,  be  not  — ,  nolo. 

wine,  r'lnura,  -I,  N. 

wing, (of  an  army)cornM,  -us,  x. 

winter,  Jdems  (hiemps),  -emis, 
f.  ;  —  quarters,  Kiberna,  -drum, 
N. ;    spend  the  — ,  hie  mo} 

wish,  void ;  cupib^ ;  —  well  to, 
cupio^  (w.  dat.)  ;  —  rather,  maid. 

with,  cum,  prep.  w.  abl.  (w. 
the  abl.  of  pers.  and  rel.  prons., 
ciim  is  appended ;  as,  tecum,  qui- 
busc2(m)',  (in  an  expression  of 
manner  in  which  the  subst.  is 
limited  by  an  adj.)  sign  of  the 
abl. ;  —  each  other,  inter  se  {se- 
se)  ;  have  to  do  — ,  pertineo^  (w. 
ad  &ud  ace). 

withdraw,  1.  intr.,  discedo* ; 
decedo^ ;  excedo^ ;  (less  often) 
concedo.^  2.  tr.,  subduco^ ;  (= 
lead  out)  educo.^ 

withhold,  —  consent,  (=  [be] 
unwilling),  invltus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

within,  sign  of  abl.  of  time 
within  which. 

without,  sine,  prep.  w.  abl.; 
(w.  participial  noun  after  ncg. 
expressions)  quln  (w.  subj.);  — 
trial,  indemndtus,  -a,  -um,  adj.; 
—  provocation,  injuria  (abl.  of 
manner). 

withstand,  stistined^  (w.  ace). 

%vitness,  (=  eye  witness)  arbi- 
ter, -tri,  M. ;  (one  who  attests) 
testis,  -is,  c. 

woman,  mulier,  -eris,  v. 

wonder,  —  at-,  mlror.^ 

wonderful,  mirus,  -a,  -um,  adj.; 
(=  to  be  wondered  at)  mirdbilis, 
-€,  adj. 

wont,  inos,  mbris,  M. 

wood,  silva,  -ae,  v. 

word,  to  keep  one's  — ,  fldem 
servdre. 

words,  a  few  — ,  paucd,  -orum, 
neut.  pi.  adj.  used  subst. 


340 


work 


zeal 


work,  opus,  -eris,  n. 

■worst,  pessimus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 

worthy,  dignus,  -a,  -um,  adj. 
(w.  abl.;  also  w.  rel.  clause  w. 
subj.). 

would,  —  that,  utinam  (w. 
opt.  subj.). 

w^ound,  vulnei'o.^ 

w^rest,  enpio^  (w.  ace.  th.  and 
dat.  pers.). 

wretched,  miser,  -era,  -erum, 
adj. 

write,  scribo.^ 

wrong,  injuria,  -ae,  f. 


Xenophon,  Xenophbn,  -ontis,  m. 


year,  annus,  -i,  m.  ;  the  —  after, 

anno  post. 

yet,  (=  nevertheless)  tamen, 
conj. ;  and — ,  quamquam,  conj.; 
not  — ,  nondum,  adv. 


yield,  —  obedience,  pared? 

yoke,  jugum,  -i,  n. 

yonder,  (=  that)  ille,  ilia,  illud, 
demonstr.  pron. 

you,  (sing.)  tu,  tui;  (pi.)  vos, 
gen.  vesti'l  and  vestrum,  pers.  pron.; 
to  — ,  (=:  thither  where  you  are) 
istuc  (accent  the  last  syllable),  adv. 

your,  (sing.)  tuiis,  -a,  -um ; 
(pi.)  vester,  -tra,  -trum,  poss. 
pron. ;  (contemptuous)  iste,  ista, 
istud. 

yours,  that  of  — ,  iste  tuus. 

yourself,  tui,  tibi,  te,  pers. 
pron.  used  reflex. 

yourselves,  vos  (pi.  of  tu,  used 
reflex.). 

youth,  adulescentia,  -ae,  f.  ;  (— 
young  person)  adulescens,  -entis, 
c. 

Z. 

Zama,  the  people  of  — ,  Za- 
menses,  -ium,  m. 

zeal,  studium,  -ilf  n. 


^j^^   Of  THE 

itiiversity; 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

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200i;l'CIKL 

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■;:  2  01962. 


WAR  13  1985 


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MAR  18  1985 


LD  21A-50m-12,'60 
(B6221sl0)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


\  LJ     —r  v«/  f  c-<j 


GEHE«MUBRARY-U.C.  BERKELEY 


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